dissenting:
The majority opinion holds that the judge in the court below should have peremptorily instructed' the jury in favor of the city of Ealeigh on the issue of negligence. From this view I dissent.
Ordinarily negligence is one of mixed law and fact (Filer v. N. Y. Central R. R., 49 N. Y., 47), but the question of negligence is primarily factual. Lane v. Town, 142 N. Y., 510, 37 N. E., 473; 1 Shearman & Eedfield, the Law of Negligence, 6th ed., sec. 52. “It is well settled that where there is uncertainty as to the existence of either negligence or contributory negligence, the question .is not one of law but of fact, and to be settled by a jury; and this whether the uncertainty arises from a con-*554fliet in the testimony, or because, the facts being undisputed, fair-minded men will honestly draw different conclusions from them.” R. & D. R. v. Powers, 149 U. S., 43, 37 L. Ed., 642. “It is only where the facts are such that all reasonable men must draw the same conclusion from them that the question of negligence is ever considered as one of law for the court.” Grand Trunk Ry. v. Ives, 144 U. S., 408, 36 L. Ed., 485. If more than one inference can be drawn from the facts, the one of those inferences would permit the plaintiff to recover, the plaintiff has a right to have the jury pass on the facts. Even though the judge himself may not be convinced that such an inference is the sound and correct one, he must transfer this decision to the jury, the recognized fact-finding body. 1 Shearman & Redfield, ibid., sec. 54. “Courts should not speak too confidently in determining as a matter of law what facts may be ignored by prudent people whose duty it is to be reasonably careful for the personal safety of others.” Queeney v. Willi, 225 N. Y., 374, 122 N. E., 198.
The majority opinion recognizes that a city is liable for negligence in the care and maintenance of its streets, but that this rule is subject to an exception: Where the defect is one which was a part of the original, general plan of the city in constructing the streets, the city is not liable for injuries caused thereby. The majority rests the decision in this case upon this exception as stated in Blackwelder v. Concord, 205 N. C., 792. The exception, as there stated, dealt with a “fault ... of the original plan of construction and drainage,” and the decision was that the injury resulted “from the plan adopted in the exercise 'of the judgment of the governing authorities ,and not from neglige:nce in the execution of the flan in the construction and maintenance of the streets.” (Italics mine.) Ibid., p. 795. If there was no general plan in the present case, or if after the adoption of such a plan it was executed negligently or the construction and maintenance was executed negligently, the rule of the Blaclcwelder case is itself authority to support a recovery by the plaintiff.
Whether the defect in the street involved in this case was a part of the original plan of construction or grew out of the later construction and maintenance of this street is the determinative question. On this score the majority view is that there was no evidence of a departure from the original, general plan. Here I differ. There was some evidence that there was no general plan at all, and there was considerable testimony to the effect that changes had been made in the state of the street at this point. The following, which in my opinion should have gone to the jury, indicates the tenor of this evidence:
The construction engineer, who was with the city when the street was originally paved in 1915, testified: “There was no general plan adopted by the city of Raleigh prior to the pavement on Person Street. Arrange*555ments were made for tbe paving of that street by petition of the property owners. ... In the construction of the street I took into consideration the drainage of that particular area and I recommended a sewer — a storm sewer with catch basins. ... It was determined by the city not to put in the storm sewer; only financial reasons given for it. After the city determined not to put in the storm sewer at that intersection the only other engineering practice we could do was to put in valley gutters. That was some long time before United States Highway No. 1 came to Ealeigh. (This street is now a part of U. S. Highway No. 1, with its heavy through traffic, and the car in which plaintiff