(dissenting). Our statute provides that a ■district court may “in its discretion and upon such terms as may be just at any time within one year after notice thereof, relieve a party from a judgment, order or other proceeding taken against him through his mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” Comp. Laws 1913, § 7483. Of course “the party who seeks the opening or vacation of a judgment must sustain the burden of proof, and must establish his right to the relief asked by clear and satisfactory evidence.” Black, Judgm. 2d ed. § 351. Whether he has established such right is primarily a matter for the trial court to determine. In making such determination that court is vested with and exercises discretionary powers. In reviewing the determination of a trial court, this court is limited to an inquiry as to whether the ruling of the trial court is so clearly wrong that that court must have abused its discretion in arriving at the result which it did.
The majority opinion makes some reference to the alleged facts in the case. Of course, on the motion to vacate the judgment, the affidavit of merits could not be controverted. It may be noted, however, that the default judgment in this case was based upon findings of fact. We have no means of knowing what evidence was introduced, but. it must be presumed that it was sufficient to sustain the findings. The trial judge who made the findings also made the order refusing to vacate the default.
“The power to vacate judgments, on motion, is confined to cases in which the ground alleged is something extraneous to the action of the court or goes only to the question of the regularity of its proceedings. *126It is not intended to be nsed as a means for the court to review or revise its own final judgments, or to correct any errors of law into which it may have fallen.” Black, Judgm. 2d ed. § 329. “ A motion or proceeding to vacate or set aside a judgment cannot be sustained on any grounds which might have been pleaded in defense to the action, and could have been so pleaded with proper care and diligence.” Black, Judgm. 2d ed. § 330.
Was the default judgment taken against defendant through his mistake or excusable neglect? Did he establish this so clearly that this court can say, as a matter of law, upon the record before it, that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to vacate the judgment? Unless both of these questions can be answered in the affirmative the order appealed from should be affirmed.
It appears that plaintiff’s husband wrote a letter to defendant in regard to the alleged wrong which constitutes the basis of plaintiff’s action. On January 13, 1919, plaintiff’s attorney wrote a letter to the defendant, wherein, after stating that he had been retained by the plaintiff, he said: “It is her wish that an action be brought against you for the damage she has sustained. An action of this kind is most unfortunate for both parties concerned and at my suggestion we are giving you an opportunity to adjust the matter out of court. I am inclosing a copy of the papers so that you may be advised of the action we shall bring in case of a failure to agree on a settlement of the matter. You will understand that these papers are not a commencement of an action but that it will be necessary to have the sheriff or some other party serve the papers upon you. I will be glad to wait a short time for your propositon before placing the papers in the officers’ hands for service.” This letter was sent by registered mail, and it is admitted that the letter was received by the defendant.
On January 29, 1919, plaintiff’s attorney again wrote defendant as follows:
In Be Fylling v. Mork.
It is now over two weeks since I wrote you regarding this matter but have heard nothing from you. We cannot permit this matter to drag, and unless I hear from you within ten days I will proceed to place the papers in the Sheriff’s hands for further proceedings.
*127On February 4, 1919, defendant wrote a letter to plaintiff’s husband. Reference has been made to this letter in the majority opinion. In such letter the defendant said: “I have received a letter from Mr. Cooper.”
On February 8, 1919, plaintiff’s attorney wrote defendant as follows:
“Mr. Fylling called on me today and reported that you had written him and that you were claiming to be innocent of the whole affair. Now, Mr. Mork, if you can convince the jury that you are innocent, then, of course, in theory of law you are, but your protestations that you are so innocent will not prevent the matter being tried out in court. I have the papers drawn and am arranging to send them to the sheriff for service. Unless I hear from you with some kind of a proposition of settlement I will forward the papers for service on the 18th of this month. Ten days should give you sufficient time to consider the matter and make your decision known to us.”
To this letter defendant replied as follows:
Arnegard, N. D. Feb. 17.
Mr. W. J. Cooper,
Westhope, N. D.
Dear Sir:
Recevd jour letter today, and will let jou know that I am not gilty, and I don’t want to hear any more about this. So if Mr. Filling1 wants to do anything good for his wife hi hase to trye the ones there is gilty — an the jury will gett the rest of the story, if nidet (needed).
Jours very truly,
Ole Mork
Arnegard.
(The foregoing is a literal copy of the letter).
To this letter plaintiff’s attorney sent the following reply, dated February 20th, 1919:
In Re Fylling v. Mork.
