concurs in the result and in the opinion proper, but not in the obiter that if the liquor had been shipped in from Danville, Ya., the defendant could not have been convicted, citing S. v. Whisnant, 149 N. C., 515; S. v. Allen, 161 N. C., 226, for the reason that those cases were written before the passage of the Webb-Kenyon law, which was enacted for the very purpose of taking away the defense, on which those decisions were based, that interstate shipments of liquor were protected from the enforcement of a State statute.
Revisal, 2080, makes the place of delivery of intoxicating liquors the place of sale. This act was sustained in S. v. Patterson, 134 N. C., 612, which has been repeatedly cited since with approval. But in S. v. Whisnant and S. v. Allen, supra, it was held that where the liquor had been shipped in from another State the decision in S. v. Patterson, supra, and Revisal, 2080, would not apply. It was to cure this defect that the Webb-Kenyon law was passed, which is entitled “An act divesting intoxicating liquors of their interstate character in certain cases.” This act provides that the shipment of intoxicating liquors into any State or territory in which said spirituous or intoxicating liquor “is intended by any person interested therein to be received, possessed, sold, or in any manner used, either in the original package or otherwise, in violation of any law of such State, territory, or district of the United States, is hereby prohibited.” '
• The shipment of intoxicating liquors from another State into this State being thus deprived by act of Congress of its interstate character, it follows that when the liquor, if it came from Dan-ville, Ya., reached Reidsville, our laws applied to it as fully in *314every respect as if it bad been shipped in from another point in this State, and the decision in S. v. Patterson would fully apply. The Wilson act had provided that when whiskey was shipped into a State or a district in which the sale of intoxicating liquors was forbidden, that it should be “subject to the operation and effect of the laws of such State or territory, enacted in the exercise of its police powers, to the same extent and in the same manner as though such liquids or liquors had been produced in such State or territory.” The United States Supreme Court, however, in Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S., 412, and in Wilkerson v. Rahrer, 140 U. S., 100, construed the word “arrival” in the Wilson act to mean the actual delivery of the liquor to the consignee, and hence that it was exempt till then from being subject to the State law forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquors.
In this latter case, however, Chief Justice Fuller, speaking for the Court, says: “No reason is perceived why, if Congress chooses to provide that certain designated subjects of interstate commerce shall be governed by a rule which divests them of that character at an earlier period of time than would otherwise be the case, it is not within its competency so to do.” Upon this hint, Congress acted by passing the Webb-Kenyon law, which does so divest intoxciating liquors of their interstate character at the earliest period of time, that is, upon their delivery to the carrier.
In the same case Chief Justice Fuller further says: “Congress did not use terms of permission to the States to act, but simply removed an impediment to the enforcement of State laws in respect to imported packages in their original condition, created by the absence of a specific utterance on its part.” Congress in the Webb-Kenyon law acted upon this hint also and provided for the application of that statute to intoxicating liquor “which is intended by any one interested therein to be received, possessed, sold, or in any manner used, either in the original package or otherwise, in violation of any law of such State.”
It therefore follows, both by the letter and the spirit of the Webb-Kenyon law, that the shipment of intoxicating liquors from another State to be “in any manner used, either in the *315original package or otherwise, in violation of any law” of this State, is prohibited, and such articles are not, therefore, articles of interstate commerce, and cannot be protected in any manner from the enforcement of the State law as to their use in any manner. Such intoxicating liquors once in this State in any form, whether in the original package or not, and before, as well as after, the delivery to the consignee, are “subject to-the State law to the same extent 'and in the same manner as though such liquors had been produced in this State.” This is the language of the Wilson act, which is still in force, and the Webb-Kenyon law struck out the limitation which had been put upon the word “arrival” by the decision in the Rahrer and Rhodes cases above cited by divesting such liquor of its interstate protection from its receipt by the carrier. Not being a subject of interstate commerce, it cannot receive immunity on that account in any respect. The immunity until delivery to the consignee was stricken out by the Webb-Kenyon law, and this was the object expressed in the title of the act and in its text, and was fully understood to be such, as is shown by the debates in Congress and by the veto message of President Taft, which was promptly overruled by a two-thirds vote in both houses of a Congress in which his party friends were in the majority.
Indeed, if the act was not passed for the purpose of putting in force the provision of the Wilson bill, which had placed intoxicating liquors shipped in from another State on the same footing as if they had been produced in this State, by striking out ah initio the protection of interstate commerce, then there was no purpose in its enactment, and the several hundred lawyers in Congress who voted for it or against it, and the President vetoing' it, were ignorant of what they were doing.
