(dissenting). I am unable to agree with the conclusion of my associates that the defendant acquired title to the premises in question through the proceedings under the void tax judgment. It is conceded that the title to the premises is in the plaintiff, unless it was divested and transferred to the defendant Beck through his purchase at the tax judgment sale on November 21, 1897, and the plaintiff’s failure to redeem therefrom. So, too, it is conceded that the tax judgment pursuant to which the sale was made was void for want of notice. The defendant, in support of his claim of title, offered only the sheriff’s certificate and proof of service of notice of expiration of the redemption period. From these facts the conclusion is drawn in the majority opinion that the plaintiff has no estate in or title to the premises, and it is adjudged that the title is in the defendant. This conclusion rests entirely upon section 15 of chapter 67, p. 85, Laws 1897 (section 1345, Rev. Codes 1899). The opinion holds that a sheriff’s certificate of sale, which is regular upon its face, is, when three years have elapsed from the date of the sale, conclusive evidence, both of a valid judgment and a valid sale, or, in other words, that after that time the original owner cannot defend his title by showing that the judgment and the sale pursuant to which the sheriff’s certificate was issued were in fact void. I cannot assent to this conclusion. The sale in question was made to satisfy a tax judgment entered under chapter 67, p. 76, Laws 1897, commonly known *419as the “Woods Law.” It was a judicial sale, and not a sale under the general revenue law, and was made to satisfy the alleged tax judgment. The judgment was void. The property was not described in the published notice through which the court acquires jurisdiction in such cases. The judgment was therefore entered without jurisdiction, and was void. This is conceded. I take it that it must also be admitted that the sale was void for the same reason. The rule of law applicable to such judgments and sales is stated in Freeman on Void Judicial Sales, section 2, as follows: “A void judgment order or decree, in whatever tribunal it may be entered, is nothing. All acts performed under it, and all claims flowing out of it, are void. Lienee a sale based on such a judgment has no foundation in law. It must certainly fall.” See, to the same effect, Kleber’s Void Judicial Sales, sections 194, 452; Rorer on Void Judicial Sales, section 488; Freeman on Judgments, section 117; 1 Black on Judgments (2d Ed.) section 170, and cases cited. The conclusion of my associates that the original owner cannot now defend his title by alleging the invalidity of the sale, and that the title is now in the purchaser under the void tax judgment, is based upon three propositions: (1) That section 1345 makes the sheriff’s certificate of sale prima facie evidence, not only that the proceedings connected with the sale were regular, but also that the judgment was regularly rendered and entered; the certificate thus establishing prima facie a valid judgment and a valid sale. (2) That the latter part of the same section, which limits attacks upon and defenses against such sales to three years, applies to all sales, including sales made under void judgments, and that such a sale sets the statute running against the owner and bars his right to defend his title by alleging the invalidity of the sale after three years. And (3) that the statute as thus construed, and as applied to a sale like that here in question, is valid. I am unable to agree to either of these propositions, and will give my views as to each of them, in the order in which they have been stated.
First, as to the evidentiary force of the sheriff’s certificate: The majority opinion holds that, for three years after its issuance, it is prima facie evidence, and after that time is conclusive evidence, both of the regularity of the proceedings connected with the sale, and of the regularity of the rendition and entry of the judgment. I do not find that the statute gives the certificate any evi*420dentiary force whatever as to the judgment. Section 1345 declares that “the certificate shall in all cases be prima facie evidence that all the requirements of law with respect to the sale have been duly complied with. * * *” It does not declare that it is prima facie evidence that all of the requirements of law with respect to the judgment have been complied with. The certificate has, of course, only such force as is given to it by the statute. The statute confines its evidentiaiy force to the requirements of law with respect to the sale, and We are not warranted in extending the statute by construction so as to make it cover the judgment. The judgment is no part of the sale proceedings. It is antecedent and independent; essential, it is true, to a valid sale, but is no part of the sale. As is well known, chapter 67, p. 76, Laws 1897, was adopted almost bodily from the state of Minnesota. Many of its provisions, including the successive provisions of the Minnesota statute, corresponding to those contained in our section 1345, had received a settled construction in that state long prior to their adoption here. In construing a corresponding section of the Minnesota statute, in Sanborn v. Cooper, 31 Minn. 307, 17 N. W. 856, the court, speaking