was riding was that of a nonresident traveling from New York to Florida.) .Back in 1913 and 1915 there were very few automobiles in Ealeigh then at all; the traffic at that time consisted mostly of horse-drawn vehicles. ... In 1915 these valley drains were put in with . . . approximately ten inches fall in the valley, from the top of the crown of the street to the invert of the valley gutter. . . . These two valley gutters were a distance of 42 feet from invert to invert. . . . I would say those valleys remained there in the street eighteen months to two years the first time, and were then partially filled in with a mixture of asphalt. ... I don’t guess we raised the valley gutters at that time over two or three inches. . . . Traffic conditions commenced to get more and more on the street and we g.ot complaints about the dips there and we were trying to eliminate them as far as possible . . . We tvere working on those valleys, building them up, several times between 1918, 1915, and 1917. . . During Mr. Pagers administration Mr. Lassiter’s force went out to that intersectioy, and cut out the asphalt entirely down to the concrete base and replaced it with a concrete gutter; they raised the fall three or four inches, leaving anywhere from a six- to a severe-inch dip in there. That six- or seven-inch dip on each side remained as it was until February of last year (the time of the accident). . . . The purpose in going there and rebuilding that intersection was to eliminate that dip as much as possible, to ease it up. ... It eased up the accidents at that intersection; it was not a cure for them entirely; there was still a severe traffic hazard at that intersection. That hazard existed there up until this lady was injured last February. ... I think the installation of catch basins placed on the west side at each corner and carried under the intersection through pipes is the only and best way to eliminate the traffic hazard at that intersection. . . . The engineering profession, as traffic has grown, put in a storm sewer • and catch basin every time they can. Sometimes money keeps them from doing it. The old valleys are regarded as an antiquated method of construction.”
The police officer in charge of the traffic department who served with the Ealeigh police from 1924 to 1933 testified to the numerous accidents *556at this point, concluding “That was considered one of tbe worst places in tbe city. ... In approaching tbe dip you do not see it until you are on it.”
There was a considerable body of similar evidence supporting this evidence of tbe engineer and police officer. In my opinion this evidence was ample to support tbe finding that tbe Raleigh officials, recognizing tbe defect in tbe original construction in tbe face of tbe increasing traffic load, undertook again and again to alter and modify that plan so as to reduce tbe hazard. It appears clear that such efforts, extending over a period of twenty years, were clearly ministerial in nature and not governmental, and that these were decisions of administrative officers in tbe discharge of mandatory general duties of maintenance.and not tbe solemn acts of tbe governing body in tbe discharge of a quasi-judicial discretion in laying out a general plan of street construction. So long as they relied upon tbe original plan of construction they might have been protected, although there is authority to tbe contrary. District of Columbia v. Caton, 48 App. D. C., 96; Perotti v. Bennett, 94 Conn., 533, 109 Atl., 890; Lebanon v. Graves, 178 Ky., 749, 199 S. W., 1064; Malloy v, Walker, Twp., 77 Mich., 448, 43 N. W., 1012.
Even where tbe rule permitting reliance upon tbe protection of tbe original plan is followed, if a city materially alters tbe original condition of a highway in tbe discharge of its duty to maintain it and in doing so leaves it in a condition dangerous to the general public, it should be held liable for an injury caused by its negligence. Particularly where a municipality has for twenty years bad notice of tbe danger of a defect ,in original construction and has on numerous occasions altered tbe original condition of tbe street but without remedying tbe defect, I think it should be left to tbe jury to determine whether tbe city has departed from tbe original plan and, if so, whether tbe city in tbe discharge of tbe administrative duty of maintenance has been negligent.