Tour letter of the 17th with reference to this matter has been *128received. From the attitude you are taking it is evident that the only thing left to do is to send the papers to the sheriff for service. This we are doing. You are making a serious mistake but you must decide.
In his counter-affidavit defendant admits that he received these different letters.
The record shows, and the defendant admits, that the sheriff of McKenzie county (where defendant was residing) served the summons and complaint in the action upon the defendant on April 24, 1919. Judgment was entered June 4, 1919.
Plaintiff’s attorney makes affidavit that on July 2, 1919, he sent the following letter to the defendant:
In Re Marie Fylling v. you.
Judgment was rendered against you in the sum of $500 and costs, amounting in all to the sum of $522.45 and interest at 6 per cent from June 4th. I am today ordering execution but before putting any more expense by making a levy on the land, wish to write you to inquire whether or not you wish to make a settlement. If I do not hear from you by early mail I will assume you do not intend to do anything in the matter and will proceed to sell your farm.
It is true, as stated in the majority opinion, defendant in his affidavit states that he did not receive this letter. But the affidavit of plainiff’s attorney shows that the letter was sent in an envelope with a return card on, and that it was never returned.
The majority opinion refers to the defendant’s lack of knowledge of English. It is true the letter which he wrote in English to plaintiff’s counsel contains some misspelled words, but as a whole the letter discloses a fair understanding of the English language. The letters which the defendant wrote to plaintiff’s husband are contained in the record. These letters were written in the Norwegian language. These letters are well composed and written in a good hand, and it would appear that the defendant is a man of at least fair intelligence and some education. This was also the view of the trial court.
In denying defendant’s application the trial court filed a memorandum decision, from which I quote:
*129“The gist of defendant’s claim or appeal to the court’s discretion is that though he was duly served with the ‘suit papers in this action’ the same were rain-soaked about a week after the service so that they could not be read and that he had only read parts of the complaint prior thereto. Further, he claims ‘he did not understand the papers to be suit papers’ that he believed he could ignore the same as he had done the letters from the plaintiff’s attorney; that he understood and believed no judgment could be rendered against him without the charges being proved in open court in his presence and not receiving any notice of any time or place of trial he supposed the matter was dropped and gave it no further thought. He further says that the first notice he had of any judgment was when the sheriff served a notice of levy on his land on or about August 9, 1919. It is a significant fact that defendant does not furnish to this court the papers which he claims to have been so ‘rain-soaked’ that they are unintelligible. He does not claim they are lost or mislaid, nor does he show them to the court for us to determine whether they are intelligible. In any event, he had them at least a week and does admit he read portions of the complaint. The complaint is short, not having tó exceed two folios in the body thereof, and if he had read ‘parts of the complaint’ he must have read most of it. He claims he reads the English ‘language with great difficulty ;’ but he used very good English and writes well in the English language. If exhibit ‘F’ of plaintiff’s rebutting affidavits be '¡the production of the defendant, in his counter affidavit, he practically admits writing it and this court is inclined to believe it is, the defendant understands the English very well, and two months before the service of the papers was in correspondence with the attorney for the plaintiff. ... It must be clear that defendant, when he was served with the summons and complaint, knew perfectly well the nature of the claim against him. He says the ‘first notice that he had of any judgment having been taken against him’ was when ‘the sheriff served the notice of levy on his land on or about the 9th day of August, 1919.’ The plaintiff shows by exhibit ‘H’ that defendant was notified on July 2, 1919 that judgment was rendered against him and the amount and date of the judgment — June 4th. The affidavit of Mr. Cooper shows the mailing of this letter in an envelope with a return card, and that the letter was never returned. This court is inclined to believe that *130this is correct, though the defendant denies getting it. He must have received it. And when we look over the correspondence and notice the dates of the letters it is evident that defendant would have received this letter and notice about the 5 th of July. The court is inclined to be somewhat suspicious of the claims of defendant, because of the inconsistency between the proposed answer and the affidavit of merits and both of these instruments are verified by the defendant himself. The complaint alleges that plaintiff was an unmarried woman at the time of the alleged assault and the defendant in his answer denies this and verifies the denial positively, yet, in his affidavit of merits he admits she was unmarried until July 29, 1915, and that he ‘was one of the witnesses to such marriage ceremony.’