through Judge Mitchell, said: “Defendant offered in evidence a certificate of sale purporting to have been made pursuant to a tax judgment by the county auditor * * * to the admission of which plaintiff objected on the ground that no evidence had been offered of any tax judgment or of any authority to the auditor to make the sale. The court overruled the objections and admitted the certificate. * * * On this state of facts, the court found as conclusions of law that defendant was the owner in fee simple of the premises, and that plaintiff had no interest or title therein, and ordered judgment accordingly. The ground upon which the decision was put is that, no action having been brought to set aside or test the validity of the tax sale within five years, the title of the purchaser at such sale became absolute and cannot now be questioned. The sale was made under the general tax law of 1874, as amended by Laws 1875, p. 36, c. 5, section 30, the important provision of which is as follows: 'Section 125. Such certificate, or the record thereof, shall in all cases be prima facie evidence that' all the requirements of the law in respect to the. sale have been complied with, and no sale shall be set aside or held invalid unless the party objecting to the same shall bring his action to set aside such certificate, or *421to test the validity of such sale within five years from the date of the sale.’ It is elementary that, according to the common-law rule, this certificate would be inadmissible without proof of the authority of the auditor to make the sale. To sustain a conveyance executed by an attorney under a power of attorney, by an executor under a will, by a sheriff under an execution, by a guardian or administrator under an order of court, by a commissioner under a decree of court, the power of attorney, the will, the judgment and execution, and the decree must be first produced and put in evidence. If this certificate is prima facie evidence of any of the precedent acts necessary to clothe the auditor with authority to sell, it is only so by force of the statute, and only to the extent it is expressly made so. But this statute only makes the certificate of sale prima facie evidence ‘that all the requirements of the law in respect to the sale’ have been complied with, but not of the precedent acts necessary to authorize the auditor to make the sale. It is not made prima facie evidence of the tax judgment, which is the source of his authority to sell. This would have to be first proved aliunde, as before. The extent of the effect of the statute is merely to make the certificate prima facie evidence of the regularity of the proceedings connected with the sale itself, such as the giving of notice of the time and place of sale, the fact of sale, and that it was conducted in the manner required by law, and the like. That this is the extent to which it goes is, we think, almost self-evident from the language of the statute itself. * * * The defendant insists, however, that this rule is somehow changed or inapplicable, from the fact that the so-called statute of limitations has run; the action not having been brought within five years after the sale. But this is not a question of the statute of limitations, but of the competency of evidence. How can the fact that the statute has run render that competent which before would have been incompetent? The trouble is the statute is not broad enough for defendant’s purposes. It needs a tax judgment behind it to set it in motion. Until she proves a tax judgment authorizing a sale, she can never reach a point to invoke the application of the statute. See Dawson v. Helmes, 30 Minn. 107, 14 N. W. 462. Had she proved such a judgment, she might be in position to successfully insist that plaintiff was not entitled to have the sale or certificate set aside on account of an omission to comply with any of the requirements of *422law respecting the sale. But the case now stands precisely as if she had introduced no evidence, because she has produced no competent evidence.”
The above case was decided in 1883, and the construction there announced has been repeatedly reaffirmed. In my opinion no reason exists for not following it. The rule which governs the construction of a statute adopted from another state is familiar. It will be presumed that the legislature adopted it with the construction which had been given to it. 2 Lewis & Suth. Stat. Con. (2d Ed.) section 404, and cases cited. In adopting this construction we are giving effect to the intent of the legislature, and observing a well-settled rule of statutory construction. 26 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 100, and cases cited. This court has repeatedly applied this rule of construction to other provisions of this same act. Wells Co. v. McHenry, 7 N. D. 246-259, 74 N. W. 241; Cass Co. v. Security Imp. Co., 7 N. D. 528, 535-537, 75 N. W. 775; Emmons Co. v. Lands, 9 N. D. 583, 596, 84 N. W. 379. Our statute shows no such change of language as would suggest an intent that it should have a different meaning than had been given to the parent statute. It follows from this view that the defendant, by introducing in evidence only the certificate and proof of notice of expiration of redemption, did not establish, even prima facie, title in the defendant. Proof of a valid tax judgment was essential.
