dissenting from tbe affirmance of the judgment: A careful perusal of the record leaves me with the impression that reversible error has been shown in respect of the land subjected to what is designated a “Scenic Easement,” if not also in respect of the admeasurement of damages.
First. It is alleged in the petition, paragraph 6, subsection (i), that in addition to the 76.7 acres of petitioner’s lands taken in fee simple, at least 12.12 acres adjacent to the right of way and belonging to the petitioner have been subjected to a scenic easement which is so drastic in its nature that it amounts “to the taking thereof in fee simple.”
The answer admits that the respondent “has appropriated an easement on 12.12 acres belonging to the petitioner,” but denies that the restrictions set forth in the appropriation will materially affect the value of the land. On the contrary, it is alleged that they will protect the land from improper or abusive use and ought to enhance rather than lessen its value for residential purposes. It is further averred that these restrictions are not as rigid in many respects as the restrictions already placed on the property by the petitioner.
The terms of the easement, as set out in the record, follow :
“(a) That buildings, pole lines and structures may be erected on such lands for farm or residential purposes. New buildings or major alterations of existing buildings shall be subject to the prior approval of the National Park Service. No commercial buildings, power lines or other industrial or commercial structures shall be erected on such lands, except that existing commercial buildings may be altered or the property may be otherwise improved for the purpose of continuing established use after plans have been approved by the National Park Service.
“(b) That no mature or stable trees or shrubs shall be removed or destroyed on such land without the consent of the grantee or its assigns, except such seedling shrubbery or seedling trees as may be grubbed up or cut down in accordance with good farm practice and residential maintenance, and except that cultivated crops, including orchard fruits, may be pruned, sprayed, harvested, and otherwise maintained in accordance with good farming practice.
“(c) That no dump of ashes, trash, sawdust or other unsightly or offensive material shall be placed upon such land.
“(d) That no sign, billboard or other advertisement shall be displayed or placed upon such land, except one sign not greater than 18 inches by 24 inches advertising the sale of said property or the products raised upon it.”
The position of the petitioner is, that these restrictions “have the force and effect of taking the property in fee simple,” while the respondent, advances quite a different view.
*457Eoth sides introduced evidence on tbe issue tbus raised by tbe pleadings. In tbe testimony offered by tbe petitioner, tbe 12.12 acres are referred to as “land actually taken,” and a valuation of $500 per acre is placed tbereon. Tbe respondent, on tbe other band, offered tbe estimate, “12.12 acres of scenic easements at $10 per acre.”
"With tbe record in tbis shape, tbe court gave tbe jury tbe following definition of an easement, and no more: “An easement, gentlemen of tbe jury, has been defined as a liberty, privilege or advantage in land without profit, existing distinct from tbe ownership of tbe soil — (as in fee simple). An easement is tbe right which one person has to use tbe land of another for a specific purpose.” (Exception 13.)
It will be observed that in tbe court’s definition of an easement, no reference is made to tbe effect of a scenic easement, such as was then before tbe court for determination.
It is provided by C. S., 564, that in jury trials, tbe judge “shall state in a plain and correct manner tbe evidence given in tbe case and declare and explain tbe law arising tbereon,” and tbis without expressing any opinion upon tbe facts. S. v. Merrick, 171 N. C., 788, 88 S. E., 501. In interpreting tbis statute tbe authoritative decisions are to tbe effect that it “confers upon litigants a substantial legal right and calls for instructions as to tbe law upon all substantial features of tbe case”; and further, that tbe requirements of tbe statute “are not met by a general statement of legal principles which bear more or less directly, but not with absolute directness, upon tbe issues made by tbe evidence.” Williams v. Coach Co., 197 N. C., 12, 147 S. E., 435; S. v. Groves, 121 N. C., 563, 28 S. E., 262. “The statement of tbe general principles of law, without an application to tbe specific facts involved in tbe issue, is not a compliance with tbe provisions of tbe statute.” Nichols v. Fibre Co., 190 N. C., 1, 128 S. E., 471.
