The plaintiff brings this suit under the statute to determine adverse claims to a quarter section of land (N. W. ¿ 2-131-64) in Dickey county. On August 4, 1914, Daniel Brown by answer avers that he is the owner in fee of the land and entitled to possession of the same under a patent from the United States. In reply the plaintiff avers that under a mortgage deed made by Brown, a foreclosure of the same, and a sheriff’s deed, she and her grantors have been in actual and continuous, open and adverse, possession of the land for more than twenty years and have paid all taxes on the land since 1883. That during all of said time defendant lived within a mile of the land and made no claim to it. The trial court gave judgment quieting plaintiff’s title, and defendant appeals. By his answer Brown claims title under a receiver’s receipt made to him in December, 1883, and a United States’ patent in 1883. He avers that he owns the land and that for more than twenty years he has been in actual possession of the same, and he asks that judgment of the adverse claim of the plaintiff be adjudged void.
The plaintiff claims title under a mortgage dated December 24, 1883, made by Brown to United States Mortgage Company to secure $450 and interest. This mortgage contains a power of sale in case of default. Default was made by failure to pay the principal, interest, or taxes, and on April 19, 1890, pursuant to notice of foreclosure the land was sold to the mortgage company ■ by the sheriff of Dickey county, and an affidavit and certificate of sale was duly made and recorded. There was no redemption, and in May, 1891, the sheriff made to the purchaser a deed of the land, which was duly acknowledged and recorded. Then the mortgage company made to Albert Hilton a contract for the sale of the land, and in February, 1904, it made to Hilton a warranty deed of the land. On June 22, 1905, Hilton made to George Steinwand, hus*607band of tbe plaintiff, now deceased, a warranty deed recorded June 23, 1905. It was made for the express consideration of $1,760.
The mortgage shows it was given to secure the purchase money which Brown paid for the land. It covenants to pay taxes and contains a power of sale. In case of default, the mortgagee, its successors, and assigns are authorized to enter upon and take possession of the land, to sell and convey the same to the purchaser in fee simple. The mortgage contains also this special power of attorney to sell the land, “and, for the purpose of effecting such sale and making to the purchaser a good and effective title, the said party of the first part (Brown) has constituted and appointed, and does constitute and appoint, the party of the second part or any agent it may select and appoint for that purpose, its true and lawful attorney for him, and in its name and state to sell said premises, and to make to the purchaser thereof a good and sufficient deed or deeds of conveyance, with full covenants of warranty, to the same extent and in like manner as the party of the first part (Brown) might do if personally present with full power of substitution to said second party, and without any power of revocation by said party of the first part.”
When a power to sell real property is given to a mortgagee in an instrument intended to secure the payment of money, the power is deemed a part of the security. Rev. Codes, § 3117, Comp. Laws, § 5398. The power is a contract which is protected by the Constitution against impairment. Under the power contained in the mortgage, the mortgagee and its grantees have been in possession of the lands some twenty-two years. If the foreclosure proceeding is valid, the plaintiff has a perfect title, if the foreclosure is void or voidable the plaintiff holding under the mortgagee has all the rights of the mortgagee in possession. His possession is rightful, and the mortgagor cannot question the title or possession of the plaintiff except by a pleading in the nature of a bill to redeem.
This is purely a statutory action. It is a challenge to the defendant to set forth and establish his adverse claim or to abandon it. Defendant becomes practically the plaintiff and takes the affirmative in pleading and proof. Walton v. Perkins, 28 Minn. 413, 10 N. W. 424; Knudson v. Curley, 30 Minn. 433, 15 N. W. 373.
In an action under the statute to determine adverse claims to real property, the defendant is called upon by his answer to disclose the na*608ture of his claim which thereupon becomes the subject of the action. Stuart v. Lowry, 49 Minn. 91, 51 N. W. 662; School List. v. Hefta, 35 N. D. 637, 160 N. W. 1005. In this last case this court held that the answer of Peter Hefta was the commencement of an action by him to establish his claim of title to the land. His claim of title was held void because his answer was not served within twenty years after the cause of action accrued.