The majority opinion is in error in stating that “this question was decided in Cruser v. Williams, 13 N. D. 284, 100 N. W. 721.” In that case the entry of the tax judgment was conceded upon the record. Plaving been entered by a court of general jurisdiction, the presumption of regularity arose from that fact. The question as to whether the certificate standing alone is proof of the entry was not involved, neither was it discussed or decided. The question we have been considering, however, in no event is decisive in favor of the majority conclusion in this case, for, as previously stated, it was affirmatively shown and is conceded that the judgment was in fact void. And this brings me to the second question, which relates to the latter part of section 1345, which reads as follows: “And no sale shall be set aside or held invalid, unless the party objecting to the same shall prove, either that the court rendering the judgment pursuant to which the sale was made, had not jurisdiction to render the judgment, or that after the judgment and before the sale such judgment had been satis*423fled, * * * and the validity of any sale shall not be called in question unless the action in which the validity of the sale shall be called in question shall be brought or the defense alleging the invalidity be interposed within three years from the date of sale. A sale shall be deemed completed within the provisions of the article when the certificate thereof has been issued by the sheriff.” The majority opinion holds, directly, that the limitation feature just quoted is applicable to sales under void judgments, and that, pursuant to its provisions, the sheriff’s certificate, coupled with a notice of expiration of the redemption period, becomes in three years an unassailable muniment of title, which is thereafter wholly impregnable to an attack by the true owner, and against which he cannot urge in defense of his possession and title that the judgment and sale were in fact void. In my opinion the limitation provision of the section, which is above quoted, and this seems to be the basis of the majority opinion, has no application to void sales such as this. A void judgment is no judgment, and a void sale is no sale. The statute does not apply to void sales. As to such sales the statute does not commence to run, for there is nothing for it to operate upon. Such, and for reasons which will hereafter appear, and I think there is no exception, is the construction given to similar statutes.- This construction gives effect to the statute as an effective means of barring attacks for defects in the proceedings which are commonly classed as irregularities, and does not take away from the true owner the right to urge that the sale was void for jurisdictional reasons. And, by thus excepting void sales from its operation, is observed that ancient and familiar maxim of the law, which is reaffirmed in section 5101 of our Code, that “time does not confirm a void act.” And the statute is saved from the condemnation of the further rule that even the legislature cannot infuse life into that which is dead.
In Sweigle v. Gates, 9 N. D. 543, 84 N. W. 482, this court said: “It is well settled that tax deeds which are upon their face void for jurisdictional reasons do not operate to start the statute of limitations running; and it is also well settled both upon principle and authority that, where an officer executing a tax deed was with - out jurisdiction so to do, such deed will not start the limitation running, even if the deed be entirely regular upon its face.” The decisions of this court are in harmony upon this question. Roberts v. Bank, 8 N. D. 504, 79 N. W. 1049; Sheets v. Paine, 10 N. D. 106, *42486 N. W. 117; Hegar v. DeGroat, 3 N. D. 354, 56 N. W. 150; Eaton v. Bennett, 10 N. D. 346, 87 N. W. 188; Power v. Kitching, 10 N. D. 254, 86 N. W. 737, 88 Am. St. Rep. 691. So, too, in Kansas a void deed does not set the statute in motion. Shoat v. Walker, 6 Kan. 65, 75; Sapp v. Morrill, 8 Kan. 677, 685; Taylor v. Miles, 5 Kan. 515, 516, 7 Am. Rep. 558; Bowman v. Cockrill, 6 Kan. 337; Hall’s Heirs v. Dodge, 18 Kan. 277; Hubbard v. Johnson, 9 Kan. 632. See, also, Millar v. Babcock, 29 Mich. 525; Gomer v. Chaffee, 6 Colo. 317; Moore v. Brown, 11 How. (U. S.) 414, 13 L. Ed. 751; Redfield v. Parks, 132 U. S. 239, 10 Sup. Ct. 83, 33 L. Ed. 331; Walker v. Turner, 22 U. S. 541, 6 L. Ed. 155; Kelly v. Herrall (C. C.) 20 Fed. 364; Bannon v. Burnes (C. C.) 39 Fed. 895. This also was the holding of the United State Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, in a case arising under the Arkansas statutes (Alexander v. Gordon, 41 C. C. A. 228), in which it was held that a sale for an excessive amount was open to attack after the statutory period, upon the ground that the sale was void. For substantially the same reasons as controlled in the cases above cited, it was held under an early statute in Pennsylvania, which in terms commenced to run from “the sale,” did not attack and commence to run, even when the sale was not void, until the tax deed was issued, and possession taken under it by the purchaser. Waln v. Shearman, 8 Serg. & R. 357, 11 Am. Dec. 624. So, in Iowa, it was held that a statute which in terms commenced to run from “the sale” did not attach until the tax deed was executed and recorded, which was three years later, and this construction was adopted upon the ground that any other construction would make the statute “both unjust and unconstitutional.” Eldridge v. Kuehl, 27 Iowa, 160; McCready v. Sexton, 29 Iowa, 356, 4 Am. Rep. 214. The decisions of the Supreme Court of Minnesota are directly in point, and, in my opinion, are controlling. That court has repeatedly held, in construing the statute from which ours was borrowed, that a sale under a void tax judgment does not set the statute of limitations in motion. Sanborn v. Cooper, 31 Minn. 307, 17 N. W. 856; Feller v. Clark, 36 Minn. 338, 31 N. W. 175; Kipp v. Fenhold, 37 Minn. 132, 33 N. W. 697; Knight v. Alexander, 38 Minn. 384-388, 37 N. W. 796, 8 Am. St. Rep. 675; Smith v. Kipp, 49 Minn. 119, 125, 51 N. W. 656; Whitney v. Wegler, 54 Minn. 235-238, 55 N. W. 927; Farnham v. Jones, 32 Minn. 7, 19 N. W. 83; Holmes v. Loughren (Minn) 105 N. W. 558.