Tbe purport of tbe decisions may be gleaned from tbe following excerpts: “Tbe failure of tbe court to instruct tbe jury on substantive features of tbe case arising on tbe evidence is prejudicial. Tbis is true even though there is no request for special instruction to that effect.” Spencer v. Brown, 214 N. C., 114, 198 S. E., 630. “On tbe substantive features of tbe case arising on tbe evidence, tbe judge is required to give correct charge concerning it.” School District v. Alamance County, 211 N. C., 213, 189 S. E., 873. “A judge in bis charge to tbe jury should present every substantial and essential feature of tbe case embraced within tbe issue and arising on tbe evidence, and tbis without any special prayer for instructions to that effect.” S. v. Merrick, supra. “When tbe evidence is susceptible of several interpretations a failure to give instructions which declare and explain tbe law in its application to tbe several phases of tbe evidence is held for reversible error.” Williams v. Coach Co., supra.
*458Tbe maimer in which the trial court shall state the evidence and declare and explain the law arising thereon must necessarily be left in large measure to his sound discretion and good judgment, “but he must charge on the different aspects presented by the evidence, and give the law applicable thereto.” Blake v. Smith, 163 N. C., 274, 79 S. E., 596. In the cited case, which involved only $14.88, the value of a hog, the instruction, “take the case, gentlemen, and settle it as between man and inan,” was held for error because it did not comply with the mandatory requirements of the statute.
In many cases, to state the evidence in a plain and correct manner and declare and explain the law arising thereon, “requires the exercise of a cultivated intelligence, and to do it in a complicated case in the necessary haste of a jury trial, so as to stand subsequent examination, is one of the highest efforts of the mind.” S. v. Matthews, 78 N. C., 523. Nevertheless, this is the special duty of the judge, “and always requires an amount of learning and practical ability which a jury is not supposed to possess.” S. v. Dunlop, 65 N. C., 288. The chief purposes to be attained by the charge are clarification of the issues, elimination of extraneous matters, and declaration and application of the law arising Upon the evidence. Irvin v. R. R., 164 N. C., 6, 80 S. E., 78. These áre essential in cases requiring the intervention of a jury. As was said by Merrimon, C. J., in S. v. Wilson, 104 N. C., 868, 10 S. E., 315, “The jury should see the issues, stripped of all redundant and confusing matter's, and in as -clear a light as practicable.”
The theory of trial by jury is, that, by and large, twelve capable and unbiased minds, guided by correct legal instructions, are best qualified to find the facts from the evidence and make true deliverance thereon. Brewington v. Loughran, 183 N. C., 558, 112 S. E., 257. The duty of guidance perforce devolves upon the judge — a duty incident to the high office which- he holds, and made imperative with us by statute. S. v. Merrick, supra. The jury is not to be permitted to wander afield or to grope in the dark. McCracken v. Smathers, 119 N. C., 617, 26 S. E., 157. Consequently, the proper exercise of the court’s function of instruction is indispensable, Nichols v. Fibre Co., supra, except perhaps in cases where the facts are few and simple, and no principle of law is involved, but in cases “where the witnesses are numerous, the evidence complicated and conflicting, and there are different principles of law applicable to the different 'aspects of the case, as presented by the opposing evidence, it is most clearly the duty of the judge to comply with the requirements of the statute.” Holly v. Holly, 94 N. C., 96.
• In the trial of causes, “it is wise to observe the ‘landmarks,’ and preserve the well-defined rights and duties of the court and jury.” S. v. Green, 134 N. C., 658, 46 S. E., 761. It will not do in the instant case *459simply to say that the terms of the easement were in evidence and that the jury could see and determine for themselves the effect the restrictions would have upon the value of the land. Watson v. Tanning Co., 190 N. C., 840, 130 S. E., 833; Mehaffey v. Construction Co., 194 N. C., 717, 140 S. E., 716. The parties were in sharp disagreement as to the meaning and effect of the easement. Its interpretation was for the court. Young v. Jeffreys, 20 N. C., 357. The situation called for a declaration and explanation of the law arising upon the evidence, which could not be met by silence. Richardson v. Cotton Mills, 189 N. C., 653, 127 S. E., 834; S. v. Melton, 187 N. C., 481, 122 S. E., 17; McCracken v. Smathers, supra. It was imperative that the court speak, and speak directly to the issue. Such, in effect, was the holding or pronouncement in Robinson v. Transportation Co., 214 N. C., 489, 199 S. E., 725. The conclusion is likewise made manifest by what was said in Nichols v. Fibre Co., supra; Williams v. Coach Co., supra; Watson v. Tanning Co., supra; S. v. Merrick, supra; S. v. Matthews, supra; Bowen v. Schnibben, 184 N. C., 248, 114 S. E., 170; Orvis v. Holt Mills, 173 N. C., 231, 91 S. E., 948; and Duckworth v. Orr, 126 N. C., 674, 36 S. E., 150.