Revisal, 3534, provides: “If any person shall unlawfully procure and deliver any spirituous or malt liquors to another, he shall be deemed and held in law to be the agent of the person selling said spirituous and malt liquors, and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punished in the discretion of the court.” This statute has been fully considered and sustained in an able opinion by Walker, J., 149 N. C., 537, which has been repeatedly cited since as authority. If, therefore, Cardwell had been acting *316as agent of the seller in Danville, this statute made him a co-principal and indictable for the sale, according to the indictment against him.
Indeed, independent of the Webb-Kenyon law, if the defendant either for himself or as agent for another solicited the order for the liquor, he was indictable for such sale, under this bill, even though the principal was in another State. Pell’s Revisal, 3527a. This act was held valid when the principal was in another State, in Delamater v. S. Dakota, 205 U. S., 93. He would also have been indictable in the Federal court under U. S. Penal Code, 239, which makes it criminal if one “in any manner act as agent for the buyer or (nonresident) seller.” The fact that he is indictable under the Federal statute for such act does not make him any less guilty of a violation of the State law. A man can be indicted for retailing both under the Federal statute and under the State statute. The same is true for acting as agent in procuring liquors from another State to be shipped into this State, for the offense against the State law is not merged in the offense against the Federal law. If the liquor had been shipped c. o. d., the Express Company would have been liable to a fine of $5,000 under the same section. These statutes are in sympathy with the purpose of the Webb-Kenyon law, which was enacted to enable a State which has adopted prohibition of intoxicating liquors as its public policy to enforce such policy against being nullified by shipments of liquor from other States.
By virtue of the Webb-Kenyon law, whether the intoxicating liquor was brought from Virginia or produced here, the transaction stands upon the same footing, for it has been “divested of its interstate character.” Under Revisal, 3534, the defendant is made the agent of the seller, if he was not selling himself, and as a coprincipal is indictable for the sale. This was held in S. v. Burchfield, 149 N. C., 537, and cases cited.
Reidsville, the place of its delivery, is the place of sale. Revisal, 2080; Hoke, J., in S. v. Herring, 145 N. C., 420, and other cases affirming S. v. Patterson, 134 N. C., 612. To same effect, Brown, J., in S. v. Johnson, 139 N. C., 641, which has been often cited and approved.
*317We have held that a contract made for the sale of liquor in this State is illegal, even though it was contemplated by the party that the liquor should be shipped from another State. Vinegar Co. v. Hawn, 149 N. C., 535; Pfeifer v. Israel, 161 N. C., 409. We have also held at this term that when the contract was made in another State for liquor to be shipped into this State for sale here, the contract was illegal and the plaintiff could not collect the purchase money. Bluthenthal v. Kennedy, 165 N. C., 372.
It has been contended that Congress could not regulate an article of interstate commerce by prohibiting its shipment altogether in certain cases. But the contrary has been uniformly held, and as to many articles. In Champion v. Ames, 188 U. S., 221, Justice Harlan said that lottery tickets had always been legitimate subjects of commerce, but that Congress possessed the power under the commerce clause to prohibit altogether their transportation between State and State. The 'opinion is clear and able, and its reasoning applies as fully to intoxicating liquors as to lottery tickets. What subjects shall thus be prohibited as articles of interstate commerce is a matter resting in the discretion of the lawmaking department of the Government, and is not subject to review by the courts.
In Hoke v. U. S., 227 U. S., 308, the Court held that the power of Congress over interstate commerce is direct, without limitations, and far-reaching, and includes the transportation of persons as well as property, and therefore held valid the statute of 25 June, 1910, prohibiting the white slave traffic. In that case it was held that the regulative power of Congress extends to the absolute prohibition or transportation in transit both in interstate and foreign commerce, citing the lottery ticket case, 188 U. S., 221, above referred to; the Pure Food Case, Egg Co. v. U. S., 220 U. S., 45, and other cases. This decision has been reaffirmed by that Court in Wilson v. U. S., opinion by Justice Pitney, 24 Feb., 1914, U. S. Adv. Ops., 15 March, 1914, 348.
These opinions are conclusive of the power of Congress to regulate interstate shipments of intoxicating liquor into prohibition territory by prohibiting them altogether.
*318Tbe power of Congress to decide what are subjects of interstate commerce, like its power to exclude articles from importation into this country in foreign commerce, has never been challenged. Besides the instances above cited as to lottery tickets, the pure food law, the white slave traffic, there are other instances, among them the Lacey act adopted in March, 1904, which forbids the transportation in interstate commerce of game killed in violation of a State law. There are other instances and there are bills pending to exclude from interstate commerce articles made by convicts or by children under a certain age, and the like. Indeed, in Penn. v. Bridge Co., 59 U. S., 421, where the United States Supreme Court had held in a former decision that a certain bridge over a navigable stream was an obstruction to commerce, Congress at once enacted a statute that this particular bridge was not an obstruction to commerce, and the Court held that Congress had the power to so declare.