*425The recent cáse of Holmes v. Loughren, supra, involved substantially the same questions as are presented in this case. A sale had been made under a tax judgment, which, like the judgment in this case, was void because of the insufficiency of the description of the property in the notice. The proceedings were under the charter of the city of Duluth. The plaintiff, the tax purchaser, relied upon a three-year statute of limitations. The court held, in accordance with the general rule and its previous decisions, that “a statute of limitations is not put in operation in favor of a party claiming under a tax judgment sale, unless there is behind it a valid tax judgment.” An accurate statement of the construction which has always prevailed in Minnesota will be found in the following quotation from the opinion in the above case: “The provisions of the charter of the city of Duluth provided that no tax sale shall be set aside or held invalid, unless the action in which the validity of the sale shall be called in question be brought within three years from the issuance of the deed. It is the contention of the plaintiff that this statute prevents the defendant from now questioning the validity of the tax judgment and sale, as this action was not brought within three years after the issuance of the deed. It is to be noted that this case is essentially one to determine the title to the lot in question, that the defendant is the absolute owner of it unless his title has been divested by the tax proceedings, that his fee title carries with it the constructive possession of the lot; and, further, that if the statute applies to an action of this kind, and judgment be given for the plaintiff that he and not the defendant is the owner of the lot, the defendant is absolutely deprived of his property because he did not bring an action to vindicate his right to the continuance of the uninterrupted enjoyment of his property against a void claim existing only on paper. If statutes of this kind are to be construed as applicable to any action, no matter what its form may be, in which the title to the property will be finally and conclusively determined by the judgment, would they be constitutional? Baker v. Kelley, 11 Minn 480 (Gil. 358); Feller v. Clark, 36 Minn. 338-340, 31 N. W. 175. This is a serious question which we do not decide, for the reason that, no matter whether the statute, if construed as applicable to actions of this kind would be valid or not, it cannot be invoked in this case. A statute of limitations is not put in operation in favor of a party *426claiming under a tax sale, unless there is a valid tax judgment behind it. Where there are jurisdictional defects in tax proceedings, the recording of the tax deed will not set limitations running, and it is immaterial whether such defects appear on the face of the deed or aliunde. Jaggard on Taxation, 744; Sanborn v. Cooper, 31 Minn. 307, 17 N. W. 856; Feller v. Clark, 36 Minn. 338, 31 N. W. 175; Kipp v. Fernhold, 37 Minn. 132, 33 N. W. 697; Knight v. Alexander, 38 Minn. 384-388, 37 N. W. 796, 8 Am. St. Rep. 675; Smith v. Kipp, 49 Minn. 125, 51 N. W. 656; Whitney v. Wegler, 54 Minn. 235, 55 N. W. 927. The alleged tax judgment in this case was void. Flence the statute does not prevent the defendant from asserting the invalidity of the tax sale.”
In my opinion, no reason exists for refusing to follow a construction so well settled, and this without regard to our individual views as to its correctness. In following that construction, as previously stated in reference to another part of the same section, we give effect to the intent of the legislature, and, as we have seen, it is in harmony with the construction which this court and the' courts generally have placed upon similar statutes. An examination of the cases will disclose that the controlling reason for restricting the operation of such statutes to voidable sales and deeds, and exempting those which are void for jurisdictional reasons, is that, unless they are thus restricted, they could not be sustained. And this presents the third question: Can the latter part of the section, which limits attacks upon and defenses against sales to three years from the date of sale, be upheld, as applied to void sales, or, as in this case, to a sale under a void tax judgment? In the majority view there is no constitutional objection to this construction and application of the statute, and that, in depriving the true owner of the right to defend his possession and title as against the void judgment and sale, and confirming the title of the tax purchaser, as is done in this case, no right guaranteed to the owner by the constitution is violated. It is said in the opinion that, under section 1345, “want of jurisdiction is not available as an objection to the sale unless urged in an action brought before the expiration of three years, * * *” and that, if the sale is not attacked before that time, “the certificate becomes conclusive evidence of a valid sale,” and the majority held that the legislature may constitutionally effect this result “by declaring that after a stated time a conclusive presumption of regularity *427shall arise in favor of the proceeding.” And the question is squarely presented: “Did the legislature violate any constitutional limitation upon its powers in declaring that the sale should be conclusively presumed to be valid after three years, even though the court had no jurisdiction to render judgment pursuant to which the sale was made, and even though there had been no adverse possession of the land by any one claiming under the sale?” This question my associates answer in the affirmative. It will be seen from the statement in the majority opinion, and it is not contended otherwise, that, if the plaintiff’s title is divested, it is solely by virtue of the legislative declaration contained in section 1345. It is not pretended that it was divested by the proceedings taken under the “Woods Law,” for they were void. This result is accomplished by the legislative fiat, “declaring that after a stated time a conclusive presumption of regularity shall arise in favor of the proceeding,” thereby making the certificate “conclusive evidence of a valid sale.”