The court did give the jury an instruction, however, which, fairly interpreted, may be said to bear upon the easement in question.
“The petitioner contends that you should find from the evidence that this park-to-park roadway destroyed entirely the scenic beauty of the crest of the Blue Eidge Mountains, and that it has the force and effect of obliterating entirely the view that otherwise appeared on the crest of the east or south side of the ridge, of the mountain peaks that rise up into the heavens, and that the taking thereof by the defendant for the purpose of scenic easements, has the force and effect of the taking thereof in fee simple, . . .” (Exception 10) . . . “The petitioner says and contends that you should find from the evidence that there was conveyed to the Federal Government in fee simple deed to land embraced within the 76.7 of the right of way taken under the condemnation, and easements to the remaining 12.12, making a total of 88.33 that was conveyed, which, as a matter of law, gentlemen of the jury, I instruct you, was a passing out of the State of North Carolina of the title by way of easements and fee simple to the property condemned, and which immediately upon its delivery vested in the Government of the United States the title to that land which prior thereto was in, without dispute, the Little Switzerland Company, a corporation.” (Exception 11.)
Without further explanation, it would seem that the court here intended to adopt, and did adopt, the petitioner’s interpretation of the easement, to wit, that, in effect, it amounted “to the taking of the property in fee simple.” Dayton v. Asheville, 185 N. C., 12, 115 S. E., 827. The petitioner’s contention is reiterated several times in the charge, *460while no separate or specific reference is made to the respondent’s contention in respect of the scenic easement. The judge is not required to give the contentions of the parties, Wilson v. Wilson, 190 N. C., 819, 130 S. E., 834, but when he undertakes to state the contentions of one of the parties on any particular phase of the case, it would seem that, in fairness, he ought to state the opposing contentions which arise out of the evidence on the same aspect of the case. And so the law is written. Messick v. Hickory, 211 N. C., 531, 191 S. E., 43; Lea v. Utilities Co., 176 N. C., 511, 97 S. E., 492; Real Estate Co. v. Moser, 175 N. C., 255, 95 S. E., 498. “Having undertaken to tell the jury how they should answer that issue if they found such facts according to the plaintiffs contention, it was manifestly incumbent upon the court to state the defendant’s contention in respect to such phase of the evidence and to instruct the jury how to answer the issue should they sustain such contention.” Jarrett v. Trunk Co., 144 N. C., 299, 56 S. E., 937. The court seems to have assumed that, for all practical purposes, the petitioner has been deprived of 88.33 acres of its land.
This view is augmented by a later instruction which the court gave to the jury on the measure of damages.
“In this case I instruct you that in arriving at the amount of compensation the petitioner, the Little Switzerland Company, would be entitled to receive, if any, or ought to receive, if any, your general rule is to estimate the value of the land actually taken, in fee simple and by way of easements thereon, and the damage, if any, to the remainder of the petitioner’s boundary or tract of land by reason of the location and construction, of the parkway, and from such sum or sums there should be taken as a counterclaim or set-off or offset or reduction any benefits, general or special, which the petitioner has sustained or received by reason of the addition to the value, if any, of the remainder of the boundary or tract of land known as Little Switzerland, and owned by the Little Switzerland Company, by reason of the general or special advantages thereto.” (Exception 14.)
The form of the issue, to which the charge was directed, also lends ■color to the interpretation which the court apparently placed upon the •easement.
“What sum, if any, is petitioner entitled to recover of the defendant for the appropriation of and damages to lands of the petitioner described in the petition, over and above all general and special benefits accruing to petitioner’s lands by reason of the construction of the parkway?”
