Hintz v. Wagner

Spalding, Ch. J.

Plaintiff brought this action to recover damages for injuries sustained in a personal altercation with the defendant, over some live stock belonging to him which had trespassed upon land belonging to plaintiff’s husband. We do not find it necessary to enter into a detailed statement of the evidence adduced at the trial. A verdict for $2,000 was returned in favor of plaintiff. A new trial was denied on plaintiff consenting to a reduction of. the verdict to $1,710. From the order denying a new trial, and the judgment entered in plaintiff’s favor, this appeal was taken. A new trial must be granted. The most important error consisted in the admission of the testimony of an expert witness, and this will be first considered.

1. Plaintiff and some of her witnesses testified to the altercation over the live stock and as to the injuries inflicted upon her by the defendant, her visits to a physician and his prescriptions for her. No attempt appears to have been made to subpoena such physician, until the time of the trial, when he was found to be absent in Canada on a visit. The assault found by the jury to have been committed was made November 6, 1908. The trial occurred in July, 1910. Dr. Per Oyen was called to give his opinion as to the extent of her injury and the ailments claimed to have arisen therefrom, their permanency, etc. He had never treated the plaintiff professionally. He testified that he had known her by sight for a year or two, but had only been acquainted with her two weeks, having, during that time, been called to attend a member of her family, and that he examined her on each of two days during the trial, for the purpose of qualifying himself to testify as an expert; and over objection he was permitted to tell the jury as to the character and extent of her ailments occasioned by the assault complained of and as to their permanency, such testimony being in corroboration of that of the plaintiff and other witnesses, but going directly to the amount of damages which the jury might award her, it being a case in which the amount awarded was largely within the discretion of the jury. He testified that he formed his diagnosis upon “the strength of what I found there, what I made her tell me, her answers to the inquiries I propounded. I diagnosed on that. ... I began to look into her symptoms, and asked her about it, and wanted to know about the changes from time to time, month after month, in the past, and went through the whole history.”

It must be borne in mind that there were no visible evidences of the injury complained of; that is, no scars or wounds visible, at the time’ of Dr. Oyen’s examination. She claimed to have suffered from headaches, nervousness, sleeplessness, heart, and other troubles, and that’ at the time of the trial she was still suffering to some extent from them, and that they all resulted from the assault of the defendant; that by reason of these things she had been unable to do housework for six months after the assault, and only a little after that time. It is apparent that, under the circumstances, his opinions must have been mainly formed from Ler statements of past conditions. The broad question is whether testimony of the doctor, giving his opinion as an expert, as to the extent of her injuries, their probable duration and their effect upon her, based not solely upon what he found by a personal examination or on what she told him for the purpose of enabling him to prescribe for her, but upon her history of .the case, dating from the time of the injury to the day of the trial, as well as upon what he observed, or the conditions he found on examination, was properly received. We are not disposed to lay down an inflexible rule on this subject. 1 Greenl. Ev. § 162 b, note, 14. We can imagine a case wherein evidence of this nature might possibly be obtained and in which it might he properly admitted, but this is not such a case. Dr. Oyen was the only medical witness testifying, and upon his opinion the jury was to find, in a very large degree, the extent of her injuries and .the amount which she would be entitled to recover, if they found in her favor on the facts. What she told him as to the assault, as to the nature of the injuries inflicted upon her, as to how they affected her between the time of the altercation and the trial, was stated out of court, not in the presence of the defendant or his counsel, not under oath, and solely with a view to qualifying the doctor as an expert and for the hearing it might have upon the verdict, and especially upon the amount of the recovery. The circumstances were such as in no manner to serve as a substitute for an oath, and every opportunity and every temptation was presented, enabling the plaintiff to shade or color her statements with reference to using the doctor as a witness. No more opportune occasion could arise for a party to make self-serving declarations than is disclosed in this record. The result was that the doctor in testifying as to his opinion was usurping, in a measure, the province of the jury. Expert testimony is admissible in many cases, because the subject of the litigation relates to or involves matters which human kind in general are incompetent to or form or offer opinions on, and it becomes necessary to call upon those who have made a special study of the subject under consideration, who are employed or engaged in a line of work which involves the constant investigation and consideration of such questions; and when they are called as witnesses the scope of their testimony is fairly well limited, and should, in general, be confined to the result of their actual investigations, and not based upon hearsay evidence, self-serving declarations, or statements of other parties made under circumstances admitting of coloration or exaggeration for its effect upon the verdict. A physician called at the time of the injury or near it, when the plaintiff is suffering directly from the injury, and before litigation is contemplated or commenced, may ordinarily base his opinion in part upon what the patient tells him, to enable him to prescribe for his relief. The temptation to misstate, or to exaggerate, or to assign the suffering to the wrong cause, is then insignificant, and the yielding to such temptation, if any, is improbable. The desire to effect the relief of pain or suffering, and to recover, removes in a large measure the temptation to misstate, and the statements made under such circumstances ordinarily become a part of the res gestm. But these reasons do not exist a year and eight months after an injury, and after the commencement of litigation, and when the injured person is relating the history of his case, his symptoms, and his condition solely for the purpose of qualifying the expert as a witness. The authorities on this subject are generally in harmony, although some are cited in treatises as supporting the admission of such evidence; but on an examination of such cases we find few, if any, of them sustaining the points to which they are cited. Reference will be made to them after a brief consideration of some of those supporting our conclusion.