That it is not within the power of the legislature to thus preemptorily close the doors of the court to suitors, urging in defense of their property the fact that the proceedings by which it is being taken are void for jurisdictional reasons, is, I think, well settled. This right to a hearing in the courts upon such a question is guaranteed to them by section 13 of the state constitution, which declares that: “No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law” — and also by the corresponding provision of the federal constitution. This right the legislature cannot take away. It is sometimes a question of some difficulty to determine whether the particular procedure by which the property of a citizen is being taken is or is not “due process of law.” But a discussion of that question is not necessary here, for, in this case, it stands confessed that the act which deprives the plaintiff of his title and transfers it 'to the defendant is the declaration of the legislature found in section 1345, as construed by the majority, that this shall be done. It is not claimed that the land was sold, or that it is being taken under the general revenue law. . The only proceedings taken were under the “Woods Law,” and they were wholly void. And it is conceded that the only efficient power divesting the plaintiff’s title is the legislative declaration contained in section 1345. I take it to be well settled upon reason and authority that a legislative act *428which in effect and of itself transfers the property of one person to another, is not “due process of law.” The fact that a tax is involved does not alter the case. The guaranty to the citizen of the protection of due process, before his property shall be taken from him is not merely against a taking by another person. It applies to a taking by the state as well as by individuals. And it matters not that the purpose of the taking was to satisfy an alleged tax, for the taxing power itself must observe the rights of the citizen and accord to him “due process of law.” If this were not so, the constitutional guaranty of due process would afford but scant protection, and all property would be held subject to the will of the legislature. But this is not the law in my judgment, and, in order that the answer to a question of such vital importance may not rest upon my bare statement, I will quote from the opinions of others:
Judge Story, in his commentaries on the constitution of the United States (section 1784), says: “It seems to be the general opinion, fortified by a strong current of judicial opinion, that, since the American Revolution, no state government can be presumed to-possess the transcendental sovereignty to take away vested rights of property; to take the property of A. and transfer it to B. by mere legislative act. That government can scarcely be deemed to be free where the rights of property are left solely dependent upon a legislative body without any restraint.” In People v. Supervisors, 4 Barb. (N. Y.) 75, it was said: “Upon principle, as well as upon authority, a legislative act which takes away the vested rights of property of an individual for any purpose * * * is to be adjudged invalid as being above the power and beyond the scope of legislative authority.” And, in Lane v. Nelson, 79 Pa. 407: “It is settled by a current of authority that the legislature cannot by an arbitrary edict take the property of one man and give it to another, and that when it has attempted to be taken by a judicial proceeding as a sheriff’s sale, which is void for want of jurisdiction, it is not in the power of the legislature to infuse life into that which is dead.” Likewise, in McDaniels v. Correll, 19 Ill. 226, 68 Am. Dec. 587: “It is not within the power of the legislature to make a void foreclosure valid. * * * Upon this question we cannot for a moment doubt or hesitate They can no more impart a binding efficacy to a void proceeding than they can take one man’s property from him and give it to *429another. Indeed, to do one is to accomplish the other.” See, also, in Conway v. Cable, 37 Ill. 82, 87 Am. Dec. 240, in construing a curative act and its effect upon a void tax sale, it was said: “To give it force, therefore, would be to transfer the property of the former owner, not by force of a valid and binding sale for taxes, but by the declared will of the legislature that his title should pass from him and vest in the purchaser at a tax sale which conferred no right. This the legislature has no power to do, whether by direct or positive action, or by rendering valid and binding acts which were nugatory.”