The scenic easement does not deprive the petitioner of the entire use •of the land. It burdens it according to the terms of the deed “for the ■enforcement of the restrictions” therein designated “and none other.” As a matter of law the “taking” is only to the extent of the easement. *461Brown v. Power Co., 140 N. C., 333, 52 S. E., 954; Hodges v. Tel. Co., 133 N. C., 225, 45 S. E., 572. Otherwise the petitioner is left with the free use of its land.
The record, therefore, impels the conclusion that if the court intended to adopt, and did adopt, the petitioner’s interpretation of the scenic easement, there was error. On the other hand, if no such adoption were intended, and the court failed to state the respondent’s position after giving the petitioner’s contentions in the matter, there was error in this respect. It can make no difference, so far as the ultimate effect is •concerned, whether the error be one of omission or one of commission. In either event, it was hurtful to the respondent. There is no escape from this dilemma.
Moreover, it seems somewhat at cross purposes to award compensation for the scenic value of the part taken in fee simple, and then to award compensation for the preservation of the scenic value to a part of what is left. Yet this was sanctioned in the court’s charge to the jury when the scenic value of the property was exalted over all other considerations, as witness the following recitation of one of the petitioner’s contentions: '“That it is situated in a place the like of which it says and contends is hardly found on the earth; that it is a spot favored by G-od Almighty when He created the earth, and that the location of the development was valuable in affording the character of relief that those in the shadows ■of life’s end would want to repair to, and enjoy the remainder of their lives.” (Exception 9.)
The purpose of the easement is to care for the landscape and to vouchsafe the beauty of the countryside. This may be enjoyed in common by the petitioner and others. It was error, therefore, to permit the jury to award compensation on the basis of an absolute taking of the 12.12 acres for all purposes as in fee simple. The matter should have been dealt with in a correct instruction to the jury. C. S., 564.
• Nor is this a “subordinate feature of the cause, or some particular phase of the testimony,” but it is to be considered as a “substantial ■defect.” Hauser v. Furniture Co., 174 N. C., 463, 93 S. E., 961. It undoubtedly weighed heavily against the respondent and added materially to the award. It may be regretted that it was not submitted under & separate issue as suggested in the case of Power Co. v. Hayes, 193 N. C., 104, 136 S. E., 353. The petitioner estimated its damage froin the scenic easement to be $6,060, while the respondent placed the loss at $121.20- — -a difference of $5,938.80, which is more than 23% of the total recovery. The matter cannot be treated as de minimis or inconsequential.
Second. The respondent also assigns as error the inadequacy of the charge on the measure of damages, especially in the light of the claims made in respect of values. See Exceptions 9, 10, and 14 above set out.
*462In cases of this kind, the measure of damages is the difference in the fair market value of petitioner’s land before and after the taking. Elks v. Comrs., 179 N. C., 241, 102 S. E., 414. The items going to make up this difference are understood to embrace compensation for the part taken, and injury to the remainder, which is to be offset by any general and special benefits accruing to the landowner from the construction of the highway. Bailey v. Highway Com., 214 N. C., 278, 199 S. E., 25; Wade v. Highway Com., 188 N. C., 210, 124 S. E., 193; Power Co. v. Power Co., 186 N. C., 179, 119 S. E., 213.
If the benefits, general and special, equal or exceed the damages sustained, no recovery can be had. Goode v. Asheville, 193 N. C., 134, 136 S. E., 340.
What is meant by “market value” was the subject of consideration in the case of Brown v. Power Co., supra. “Briefly, market value or price means the fair value as between one who desires but is not compelled to buy and one who is willing but not compelled to sell.” McCall v. Lumber Co., 196 N. C., 597, 146 S. E., 579.
It will be observed that in the court’s instruction on the measure of damages, no reference is made to market value. Pemberton v. Greensboro, 208 N. C., 468, 181 S. E., 258.
There is ample authority for writing in a case where the Court is evenly divided in opinion, not merely to advance an argument, but to meet the responsibility of decision. Miller v. Bank, 176 N. C., 152, 96 S. E., 977. The case is an important one. Both sides are greatly interested in the result. It is ours to declare the law as we find it. Moore v. Jones, 76 N. C., 182.
BaeNhill and WiNboeNe, JJ., join in this opinion.