It is clear that the marriage of the appellee’s mother prevented her use of the bastardy statutes to compel the father to support the appellee. Section 3111.01, Revised Code; Beam v. Ray, 111 Ohio App. 341. Nothing in Chapter 3111, Revised Code, gives an illegitimate child a substantive right to support independent of the rights of the mother. If the appellee has any enforceable right to support, it must come from somewhere other than Chapter 3111, Revised Code.
There is no common-law right for an illegitimate child to receive support from its father. 10 Corpus Juris Secundum 86, Bastards, Section 18C; 10 American Jurisprudence 2d 895, Bastards, Section 68. Any right of support must, therefore, stem from statutes. We find no statute which grants such a right, nor has such a statute been called to our attention.
Certainly, the fact that this action is brought under the declaratory judgment statutes does not serve to support the right claimed, since it is well recognized that declaratory judgment statutes do not establish substantive rights. 1 Anderson, Actions for Declaratory Judgments, 2 Ed., Section 246.
Section 2151.42, Revised Code, makes it a criminal offense for the father of an illegitimate child to fail to support such child, and Section 2151.99, Revised Code, provides penalties which may be enforced by the state, but those sections give no concomitant civil remedy which is enforceable by the child. It is recognized that enforcement of legal liability for the support of illegitimate children can be undertaken only in the manner specified by law. Baugh v. Maddox, 266 Ala. 175, 95 So. 2d 268; 10 Corpus Juris Secundum 92, Bastards, Section 20A. Since Section 2151.42, Revised Code, makes no provision for a civil action and gives no substantive right of enforcement of support to the illegitimate child, the action of the Court of Appeals in this case must be considered legislative, and therefore invalid.
This holding is buttressed by the fact that no such action existed historically and that no state court decision which we have found, op which has been called tq opr attep*168tion, gives such a right in the absence of a statute. James v. Hutton (Mo. App.), 373 S. W. 2d 167. Compare Section 196a of the California Civil Code, wherein express provision is made for a civil action.
This leaves only the appellee’s argument that the different legal treatment of legitimate children and illegitimate children violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The reasoning behind this assertion is not given. Appellee merely cites a law review article, entitled “Equal Protection for the Illegitimate,” by Professor Harry D. Krause, 65 Michigan L. Rev. 477.*
Professor Krause’s argument there is that since legitimate and illegitimate offspring are similarly situated as to their need for support they must be equally treated.
Krause complains that in many cases only the state and the mother are responsible for the support of an illegitimate child, while .there is available to the legitimate child an additional source, the father. The argument is that this results in an unequal treatment caused by state action. The state action complained of, however, can be only the recognition, by the state, of the nature of the voluntary contract which is undertaken when marriage occurs. That contract includes, by way of well understood tradition and custom, the promise by the husband to support children which may result from this relationship which is favored by the law and public policy. Professor Krause’s argument, then, is that the favored position and consequences which result from marriage are to be disregarded or that the illegitimate child is to be given a right to pursue an alleged father who has not consented to be bound.
If such a dramatic change in social pattern is to be espoused, it should be done by the General Assembly after due deliberation and debate, and operate prospectively.
*169Inasmuch as the appellee has no legal right upon which to base his action for a declaratory judgment, it follows that the demurrer was properly sustained, and that the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas.
Judgment reversed.
Taet, C. J., Zimmerman and Matthias, JJ., concur. O’neill, Herbert and Schneider, JJ., dissent.Levy v. Louisiana, U. S. , 20 L. Ed. 2d 436, 88 S. Ct. 1509, had not been decided at the time appellee presented his case in this court, but we believe that it is inapplicable. The rights announced in Levy were based on the intimate, familial relationship which exists between a mother and her child, whether the child is legitimate or illegitimate.