It will be noted that section 135, as construed by the majority opinion, is not different from statutes which declare in terms that a tax sale shall be conclusive evidence that all steps prerequisite to its issuance have been taken. It is authoritatively settled that such statutes are unconstitutional as applied to jurisdictional steps, and they are sustained only to the extent of during “irregularities.” This court so held in Dever v. Cornwall, 10 N. D. 123, 130, 86 N. W. 227, 231, in passing upon the evidentiary effect of a deed issued pursuant to a sale which was void for want of sufficient notice. The court said: “Where the notice of sale is substantially insufficient for any reason, it matters not that the statute declares that the tax deed shall be conclusive and shall convey title. Such statutes are unconstitutional, and, if upheld, would operate to transfer title to real estate without ‘due process of law/ ”. The rule as laid down in Cooley, Const. Lim. 454, is that: “A statute which should make a tax deed conclusive evidence of a complete title, and preclude the owner of the original title from showing its invalidity, would be void, because being not a law regulating evidence, but an unconstitutional confiscation of property.” And so the courts hold, and I believe, without exception. Roth v Gabbert, 123 Mo. 29, 27 S. W. 528; Baumgardner v. Fowler, 82 Md. 631, 34 Atl. 537; McCready v. Sexton, 29 Iowa, 356-385, 4 Am. Rep. 214; McNamara v. Estes, 22 Iowa, 246-258; Case v. Albee, 28 Iowa, 277; Groesbeck v. Seeley, 13 Mich. 329; Case v. Dean, 16 Mich. 12; White v. Flynn, 23 Ind. 46; Corbin v. Hill, 21 Iowa, 70; Abbott v. Lindenbower, 42 Mo. 162; Id., 46 Mo. 291; Little Rock R. R. Co. v. Payne, 33 Ark. 816, 34 Am. Rep. 55; Hand v. Ballou, 12 N. Y. 541; Joslyn v. Rockwell, 128 N. Y. 339, 28 N. E. 604.
*430The settled law upon this subject was stated by Justice Shiras, in Marx v. Hanthorn, 148 U. S. 172, 13 Sup. Ct. 508, 37 L. Ed. 410, in the following language: “It is competent for the legislature to declare that a tax deed shall be prima facie evidence, not only of the regularity of the sale, but of all principal proceedings and of title in the purchaser; but the legislature cannot deprive one of his property by making his adversary’s claim to it, whatever that claim may be, conclusive of its own validity, and it cannot therefore make the tax deed conclusive evidence of the holder’s title to the land.” It is also well settled that statutes which attempt to accomplish this same result, by declaring that after a fixed time the title of the tax purchaser shall be unassailable, are void and inoperative, as against one whose possession and enjoyment has not been disturbed. Such an one is possessed of his rights, and the state cannot declare them forfeited to another whose claim is void, merely because he declines or is unable to bring suit against the holder of the claim within a fixed period. The rule upon this question is stated in Cooley on Const. Lim. (5th Ed.) 450, as follows: “One who is himself in the legal enjoyment of his property cannot have his right's thereon forfeited to another for failure to bring suit against that other within a time specified to test the validity of a claim, which the latter asserts, but takes no steps to enforce. It has consequently been held that a statute, which after a lapse of five years makes a recorded deed purporting to be executed under a statutory power conclusive evidence of good title, could not be held valid as a limitation law against the original owner in possession of the land. Limitation laws cannot compel a resort to legal proceedings by one who is already in the full enjoyment of all he claims.
Perhaps the leading case in support of the rule just stated is Groesbeck v. Seeley, 13 Mich. 329, concurred in by Judges Campbell, Cooley and Christiancy, and cited in the majority opinion. In that case the court recognized the distinction in principle and eifect between limitation laws which are such in fact and statutes like that now under consideration, the effect of which, if sustained, is to divest title solely by legislative action. In speaking of the latter class of laws, the court said: “There is no principle on which such legislation can be maintained. The only manner in which a party holding a lawful and vested right in property can be prevented from asserting it against one which was not lawful in its *431inception is by the operation of limitation laws. These laws do not purport to take away existing rights, although their operation may often have substantially that result. But they are designed to compel parties whose rights are unjustly withheld from them to vindicate their claims within some reasonable time. If a person, who has been ousted out of his possession or diminion, desires to regain it, he knows that he must resort to those means which are furnished by the law, either by the peaceable act of a party himself, or by legal prosecution. A limitation law simply requires him to proceed and enforce these rights within some reasonable time on pain of being deemed to have abandoned them. Such laws can only operate on those who are not already in the enjoyment and dominion of their rights. A person who has a lawful right, and is actively or constructively in possession, can never be required to take active steps against opposing claims. The law does not compel any man who is unassailed to pay any attention to unlawful pretenses which are not asserted by possession or suit. When such a title is set up, he has a right to defend himself, by jury if the claim is one of common-law cognizance, or otherwise if of a different nature. But to hold that, under any circumstances, a man can be deprived of a legal title without a hearing, is impossible without destroying the entire foundations of constitutional protection to property. No one can be cut off by limitation, until he has failed to prosecute the remedy limited; and no one can be compelled to prosecute, when he is already in possession of all that he demands. This statute does not purport to be a limitation law. It is designed by its express terms to deprive persons of their titles, whether in possession or not, by mere lapse of time. If the proceedings to sell for taxes were illegal, no lapse of time can change their character, and they can never, therefore, become legal. If the tax purchaser obtains possession and holds it until protected by a limitation law, he then becomes safe, not because his tax title is any more regular, but because the holder of the better title has become incapable of asserting it. As an illegal tax title is a nullity, it cannot of itself divest or affect the true title in any way, and the true owner cannot be lawfully compelled to incur expense, or take active measures to get rid of it, unless he sees fit. But if he becomes ousted, whether by a pretended tax title holder, or by an adverse claimant, he can only secure the enjoyment of his rights by active measures, and the *432party in possession may then rely on such possession until it is lawfully assailed, by suit or otherwise, within the period of limitation. In the present case, the party asserting a legal claim, against one which he claims to have been illegal, is in possession as a defendant. The other claimant is the actor and insists that, whether his tax title was legal or worthless originally, it has become good, although the defendant has not been previously ousted and guilty of delgy in enforcing his title. If this tax title can be thus made indefeasible against a title in possession, by mere lapse of time, it might as well have, been declared so originally. It would in. either case be nothing more nor less than depriving one of his property without any legal process, and is simply confiscation by ministerial, and not judicial, action.”
