The question for decision here is one of pleading and can not be clearly stated without a complete copy of a lengthy answer and counter-claim upon which judgmént is asked against plaintiff below, defendant in error here.
A demurrer was sustained below to the answer and cross-petition on the ground that'it did not constitute a counter-claim. The court below held that the grievances set out in the answer do not arise “out of the contract or transaction set out in the petition as the foundation of plaintiff’s claim,” and are not “connected with the subject of the action.”
Section 11317, General Qode, defines a counter-claim thus:
*418“A counter-claim is a cause of action existing in favor of a defendant against a plaintiff or another defendant, or both, between whom a several judgment might be had in the action and arising out of the contract or transaction set forth in the petition as the foundation of the plaintiff’s claim, or connected with the subject of the action.”
The averments of the answer are taken as true for the purposes of this demurrer, and show that the account sued upon by plaintiff was for coal sold and delivered under the same contract which gives rise to the claim of defendant for damages.
The exact language of the cross-petition is:
“Defendant further states that the coal set forth in the account attached to plaintiff’s petition was delivered to the defendant’s customers and others solicited by the defendant through said agent, under the terms of the contract hereinbefore set forth.”
Such an allegation in an alleged counter-claim may not authorize a court in holding that the defendant can thereby read anything into plaintiff’s petition that would determine the nature or “subject of the action” to be other than as shown by the petition itself. But we are of the opinion that where the petition is on an account, a defendant who has a cross-claim or demand may plead by way of- answer that both his claim and that, of plaintiff rest upon and arise from one and the same agreement ; that such agreement underlies and is the basis of all transactions between the parties.
Such, in substance, is the answer in this case,'and in this view of the pleading the majority of the court is inclined to hold that that answer shows defendant’s claim to be connected with the subject of the action and therefore a counter-claim within the meaning of the code.
We have little doubt about the correctness of the conclusion we have reached, but if there be doubt it should be resolved in favor of the view taken, for it has long been the fixed policy of our Legislature and our courts to avoid multiplicity of actions.
In Needham v. Pratt, 40 O. S., 190, the court say:
‘ ‘ The scope of the counter-claim, and the liberal provisions for joinder of actions, and indeed the entire spirit of the practice *419act, show that one of its great objects was to enable and require parties, as far as practicable, to submit all their controversies for adjustment in a single action.”
If the positions of the parties here were reversed and the Murdoch Company as plaintiff had filed a petition for damages, setting forth the same cause of action in the same manner as in its cross-petition contained; and if a cross-petition had been filed by the Stearns Company for-coal sold and delivered, with a statement to the same effect as the one above quoted from the answer in this ease, namely, that the coal set forth in the account was delivered under the terms of the contract upon which plaintiff V claim was founded, the situation would be practically the same as under the present pleadings. Under such circumstances we fail to see how any question could be seriously raised as to the soundness of the counter-claim or its compliance with the requirement of the code that it must arise “out of the contract or transaction set forth in the petition as the foundation of the plaintiff’s claim or connected with the subject of the action.” In such case both these requisites would be fully met.
The confusion and doubt in the present case arises out of the fact that the action is commenced by the party holding the account. But the answer alleges that the account is based upon and arises out of an express contract which is really “the subject of the action” and with which both the claim of plaintiff and that of the defendant are connected. As a matter of pleading, this is sufficient, and the demurrer was erroneously sustained.
The point is made in oral argument by counsel for defendant in error that the answer does not allege that either the contract with the agent or that between the parties was for any definite time and for that reason no cause of action is stated in the cross-petition. It is true that the answer contains no statement as to how long these contracts were to run. It does clearly show, however, that they were to remain in force until on and after April 1st, 1915. As all of the grievances complained of in the counterclaim of defendant occurred before this date, and as the contract according to the same pleading had been broten and repudiated, the agent seduced and the benefits of his labors secured by plaint*420iff before said date, tbe exact duration of the contract is unimportant and statement thereof unnecessary.
The judgment will be reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings.
Jones (Oliver B.), J., concurs; Gorman, J., dissents.