In summing up as to the competency of an expert opinion based upon information which the expert has derived from private conversations with third parties, Dean Rogers in his work on Expert Testimony, at § 16, says that it has never been held that this may be received, and that this does not apply to opinions based in part on statements made by the patient to the physician to enable the latter to determine upon a proper course of treatment. Some authorities fail to disclose whether the opinions received were from medical experts who had treated the party, or whether they were called only for the purpose of giving testimony, as in the case at bar. He also lays down the rule, in § 4-.1, at page 161, that the physician cannot give to the jury as evidence either the patient’s history of the case, statements in respect to the cause of the trouble or as to past experience with it; “neither can he express an opinion which he bases on such history or statements as to past experience.”

The supreme court of Michigan, in Grand Rapids & I. R. Co. v. Huntley, 38 Mich. 537, 31 Am. Rep. 321, held that exclamations of pain were properly excluded from evidence when they were made at a medical examination, which was solely for the purpose of obtaining testimony. To the same effect, see Darrigan v. New York & N. E. R. Co. 52 Conn. 285, 52 Am. Rep. 590, 11 Am. Neg. Cas. 250. The Connecticut court says that to admit them would be to permit “parties to introduce in evidence their own declarations made out of court, not under oath and when the temptation to exaggerate, and even to utter untruths, would be pretty strong.” In Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Frazier, 27 Kan. 463, the physician who had made an examination of the plaintiff was permitted to testify, from such examination and from the history of the case as detailed by the plaintiff to him, and from statements made by her husband in her presence to him, as to the cause of the malady with which the plaintiff was afflicted; and Judge Brewer, writing the opinion holding this evidence incompetent, says that it would have been perfectly competent for the physician to have testified not merely to the appearance of the wound as he saw it, but also to all statements made by Mrs. Frazier as to her present bodily condition, and to have given to the jury his opinion based upon such examination and statements; but that it was not competent for the physician to testify as to her statements in respect to the cause of the injury, her past experience in connection with it, or to give his opinion as based upon such history of the case. And in Heald v. Thing, 45 Me. 392, the court of that state sustained the trial court which permitted a physician, who had made an examination and received a history of the ease, to give his opinion as far as it was based upon his personal examination, but he was not permitted to state what the patient had given as the history of the case, or to give the jury an opinion based partially or wholly upon such history.

In Kreuziger v. Chicago & N. W. R. Co. 73 Wis. 158, 40 N. W. 657, it was held that it constituted error to receive as evidence the testimony of a physician upon what the plaintiff and her mother told him, a year and a half after the accident; and the court remarks that such testimony is grossly incompetent and unsafe by all authorities and by common reason. And in Comstock v. Georgetown Twp. 137 Mich. 541, 100 N. W. 788, the supreme court of Michigan holds that expressions of pain, physical or otherwise, made to physicians called by plaintiff, not to give medical aid but to make up medical testimony, are-inadmissible, and cites many authorities in support of its conclusion.

In the case at har the physician testified at length as to his methods, of examination, and stated in effect that the plaintiff could not deceive-him as to her condition. In the recent case of Marshall v. Wabash R. Co. 171 Mich. 180, 137 N. W. 89, a reversal on a second trial was ordered, largely because the medical expert who had been called to make-the examination to qualify him as a witness was permitted to testify that, in his opinion, the plaintiff was not simulating, on the ground that that question was for the jury; and it was held that the witness should have been confined to the conditions he found and to his opinion based thereon. In harmony with our conclusions is Russell v. Lowell,. 11 Gray, 420, where it was held that a surgeon who attended and prescribed for the plaintiff, once three months after the accident, and examined the injuries again after the action was brought, may be allowed to testify to his opinion of the injuries derived from what he saw, but not from any statements of the plaintiff. And in Quaife v. Chicago & N. W. R. Co. 48 Wis. 513, 33 Am. Rep. 821, 4 N. W. 658,. 10 Am. Neg. Cas. 472, the Wisconsin court held that, where an opinion of an expert is based upon an examination as to the party’s present, condition, for the purpose of giving evidence and not for the purpose of giving medical advice, an objection would probably be well taken tO' allowing the expert to take into consideration the party’s statements made at such examination; that such statements would be subject to a. suspicion that they were made for the purpose of getting an opinion favorable to her. In that case, however, the expert opinions were received because the examination was not sought by the party, and her statements were made in answer to interrogatories put by experts, supposed to be impartial, if not hostile, to her, and were made subject to a full cross-examination by the experts, so that there was but very little probability that they were mislead or influenced by any colored or false statements. That is one of the authorities cited as supporting the admission of the testimony of the expert in cases like that at bar.