The doctrine laid down in the above case was approved and followed in Case v. Dean, 16 Mich. 12, and received the apparent approval of the New York Court of Appeals in Joslyn v. Rockwell, 128 N. Y. 339, 28 N. E. 604, and was expressly approved by the Supreme Court of Kansas in Taylor v. Miles, 5 Kan. 302-311, and by the Supreme Court of Minnesota in Baker v. Kelly, 11 Minn. 480 (Gil. 358), and in Feller v. Clark, 36 Minn. 338, 31 N. W. 175. In Baker v. Kelly, as in Groesbeck v. Seeley, the question was whether “the legislature can require a person who is in possession and uninterrupted enjoyment of his property to commence an action for the purpose of vindicating his rights or silencing adverse claims thereto.” The existence of any such power was denied. The court said: “It is for him alone to determine whether it is proper or necessary to bring such suit, and his determination or action in the premises cannot prejudice his right of action for any subsequent injuries or wrongs. Nor can the legislature make his failure to do what they have no right to require a bar to a suit which he has a right to bring. * * * But suppose it is intended by this law to require the original owner to commence an action within the time fixed, or be forever barred from testing or questioning the validity of the assessment or sale. Is such a law sanctioned by the constitution ? * * *It may be admitted that it is competent for the legislature to limit the time within which a party in possession may commence an action under our statutes to remove a cloud from his title or silence an adverse claim, but that it may require him to bring such action as a condition to the enjoyment of his property in the *433enforcement or defense of his rights is quite a different thing. It is not necessary for a party in the enjoyment of his rights to institute any proceedings against an adverse claimant, and to require him to do so would be, in many cases, imposing a grievous and expensive burden. A law requiring a party to take such action is not, nor has it any analogy to a statute of limitations. Statutes of limitation only operate as an extinguishment of a remedy, and, of course, can have no application to a party who neither seeks nor -needs a remedy. The Supreme Court of Michigan, in Groesbeck v. Seeley, 13 Mich. 329, says: “ ‘Limitation laws always must operate to compel a party to enforce or prosecute his claim within a reasonable time, but a party who is in the enjoyment of his rights cannot be compelled to take measures against an adverse claimant, and a law taking away the rights of a party in such cases is an unlawful confiscation, and in no sense a limitation law.’ This position is, I think, tenable. Property in our state is not held subject to the will or permission of the legislature. The rights of property holders are fixed and guarded by the organic law. * * * ‘Due process of law,’ without which, the constitution declares, a person shall not be deprived of life, liberty or property, is not merely an act of the legislature. * * * That the plaintiff was the owner of the land, and authorized to prosecute and defend in the courts his rights thereto, is admitted. That he has been deprived of either his property or legal rights, by that due process of law which ‘proceeds upon inquiry and renders judgment after trial,’ cannot be pretended. If the statute should be sustained, it would effect this, for a person is deprived of his property and legal rights when he is forbidden to test or question the validity of the title of an adverse claimant. The statute would deprive a person of his property, if he fails to do an act which may be done or omitted without any violation of law, and which neither his duty nor interest requires him to do, and makes the performance of such act a condition' to his right to sue for or defend his property in the courts; whereas the constitution declares that he shall not be deprived of his property by any mere legislative act, and that he shall be entitled to ‘justice freely and' without purchase, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to the laws.’ * * *”
Again, in Feller v. Clark, Judge Mitchell said: “The legislature cannot require a person in the uninterrupted enjoyment of his *434own property to commence an action for the purpose of vindicating his right against some void claim existing merely on paper, and to declare that, by his failure to do so, the title of his property shall vest in the holder of that void claim who has never been in possession under it.” For the same reason, the Supreme Court of Illinois declared a statute unconstitutional, which required that one not in possession, but who had paid taxes for seven years upon unoccupied land, under color of title, “shall be deemed and adjudged to be the owner.” Harding v. Butts, 18 Ill. 503; Newland v. Marsh, 19 Ill. 376.
