dissenting: No case of more vital importance than this to tbe business interests of tbe State, especially to all *252wbo ship freight by common carriers, is likely to arise. Great corporations, with immense aggregations of capital, do the bulk of the carrying business of to-day. The shipper does not and cannot deal on an equal footing with them. He is helpless and is as the mere dust in the balance if the law is not strong enough to enforce just dealings with him. Bradley, J., Lockwood v. Railroad, 84 U. S., at p. 379.
Legislation to this end has been recently found necessary in the enactment of statutes giving penalties where these carriers refuse to receive goods upon tender or to carry and deliver within a reasonable time. Rut, long ago, when carriers were less great and powerful, it was found necessary to hold, in protection to the shipper, that the carrier could not contract against its own negligence. The immense force of the legal talent employed by these great corporations has for years presented to court after court argument to withdraw from the shipper the protection of this most just and necessary rule of the common law, as will be seen by reference to the numerous cases in the reports of the various States of this Union. This has been met in some of the States by acts of the Legislature forbidding such concession to the carriers, as in Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, e.tc., in some others, as in Texas, even by constitutional provision to the same effect, and in England a partial departure from the common-law rule by the courts was j)romptly corrected by an act of Parliament. Where this has not been done, the furthest that any court has yielded the common-law rule that the carrier shall not contract against his own negligence is that -the carrier may stipulate for a reasonable and just sum to be paid in case of loss, if there is a bona fide valuation, made voluntarily by the shipper and the carrier, but the court will hold void “an arbitrary preadjustment of the measure of damages.” Yet that is exactly what, by the evidence, was done in this case. There was in proof no examination of the stock in this car by the agent of the carrier and the shipper, with a voluntary agreement as the fair average value of the mules to be paid in case of their loss. Such agreement some courts have upheld, not as a stipulation against liability for its own neglL gence by the carrier, but as a method of fairly adjusting the loss beforehand. The objection to this apparently, fair arrangement is that it has led to the practice of which this case is an example.
Here the carrier had his “preadjusted arrangement” in the shape of a bill of lading, in which it had already printed, as a part of it, the provision that if any horse or mule was killed by the negligence of the carrier, the carrier’s liability should “not *253exceed $100 per bead.” Tbe shipper .was forced to take tbe terms tbe carrier offered, because tbe latter bad prescribed of its bead and power a most effective penalty of some $250 in tbe shape of additional freight if tbe carrier insisted on bis common-law right to bold tbe carrier liable for the actual value of a mule if killed by the defendant’s negligence. It was stated, and not denied in .the argument here, that tbe alternative freight was $450 on this car load. 'The device resorted to requires no discussion. Tbe carrier bad as much right to make tbe additional freight $1,000 as $250, for tbe addition is so exorbitant that it shows its real purpose, tbe actual freight paid being $205. In Brown v. Tel. Co., 111 N. C., 187; 32 Am. St., 793, we held that a telegraph company could not stipulate against liability for its own negligence, though there the additional charge was only a few cents (one-half of tbe original charge), and that for addi- . tional service of repeating the message.
Indeed, the stipulation here is not even “an average.” If the animal is worth ever so much more than $100, when it is lost by tbe carrier’s negligence, tbe shipper can in no event recover more than $100; while if the animal is worth less, tbe shipper can recover, under the terms of this bill of lading, only its true value. This is not a contract, but, in homely, every-day language, “a jug-handle proposition,” all on one side. Such stipulation was held, therefore, invalid. Conover v. Express Co., 40 Mo. App., 31; Railroad v. Sowell, 90 Tenn., 17; Eels v. Railroad, 52 Fed., 903; Calderon v. S. S. Co., 69 Fed., 574, and in other cases.
It is not a contract besides, because it was not voluntary. The shipper had to take what was tendered him. He could not pay $250 penalty to get his rights as they are recognized ‘by the common law and our own decisions, and unrepealed by any statute.
It was, further, not a contract because there was no actual agreement shown — which is essential to a contract — as to the valuation, no bona fide examination and valuation of the average value of the mules in this car load, which it devolved upon the defendant to prove, but merely a printed rate in the bill of lading fixing $100 as an “arbitrary preadjustment,” which all courts have denounced as illegal. Railroad v. Hall, 124 Ga., 322; 4 L. R. A. (N. S.), 898, and notes; Sutherland Damages, sec. 904; Hutchinson on Carriers, 250; 6 Cyc., 392, and cases there collected; 5 A. & E. (2d Ed.), 308, and cases there cited; 4 Elliott R. B.., sec. 1497, citing a long list of authorities, State and Federal.
This Court has often passed on this matter, and our decisions should not be overruled, under which we have heretofore main*254tained the protection which shippers are entiled to at common law, that a carrier “shall not stipulate against liability for loss incurred by its own negligence.” This was reaffirmed by a unanimous Court as late as McConnell v. Railroad, 144 N. C., 90, citing Everett v. Railroad, 138 N. C., 68; Parker v. Railroad, 133 N. C., 335; Gardner v. Railroad, 127 N. C., 296; Mitchell v. Railroad, 124 N. C., 238.