A dangerous defect in a street is not by reason of its age any less dangerous to persons passing over it for tbe first time. A municipality does not by prescription attain tbe right to be negligent. Rather to tbe contrary, tbe older the defective condition tbe greater tbe certainty that tbe officials have notice of it. Municipalities should not be encouraged to maintain conditions which they know to be dangerous. Tbe click of singletree and tbe jangle of trace chains have given way to tbe purr of engines and tbe scream of brakes. Highway conditions which were safe enough for travel in a more leisurely era may become .a menace in tbe hurried life of today. Time marches on, and so must tbe law. Old rules, born of another day, must constantly be scrutinized in tbe light of a changing world. Tbe ever restless troops of time in*557cessantly storm tbe old citadels. Tbe oasis where we pause for tbe nigbt is not tbe end of tbe pilgrimage; tbe Holy City wbicb we seek always lies ahead. Tbe unquestioning acceptance of tbe rules of tbe past is not an unmixed blessing. A formal logic wbicb reasons from precedent alone sometimes insulates tbe mind against tbe overwhelming logic of reality. I am unwilling to extend further tbe logic of tbe rule wbicb frees municipalities from liability for an injury due to a defect wbicb was a part of tbe original, general plan of street construction. That rule savors too strongly of tbe attitude of tbe tyrant kings of tbe Middle Ages who justified tbe most vicious wrongs by tbe simple formula, “Tbe king can do no wrong.” In Jack v. Greece, 135 Misc., 479, 238 N. Y. Supp., 294, it was said: “Tbe courts will not substitute their judgment for that of towns in planning a public improvement, but when tbe improvement has been made they will bold towns to their obligation to keep tbe improvement, if a highway, in a reasonably safe condition, and thus impose liability even though tbe condition was of original construction.” In Kiernan v. New York, 43 N. Y. S., 538, 14 App. Div., 156, there is a statement of what I conceive to be tbe better rule: “It cannot be held, as a general proposition, that a city may excuse itself from a charge of negligence as to tbe condition and care of its streets merely by claiming that it acted judicially in determining to leave tbe street in a dangerous condition for public travel. Tbe eases in wbicb any such rule can be applied at all must necessarily be quite limited.” It is because tbe view of tbe majority involves an extension of tbe rule and not a strict limitation upon its application that I dissent.
Eetrospect: Tbe plaintiff was a guest in a Buick sedan (1933 model) driven by her husband, on tbe way from New York to Florida. Tbe plaintiff, her husband, and two friends were in tbe car. They bad stopped overnight at a tourist home in Ealeigb. At about 7:30 o’clock tbe next morning they started on to Florida. Plaintiff was sitting in tbe back seat with a lady friend. Her husband was driving about 18 or 20 miles an hour along Person Street, going south on U. S. Highway No. 1, and at tbe intersection of Person and Jones streets, plaintiff testified: “Tbe car went down in a ditch and I was thrown up to tbe top of tbe car. It went down and I was thrown up again to tbe tóp of tbe car. I did not know what was going on. I just couldn’t pick myself up. I fainted. That ditch was on one side of tbe street, on Person Street, at tbe intersection of Jones. I went into tbe first ditch and before I knew what happened we went into another ditch. ... I was put into a cast from my knees up to my chin. ... I bad no use of my bands or arms. I couldn’t sleep during that period and they bad to give me injections — about four or five a day — to kill tbe pain for a short time, but it always came back. I cried all tbe time, it hurt me all *558over. I suffered terribly.” Sbe described her terrible suffering. The doctor in New York, who later attended her, testified in part: “The fracture is of a permanent nature bearing in mind that there is a deformity which cannot be bettered in any way. It,is a fixed deformity causing undue tension of the muscle and tendon structures about the side of fracture.”
The two ditches or gulleys were six or seven inches deep, and the car in crossing caused plaintiff, while riding in the rear seat, to be thrown to the top of the car. The testimony of the city engineer shows no city planning by the governing body of the city at this intersection — at least this was a question for the jury, if the planning would determine this controversy. It was in evidence that on numerous occasions accidents occurred and cars and persons were injured at the intersection where these dips and gulleys were, and the accidents reported to the city of Raleigh. The jury awarded plaintiff a small verdict — $1,500.
We are now spending hundreds of thousands of dollars inviting strangers to North Carolina. We should at least assure these strangers of a safe haven within our borders. The jury of twelve men, under the law of “Good moral character and sufficient intelligence,” gave damages. I think their verdict should be sustained. To the traveling public let us wave the usual signal, “Thank you; come again.”