In Taylor v. Miles, 5 Kan. 302, 7 Am. Rep. 558, the court had under consideration a statute which prohibited actions to avoid tax sales or deeds, unless commenced “within two years from the time of recording of the tax deed or sale, and not thereafter.” It was held that the statute did not apply to void sales and void deeds. The court said, in part: “Can it be claimed that a judgment void because the court had no jurisdiction, either of the person or of the subject-matter of the suit, can be made good by lapse of time, or by any statute of limitations? Would not such a claim be preposterous? And is a tax deed a subject of more solemnity, or a matter to be treated with greater respect, than a solemn judgment of a court of record? * * * A void tax deed, founded upon a void tax, can neither create title nor draw to its holder the constructive possession of the property. It is void for all purposes. The original owner still continues to hold the absolute and paramount title, both in law and equity, and to hold the constructive possession of the property. * * * It is conceded that statutes of limitations are now everywhere upheld, that they are considered favorably as statutes of repose; but it does not therefore follow that everything that may be called a statute of limitations, is „a statute of limitations, nor that statutes of limitation shall be applied where they can have no possible application. •* * * pjp to the last moment before the statute had completely •run, the plaintiff had no title, no possession, either actual or constructive, no property, no right of any kind to the land; and the next moment, when the two years had elapsed and the statute had completely run, the plaintiff was left in the same condition as he was before, with the same rights and the same property that he had before, and no more, and secure (as he was before) from any action to recover anything back from him. If it is intended *435by the statute to compel a man to sue before he is injured, if it is intended to compel him to commence an action for the recovery of his land while he is in the full possession and enjoyment of the same, and, in default thereof, if it is intended to take his property from him, and during the same minute give it to another, it is a statute of confiscation, and not a statute of limitation. Groesbeck v. Seeley, 13 Mich. 329; Baker v. Kelly, 11 Minn. 480 (Gil. 358). Such a statute could not be upheld. The legislature cannot say that a man shall do a thing that they have no right to compel him to do do, and then say, if he does not do it, he shall forfeit his estate.”
Up to the present time the principle announced in Groesbeck v. Seeley has been approved, I believe, wherever referred to. I know of no court, where the question has been presented, which has withheld its approval. It appeals to me as sound, and is founded on the plain principles of natural justice, and should be adhered to. I cannot assent to the view that the legislature has the power to forfeit one’s property to a void claimant, because the owner, who is in possession of his rights, does not see fit to commence a lawsuit within a specified period, and yet that is what is done in this case. This is not taking property by due process of law, but by the fiat of the legislature. If the legislature has the power to effect this result in this case, it has in all cases, and all property is held subject to be forfeited to the holder of void claims without the judgment of a court and by legislative action alone. It is a misnomer to call such statutes statutes of limitation. If named from their purpose and effect, they should be called “statutes abolishing defenses and making valid void claims,” or, as named by the Kansas court, “statutes of confiscation.” It follows, in my opinion, at least, that section 1345 should be held to be inapplicable to void sales such as this, and for the two reasons already stated — (1) because that was the construction given to it before we adopted it, and is also the general construction given to such statutes, and (2) for this reason that, as applied to void sales, it cannot be upheld. The sale in this case was utterly void, and a sale is a jurisdictional prerequisite to the passing of title. The legislature cannot declare valid that which is void, and thus preclude judicial inquiry. The sale was void for want of a judgment, and the consequent want of authority in the officer who attempted to make in. It was also void for another *436reason. The amount for which the sale was made included, besides the tax for one year, which the majority assume was valid, the costs of the void judgment and a tax for one year, which it is conceded was void. The legislature could not authorize a sale for these illegal items. Alexander v. Gordon, 41 C. C. A. 228, 238. See cases cited on the point in the dissenting opinion in Beggs v. Paine (filed herewith) 109 N. W. 322. It will hardly be claimed that the legislature has the power to declare a sale valid which it could not authorize, and such a sale is not cured by a statute of limitation. See cases cited.
(109 N. W. 335.)The trial court held that the defendant acquired no right through the void.sale of November 21, 1897, and upheld the plaintiff’s title. For the reasons I have stated, I think the judgment was right and should be affirmed. Upon the questions considered in the majority opinion other than those I have referred to, I concur in the conclusion of my associates.