In this action the defendant is in reality the plaintiff, and his position is precisely the same as if he had commenced the action without any challenging to do so.-
In the plaintiff’s record of chain of title there is an apparent flaw or defect. The mortgagee transferred its mortgage to one Turner, with a guaranty of payment, and, as no payment was ever made, the mortgagee had to return Turner’s money and take back the mortgage, which was in effect the same as canceling the transfer to Turner*. The defect in the foreclosure is that there was no record of the reassignment to the mortgagee. In all other respects the foreclosuz*e was regular.
The statute is that to entitle a party to a foreclosure by advertisement it is requisite that the mortgage has been duly recorded and that all the assignments have been duly reeoz*ded; but when the reason of a rule ceases so does the rule itself. The purpose of this rule is to give notice to the mortgagor and to a purchaser at the same time that the party attemping to foreclose has a right to do so, as the mortgagee is the only purchaser at a foreclosure sale. The main purpose is to give notice to him, but in this case the mortgagor, Brown, had ample notice. He knew that he had given the mortgage on December 24, 1883, to secure $450, with interest at 6-J per cent payable annually, and that he never paid a cent on the mortgage or the taxes, excepting interest for two years. He knew that on March 6, 1886, he gave to Altman & Company a second mortgage on the same land to secure $185, and did not pay it. He knew that his mortgage became due on the 1st day of November, 1888, and that, if his moz-tgagees had obtained any money on the mortgage security, they were bound to refund it, and to take back their mortgage before the foreclosure in April, 1890. The record of the reassignment would have been of no possible benefit to Brown. He never looked for it. He would not have known anything about it. He knew that he had given the mortgagee the absolute power to sell and convey *609and take possession of the land. His conduct shows that he concluded to let the land go for the two mortgages, and so for twenty-two years he lived within a mile of the land, and never challenged the title of those who held possession under the mortgagee. During all of that time the mortgagee and its grantees have paid the taxes for some twenty years. They have cultivated 60 acres on the east side of the quarter, and they have had 100 acres inclosed by a three-strand barbed-wire fence. They have been in possession of the land in good faith under color and claim of title. Soon after the foreclosure Brown removed from and gave up the land. In 1901 Albert Hilton took possession as a purchaser, and in 1904 the mortgagee made to him a warranty deed. In June, 1905, he conveyed the land by warranty deed to the husband of the plaintiff. This leads to the conclusion that defendant has no title to the land.
But regardless of the foreclosure proceedings, it appears beyond all question that for more than ten years prior to the time defendant served his answer, plaintiffs were in possession of the land tinder the Brown mortgage and conveyances, which gave them the right to the possession. Hence Brown’s only remedy was by bill as counterclaim in the nature of an action to redeem.
On the argument, counsel for defendant took the position that, in case of a decision against him, it would be in furtherance of justice to remand the case for trial on an amended answer in the nature of a bill to redeem. To this the answer is:
1. The defendant has no equity which appeals to the court.
2. It is clear that any defense in the nature of a bill to redeem is barred by statute. Nash v. Northwest Land Co. 15 N. D. 566, 108 N. W. 792.
In a recent case above cited, this court considered the nature of an action to determine adverse claims to real property, and held that the answer of the defendant is the commencement of an action by him to establish his claim or title to the land; that the defendant becomes in effect the plaintiff in the action and tenders the issues, and the plaintiff defends against the issues tendered by the defendant in his counterclaim or cross complaint. In School Dist. v. Hefta, supra, this court held that the answer of Peter Hefta was the commencement of an action by him to establish his claim of title to the land, and his claim of title was held void because his answer was not served within twenty years *610after the cause of action accrued. Hence were the case remanded for defendant to present a claim or bill to redeem, the service of his answer would be in effect the commencement of an action by him to redeem.
In Page v. Smith, 33 N. D. 369, 381, 157 N. W. 477, there is some dictum, to the contrary, but it was an argument outside of the merits of the case.
Judgment affirmed.