We will now briefly consider some of tbe authorities to which we have referred and others cited by respondent to sustain the action of the court in admitting this testimony. In Kansas City, Ft. S. & M. R. Co. v. Stoner, 2 C. C. A. 437, 10 U. S. App. 209, 51 Fed. 649, it was not stated as a general rule that evidence of a physician should be admitted when based in part on statements of past feelings, but that, on the physician’s testimony in that case, the fact that there was no conflict ■of evidence as to the injury, and that the statements to which objection was made were brought out in cross-examination, rendered the evidence nonprejudicial. Consolidated Traction Co. v. Lambertson, 60 N. J. L. 457, 38 Atl. 683, is a strong authority for the appellant. We quote from the syllabus:

“The declarations of a person as to his symptons, made to a physician ■or surgeon, not for the purpose of treatment, but for the purpose of leading the physician or surgeon to form an opinion to which he may testify as a witness for the declarant, in a suit brought by him for personal injuries, are not admissible in evidence at the instance of the ■declarant.”

This rule, however, was modified in' that case, because the court found that the objectionable statements as to past condition were supported by other uncontradicted testimony. In Denver & R. G. R. Co. v. Roller, 49 L.R.A. 77, 41 C. C. A. 22, 100 Fed. 738, the questions objected to were hypothetical questions, and the testimony discussed is that of the party who had been the physician of the injured ■one for several years; .and his testimony was based upon his attendance upon her as a physician; and the court held that it was not error to permit him to give his opinion as to the cause of his patient’s condition from his own knowledge from his attendance, treatment, and examinations, although based in part upon her statements and complaints made at different times as to her pains and sufferings. It has no bearing upon the case at bar.

Barber v. Merriam, 11 Allen, 322, also cited, simply goes to the competency of the testimony of a physician as to his conclusions from examining the party as a patient; and the opinion discusses the propriety of admitting the testimony of a physician as to the declarations of the party, made to her physician in attendance for the purpose of giving medical advice and treatment; and that the fact that the statements made in that case by the patient to her physician were, some of them, made after the commencement of the action, only went to the weight of the evidence of the physician. In Kelly v. Pittsburgh, C. C. & St. L. R. Co. 28 Ind. App. 457, 91 Am. St. Rep. 134, 63 N. E. 233, in a very brief opinion, the court seems to sustain the position of respondent, but it does so on the assumption that it is following Barber v. Merriam, supra, which we think it failed to construe correctly. At least it is contrary to the great weight of authority. In Louisville, N. A. & C. R. Co. v. Falvey, 104 Ind. 409, 3 N. E. 389, 4 N. E. 908, the court does not assume to pass upon an opinion based upon a past history of the case, given by the injured party to the expert long after the injury was sustained; hence not in point. In Illinois C. R. Co. v. Sutton, 42 Ill. 438, 92 Am. Dec. 81, the court holds that the expert may state what his patient said in describing his bodily condition, if said under circumstances which free it from all suspicion of being spoken with reference to future litigation, and give it the character of res gestee; but the question involved was quite different from the one in the case at bar. It related to the competency of the expert’s repetition of what the injured party told him. In Louisville, N. A. & C. R. Co. v. Snyder, 117 Ind. 435, 3 L.R.A. 434, 10 Am. St. Rep. 60, 20 N. E. 284, the court held that the statements of the injured person descriptive of present pains or symptoms are always competent, although narratives of past occurrences are inadmissible. And in Atchison, T. & S. E. R. Co. v. Johns, 36 Kan. 769, 59 Am. Rep. 609, 14 Pac. 237, the court held that in that case the question went to the weight of the evidence. It said, if the declarations are made to a physician or other person merely for the purpose of obtaining testimony in the party’s own case, they might be of very little value, and possibly might, in some cases, be wholly excluded; and that generally they should be allowed to go to the jury; but in that case the evidence to which objection was made was the testimony of parties not physicians, as to what the injured person has told them at different times, between the time of the injury and the trial, when she said she was suffering. We gather very little from any of the authorities to support the action of the trial court in permitting the testimony of the physician that is objected to in the case at bar. We do not say that testimony of this character may not be admissible in some cases and under different circumstances. As at first indicated, we think the rule may not be inflexible, but, as we shall show later, it was highly improper to receive it in the case at bar.