Three State Supreme Courts have already upheld the Webb-Kenyon law as construed in this concurring opinion, i. e., the Supreme Court of Delaware in S. v. Grier, 88 Atlantic, 20 November, 1913; S. v. Express Co., decided by the Supreme Court of Iowa, January, 1914; and a decision made this month by the Supreme Court of Kansas. To the same effect is an able opinion of Bean, J., in U. S. v. R. R. in the United States District Court of Oregon, decided in January, 1914.
Indeed, Congress has taken every successive step that has been found necessary to enable prohibition States to enforce their public policies as to intoxicating liquors. For half a century, up to 1888, the courts recognized the jurisdiction of the States over interstate shipments of liquor from the time they entered the State to be the same as over domestic liquors. This was questioned in 1888 for the first time, in Bowman v. Northwestern, 125 U. S., 500 (by a vote of 5 judges against 4), and in Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S., 124 (3 judges dissenting), the Court basing its decision on the ground that as Congress had enacted no law restricting or limiting interstate commerce, such commerce should be free and untrammeled. The "Wilson act was then passed to place liquors shipped into another State on arrival therein on the same footing in every respect and “as *319fully subject to its laws as if produced therein.” The Court in Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S., 412, held that “on arrival” meant delivery to the consignee. This deprived the States of jurisdiction up to the time of such delivery. Thereupon the Webb-Kenyon law was enacted to remove that restriction.
An act should always be construed according to its intent and with a view to remedy the evil. Any act that is not passed surreptitiously or by improper influences or inadvertence must be taken as expressing the will of the electorate. In considering what is the evil to be remedied and the will of the constituents of Congress, it will be appropriate to consider the present status and extent of the State laws prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors.
Absolute prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage now prevails over three-fourths of the area of the United States, and as to 50 millions or 55 per cent of its population, as follows:
State-wide prohibition has been adopted in 9 States, Maine, Kansas, North Dakota, Georgia, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia, with an aggregate population of 14,685,961.
In 31 States, Local Option either by election or special acts of the Legislature has become operative as to 26,446,810 people of their population. These States are Alabama, Arizona, Cali*320fornia, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, "Washington, and Wisconsin. In Illinois, by the aid of the votes of the newly enfranchised women, 22 more counties have just been added to the above “dry” area.
In 3 States, Arkansas, Iowa, and South Dakota, the Legislatures have enacted State-wide Prohibition except as to localities which by a majority vote may exempt themselves. In these three States there are 3,693,201 people living in Prohibition territory.
In Wyoming and New Mexico the Legislatures have prohibited the sale of liquors except in certain incorporated municipalities. In still other States the Legislatures have arbitrarily placed certain areas under prohibition territory, thus adding to the aggregate population protected.
The United States Government has prohibited the sale of liquor among the Indians and, in certain portions of the territories, in military forts and reservations, in the navy, in the national Capitol, in “soldiers’ homes,” and in other specified areas under Federal control. As a result, as we have said, more than half the population of the United States now live under Prohibition and nearly three-fourths of our area is prohibition territory. The average addition per year in the last twenty years to dry territory has been 1,500,000 people per year.
Besides the States enumerated above, the Legislatures in the following States have submitted a State-wide Prohibition law to be voted on at the next general election: Virginia, Oregon, Idaho, Colorado, Washington, Michigan, and California. Each of these now has local option. The growth of the sentiment in our own State is shown by the fact that on a Referendum in 1881 Prohibition was defeated by more than 100,000 majority and in 1908 it was adopted by 44,000.
From the above it will be seen that the Prohibition sentiment may well be said to be predominant in more than the three-fo.urths of the States necessary to ratify a Nation-wide constitu*321tional amendment, and tbat it is as yet without footbold to any considerable extent in only three States, i. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Nevada.
As the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors is essentially a State matter in execution of the police power which is reserved to every State, Congress has seen the justice of providing against it being interfered with under the guise of interstate commerce. As the United States Supreme' Court well said • as to lotteries, 188 U. S., 321: “It would not permit the declared policies of the States which sought to protect their people against the mischiefs of the lottery business to be overthrown or disregarded by the agency of interstate commerce.” This applies with equal force to the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors. It has not been the intention of Congress to permit its control of interstate commerce to impair the police power of the States, but, on the contrary, to use it as an aid to the States in enforcing their home rule regulations.