(dissenting): I believe that the issue of proximate cause was properly submitted to the jury and that the verdict and judgment for the plaintiff should be affirmed.
My conclusion, however, is not based upon the plaintiff-appellee’s interpretation of White v. Ohio Power Co. (1960), 171 Ohio St. 148. As this court indicated in Lones v. Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad Company (6th Cir. 1968), 398 F. 2d 914, 918, 919, Notes 2 and 3, it is not so clear that Ohio law controls a federal court’s determination of the sufficiency of the evidence on any particular factual question to go to the jury. In Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Elec. Cooperative (1958), 356 U. S. 525, 78 S. Ct. 893, 2 L. Ed. 2d 953, the question of whether a defendant was a “statutory employer” under South Carolina’s Workmen’s Compensation Act was admittedly a factual determination. South Carolina law required the judge to make that determination, rather than the jury. Rejecting the contention that this allocation of functions was binding on federal courts in diversity actions brought in South Carolina, the United States Supreme Court said:
“The federal system is an independent system for administering justice to litigants who properly invoke its jurisdiction. An essential characteristic of that system is the manner in which, in civil common-law actions, it distributes trial functions between judge and jury and, under the influence — if not the command — of the Seventh Amendment, assigns the decisions of disputed questions of fact to the jury. * * * The policy of uniform enforcement of state-*206created rights and obligations * * * cannot in every case exact compliance with a state rule — not bound up with rights and obligations — which disrupts the federal system of allocating functions between judge and jury.” 356 U. S. at 537-538, 78 S. Ct. at 901 (citations and footnotes omitted).
If state law cannot require a federal court invariably to take a certain factual question from the jury, I do not see how state law can require a federal court invariably to permit a certain factual question, regardless of the evidence presented, to go to the jury. Cf. Herron v. Southern Pacific Company (1931), 283 U. S. 91, 51 S. Ct. 383, 75 L. Ed. 857. Therefore, I do not think the rule of White v. Ohio Power Co. (1960), 171 Ohio St. 148, would compel a federal district court to submit the issue of proximate cause to the jury even if the rule was given the interpretation urged by the plaintiff-appellee.
Assuming the majority’s interpretation of White and later Ohio cases to be correct, however, I do not think we need to decide whether those cases bind federal district courts in Ohio in determining when the issue of proximate cause should be taken from the jury in a diversity case. Since it appears that the Ohio standard and the federal standard are the same, as this court noted in Lones v. Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad Company (6th Cir. 1968), 398 F. 2d 914, 918, it would be inappropriate to decide the question of which standard applies when, as here, the issue has been neither briefed nor argued. Cf., Dick v. New York Life Insurance Co. (1959), 359 U. S. 437, 444-445, 79 S. Ct. 921, 3 L. Ed. 2d 935.
On the facts of the instant case, application of either standard should result in a determination that the jury could have reasonably found that any negligence of the decedent was not the proximate cause of her death. The jury stated that the decedent was negligent in failing “to protect her own life by not getting herself off the highway.” The finding of the jury could have at least two bases in the evidence. The jury could have concluded that *207the decedent was negligent in hot going with Mr. Prayner and thus “getting herself off the highway.”1 Or the jury could have concluded that the decedent should have left her car and removed herself to the side of the highway to await assistance.2
We can only speculate as to the basis of the jury’s answer to the interrogatory. Given the second interpretation, perhaps the majority would be correct on the issue of proximate cause. But given the first interpretation, it seems clear that the jury could have concluded that the negligence of decedent in failing to go with Mr. Prayner had ceased and, therefore, was not a proximate cause of her death.
This result would follow from the Ohio eases cited by the majority and would even more clearly follow if the federal standard was applied. The basis of that standard is the strong federal policy for jury determination of disputed factual questions expressed in the Seventh Amendment: * * no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of common law.” Applying that expressed *208policy, Lavender v. Kurn (1946),3 327 U. S. 645, 66 S. Ct. 740, 90 L. Ed. 916, defined the proper function of a federal court in reviewing a jury verdict in a civil case:
“* # * Where * * * there is an evidentiary basis for the jury’s verdict, the jury is free to discard or disbelieve whatever facts are inconsistent with its conclusion. And the appellate court’s function is exhausted when that evidentiary basis becomes apparent, * *.” 327 U. S. at 653, 66 S. Ct. at 744.
Also, Rule 49(b), Federal Rules of .Civil Procedure, provides: “when the general verdict andfthe answers are harmonious, the appropriate judgment upon the verdict and answers shall be entered pursuant to Erne 58.” Since there is an evidentiary basis in this case that makes the jury’s answer to the interrogatory harmonious with its verdict, the judgment should be affirmed.
The jury had all the evidence before it; it had the benefit of the persuasive arguments of counsel; and it had a proper instruction on the law. The trial judge, who also heard all of the evidence, thought that the evidence supported the jury’s verdict and that the answer to the interrogatory was consistent with the verdict. In reversing the jury verdict and the judgment of the trial court on the basis of the cold record before us, we should be careful that we do not subvert the strong policy favoring jury trials expressed in the Seventh Amendment.
After stating its opinion on some of the evidence and outlining the contentions on certain other points, the District Court charged the jury:
“I make reference to these two opinions because there was testimony that the decedent was invited to leave the automobile and go with Praynor [sic], and that she had requested Prayner to use his automobile to push her automobile off of the roadway, wljich Prayner refused to do. And should you believe that these events" did occur as I have related, I instruct you that Shirlee Ann Corrigan was not negligent in declining to leave her automobile to go with Prayner, but instead chose to remain with the automobile.”
We do not know whether the jury accepted the opinion of the District Court or found that the events occurred as related by the court. Therefore, this charge would not have precluded the jury from finding the decedent negligent in failing to go with Mr. Prayner.
Such a finding by the jury would have to be made in the face of the following facts: the decedent was alone in hver car, returning home from work after midnight; the month was January and rain had been intermittently falling; and the car was stalled on an expressway about a quarter of a mile from the nearest exit.
Lavender v. Kurn was an F. E. L. A. case, but it seems clear that the standard stated was applicable to any civil case. See, Planters Manufacturing Co. v. Protection Mutual Ins. Co. (5th Cir. 1967), 380 F. 2d 869.