2. Another error assigned relates to testimony regarding wages of one daughter of plaintiff, and the condition of plaintiff making it necessary for another daughter to remain at home and do the household work; and it is contended that, although the court modified the judgment to the extent of the wages of the daughter, on which a definite value was placed, yet that the jury may have taken into consideration, as a basis for a portion of the damages found, the services of the younger daughter, on which no evidence was offered of value. While we think it a dangerous practice to permit such vague and indefinite evidence to go to the jury, as rendering it possible for them to find damages of this sort, yet we are unable to say, from the record, that the error is prejudicial. Of course the wages of the minor daughters belonged to the father, rather than to the plaintiff, so, as furnishing a partial measure of damages, it was wholly incompetent.

3. Error is also assigned on the admission of certain testimony of the doctor which was in the nature of an argument, in favor of the respondent, to the jury while he was under oath. Without going into particulars regarding this, we hold it erroneous to admit it, and in any new trial it should be excluded. But we shall not at this time say that its receipt was prejudicial.

4. Respondent contends that the error in admitting the testimony of Dr. Oyen regarding his diagnosis was cured by subsequent testimony as to the same things. That such error may often be cured in this manner is true, but he was the expert witness on whose testimony the plaintiff relied to establish, in part, ’ the character of the injuries, their extent, and their permanency; and we are unable to find that there was any prior or subsequent evidence on this subject which can be in any manner held to cure this error.

5. This disposes of the appeal, but we feel required to call attention to the claims of counsel for respondent, found in the last six pages of his brief, wherein he argues that this judgment can only be reversed on technicalities. He makes the stock argument seen in so many newspapers, and in the writings of so many laymen, as to the crime of reversing judgments on technical error. The fundamental fallacy in his argument consists in assuming that a reversal for the errors disclosed in this case is a reversal on a technical error. On his theory no case should be reversed in which there is any evidence to support the judgment. A reversal on technical error is a reversal on error not going to the substance of the issues or to the substantial rights of the party. He entirely overlooks the fact that every person is entitled to a legal trial, to have his property taken only by due process, and, in a jury case, on a judgment which has been reached by a fair submission of the facts and the law of the case to the jury. In the case at the bar the question as to the responsibility for these injuries — that is, as to who was the aggressor — and the nature of the attack made by the defendant upon plaintiff, was in dispute, with evidence on these points in direct conflict. When such a condition is found and at the same time this court finds incompetent and highly prejudicial evidence received over proper objection, how can this court determine that if such evidence had been excluded, as it should have been, the jury would have arrived at the verdict which it found? The testimony of Dr. Oyen did not go primarily to the fact of the injury, but it was a substantial portion of the evidence before the jury on which it must have based its finding as to the extent of the damage. Without his opinion before the jury — an opinion based on hearsay and self-serving declarations of the plaintiff, on statements made out of court, and not under oath, when the occasion afforded the plaintiff every temptation to exaggerate, and made to a physician who admitted he had been employed by counsel for plaintiff to post him on the medical features of the case, and the only medical expert in the case, — can this court say that the jury would have returned a verdict of equal amount? On the contrary, must not the court presume that, in the absence of the objectionable testimony, a verdict of a different amount would have been reached ? The vital questions were the liability of the defendant, and, if liable, the amount of damage. When testimony is received in this way and under such circumstances, and which goes to one of the vital elements involved in the litigation, no court can say that justice has been done; but on the contract the court must say that there has not been a legal trial, and that the verdict has been reached by illegal means. We have seen much, of late, in magazines and newspaper articles criticizing the courts for rendering decisions on technicalities (as they term it), but, like respondent, they assume that a decision based on any proposition except tbe guilt or innocence of a party, or tbe finding for the plaintiff or defendant, is one rendered upon a technicality. Herein they err.' Some such discussions commend courts of other states for adopting a rule to disregard technical error, which rule has been in force in this court for years, and is followed without any advertisement of that fact to the world, and, we think, consistently followed.

Respondent cites a section of the new English criminal appeal act, and seems to commend it to the consideration of this court, but, although of recent enactment in England, it but voices the attitude of this court on the subject, and the law of this state as announced and enacted long before 1907, when the English statute was enacted. When the amount of the verdict is based on incompetent and prejudicial evidence, what court can say that, in the language of the English, statute, “no substantial miscarriage of justice has actually occurred,” or, in the words of a bill recently passed by the national House of Representatives, to which reference is made in the brief, that the error “does not injuriously affect the substantial rights of the party complaining ?” It is impossible to say what the verdict would, or should, have been had this evidence been excluded, or even that there would have been a verdict in plaintiff’s favor. The order and judgment of the District Court are reversed and a new trial granted.

Burke, J.,

being disqualified, did not participate in the above decision.