In Gardner v. Railroad, 127 N. C., 293, it is said: “It is a well-settled rule of law, practically of universal acceptance, that for reasons of public policy a common carrier is not permitted, even by express stipulation, to exempt itself from loss caused by its own negligence,” citing Steam Co. v. Ins. Co., 129 U. S., 397, and numerous other decisions.
In Everett v. Railroad, 138 N. C., 68, Hoke, J., speaking for a unanimous Court, says: “It is the sealed law of this State that a common carrier may relieve ffself from liability as an insurer upon a contract reasonable in its terms and founded upon a valuable consideration, but it cannot so limit its loss or damage resulting from its negligence.” And, he adds, “They can contract nei'her for total nor partial exemption so occasioned. Capehart v. Railroad, 81 N. C., 438; Gardner v. Railroad, 127 N. C., 293. The same doctrine is very generally accep+ed in other jurisdictions.” Judge Hoke further says: “It would be an idle thing for the courts to declare the .principle that contracts for total exempt ion from such loss are subversive of public policy and void, and at the same time permit and uphold a partial limi+ation,” citing Hosiery Co. v. Railroad, 131 N. C., 238. He also quotes Express Co. v. Backman, 28 Ohio St., 156: “To permit carriers to fix a limitation to the amount of their liability for negligence is. in effect, to permit them to exempt themselves from such liability.” He quotes wi'h approval extracts from Moulton v. Railroad, 31 Minn., 89; Huchinson Carriers, sec. 250, and other authorties. To same effect, McConnell v. Railroad, 144 N. C., 90, and cases cited.
Has that been attempted here? It is agreed by the parties—
“1. That said mule, while in possession of defendant in transit, was ruined and rendered wholly worthless by and through the negligence of the defendant, and was thereupon killed.
“2. That the actual value of said mule was $201.81 and had cost plaintiff that sum.” Q. E. D.
'Still the defendant'insists that the plaintiff can recover only $100. If so, what becomes of the above and other decisions of this and other courts which have preserved hitherto to shippers in this State, as elsewhere, the protection of the common-law rule that carriers cannot contract, in whole or in part, against *255liability for loss caused by their own negligence? It has not been repealed by any statute.
■ The defendant relies upon Jones v. Railroad, 148 N. C., 581. But that opinion, in its language, dealt only “with a voluntary agreement,, fixing in good fai h a reasonable value on a species of property of uncertain value.” Here there was not shown either a “voluntary agreement” or any “fixing in good faith a valuation,” nor was $100 for a mule which the defendant admits cost and was worth $200 a “reasonable value,” nor was the species of property of “uncertain value,” for rarely is the value of any property more readily ascertainable. But even had that decision lacked these limitations, a rule so long and universally recognized as essentiál to the protection of the public should not be set aside by the authority of a single decision; but, rather, if such decision were found to be contrary to the “well-settled law,” as Hoke, J., terms it in Everett v. Railroad, 138 N. C., 68 (approving Gardner v. Railroad, 127 N. C., 293), we should take this first opportunity to correct it and restore to the shippers of the State their ancient and accustomed right, of which they should not be deprived by any act of ours.
The device of charging more than double the freight if liability for loss caused by the carrier’s own negligence is not waived (as to half the value of the freight) is transparent. Besides, as many courts have held, “the measure of care required of the carrier cannot he made to depend on the rate paid.” Many olher courts have held that “shipper and carrier are not on equal footing, and to allow the latter to absolve itself from the duty^of exercising care and fidelity is inconsistent with the very nature of its undertaking.” 4 Elliott Carriers, sec. 1497; Railroad v. Lockwood, 84 U. S., at pp. 379, 381, 384.
The duty of the carrier to carry without negligence goods entrusted to him is of the very essence of his dWy to the publicas a common carrier, and cannot be dispensed wi+k, either in whole or in part, by any contract or device, even if voluntary on the part of a shipper, much less by an “arbitrary preadjustment,” as in this ease, to pay less than half the loss caused admittedly by the carrier’s own negligence. When property entrusted to a carrier is damaged or lost by its negligence, no reason can he given why the true value shall not be ascertained and paid, as-at common law.
This Court held in McNeill v. Railroad, 135 N. C., 682, that the carrier could not protect himself from liability for damage caused by its own negligence by a stipulation on the back of a free pass, when all charges had been remití ed. Certainly it cannot do so in consideration of a mere alleged reduction in rate. *256In Brown v. Tel. Co., 111 N. C., 187, we held that a telegraph company could not stipulate against liability for its negligence even when the alternative rate, with such liability, was only fifty cents more, and that, too, for additional service in repeating the message. Certainly the defendant cannot stipulate against its negligence when the alternative rate, with the common-law liability, is $250 more, and more than double the rate. The difficulty of adjusting the damage in the loss of a mule or other goods is less than that of fixing the damage from the negligent transmission of a telegram.
If the defendant can in this case stipulate against over one-half of the loss, which it admits was caused by its negligence, it can stipulate against its liability for its own negligence beyond one-tenth or even one per cent. There is no safety to the public when any inroad, under any device, is allowed upon the common-law rule that common carriers cannot contract against liability for their own negligence. They are common carriers and cannot be released from, the public duty to carry without negligence. The shipper cannot deal with them on an equal footing, and any contract relieving the carrier from his duty to the public, under whatever guise, should be held absolutely null and void.