“The basis for the application to remove the default is ‘mistake and excusable neglect.’ This is not a case where the blame can be placed upon the attorney; but the neglect is the neglect of the defendant. Judgment was not entered until about six weeks after the service of the summons; the defendant for five months, at least, knew of the charge and had received two sets of the ‘papers’ in the case. It was not until about three weeks after the sheriff notified him of the levy on his land that he served any notice of motion to reopen the case and this was between eight and nine weeks after he had received the notice from the attorney that judgment had been entered and almost three months from the time of the entry of judgment. He cannot blame his attorney for the notice of motion is dated just four days prior to the date of the service and it would take almost that length of time to get the notice from McKenzie county to Bottineau county. In Hunt v. Swenson, 15 N. D. 512, 108 N. W. 41, an order vacating a default judgment under circumstances similar to this, but more favorable to the defendant, was reversed by the supreme court. In the case cited judgment by default was not entered until after sixty days from the service of the summons, but the execution was issued eight days after the entry of the judgment and a month after the execution levy the defendant moved to vacate. They had consulted one whom they supposed to be a lawyer, paid him a retainer and relied upon his attention to the case. True, there was a dispute as to their agreement with their attorney; but here there was no dispute, no hiring of counsel, no attempt to answer, and no misunderstanding of the nature of the case.
*131“In Bazal v. St. Stanislaus Church, 21 N. D. 602, 132 N. W. 212, the officers of the defendant Church received the summons and complaint, put them in their pockets and either forgot about them or considered there was no hurry, or misunderstood the necessity for prompt action. Immediately upon learning of the entry of judgment they took steps to open the judgment, but the same were delayed from time to time on account of the necessity of having a meeting of the board. The affidavits showed the priest and officers knew of the nature of the action, or claim, though the priest said he understood English imperfectly and could only speak, read, and write it to a slight extent. The trial court vacated the judgment but the supreme court reversed the order saying ‘If we sustain the order vacating it [the judgment] it will furnish a predecent for vacating any default judgment entered, when the only excuse is that the defendant knowingly permits judgment to be taken because it is more convenient to do so than to give it the necessary attention.’ Mr. Cooper, the attorney for the plaintiff, took all possible precautions to give the defendant notice. He told him he was going to bring the suit and sent him a copy of the papers that would be issued. He notified him of the probable time the sheriff would serve them; he waited six weeks after the service before he entered judgment.; almost a month thereafter he notified him of the amount of the judgment and the date, and it is not until the time the defendant sees he will have to pay that he moves to reopen. If such careful proceedings on the part of the counsel cannot be relied upon to sustain a judgment then it is useless to make rules for the vacation of judgments and there would be no finality. When we consider the defendant reads and writes English; that he shows familiarity with the language; that he admits having read parts of the complaint; that he never consulted counsel; made no attempt to answer or appear, and that no fraud was practiced on him, on the contrary he was fully and completely notified; that he defied the parties to sue, in effect, and told them he didn’t want to hear any more about the case and nowhere specifically denies, in the correspondence, that he is guilty, I cannot see where there was mistake or execusabie neglect. In the case of Kjetland v. Pederson, 20 S. D. 58, 104 N. W. 677, the summons was regularly served and defendant read it. No complaint was filed until afterwards, the defendant neglected to consult counsel, answer or appear; the case is regularly tried and *132verdict rendered; no fraud was practised on the defendant nor any attempt to.deceive him, though plaintiff's attorney told defendant he could give him no information in regard to the case. The supreme court held that an order refusing to vacate the judgment is good and affirmed the same. Here the facts are quite similar but the attorney for the plaintiff was much kinder and gave him full notice that the action would be brought, what would be done, the steps that were taken and the amount of the judgment entered. The defendant cannot be mistaken. He knew what the case was about. His neglect cannot be excused because there is no excuse for it, and if this default judgment were to be opened then there is no use in taking a judgment by default.”
The memorandum decision shows that the trial judge carefully considered the facts and circumstances bearing upon the question of mistake and excusable neglect; and that he applied to those facts the legal principles announced in the decisions of this court. Clearly the trial judge did not exercise any capricious or arbitrary discretion; but he decided the matter before him “according to his judgment of what was fail’, equitable, and wholesome, as determined by the peculiar circumstances of the case, and as discerned by his personal wisdom and experience, guided by the spirit, principles, and analogies of the law.” In my opinion there is no good reason for saying that the trial court abused its discretion. The order appealed from should be affirmed.
Biedzell, J., concurs.