Preliminarily, we concur in the court of appeals’ judgment below that the adoption of the referee’s report by the trial court constituted an abuse of discretion. As this court observed in Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 219, 5 OBR 481, 482, 450 N.E. 2d 1140, 1142:
“ ‘The term “abuse of discretion” connotes more than an error of law or *74judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. * * * [Citations omitted.]’ ”
No doubt, a review of some of the pertinent passages of the referee’s report set forth in the footnote, supra, reveals an attitude that can be characterized as sexist, inappropriate, unreasonable, intemperate and prejudicial to the wife. As the court of appeals stated: “* * * The report is offensive and oversteps the bounds of propriety. It lacks the necessary impartiality or properjudicial decorum.” While candor is important in calling attention to the problems and issues germane to a case, we believe the appellate court below was correct in finding that the adoption of the referee’s report by the trial court constituted an abuse of discretion under the Blakemore standard.
Notwithstanding our concurrence with the appellate court’s finding of an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court as set forth above, the determinative question remains as to whether the court of appeals was correct in granting the wife’s motion for a change of custody. The wife essentially argues that the appellate court, acting under the power granted to it by App. R. 12(B), rendered the judgment the trial court should have rendered by granting her motion for a change of custody pursuant to R.C. 3109.04.
While App. R. 12 grants an appellate court the power to reverse trial court judgments and enter those judgments that the court should have rendered, we agree with the dissenting appellate judge below that it is inappropriate in most cases for a court of appeals to independently weigh evidence and grant a change of custody. The discretion which a trial court enjoys in custody matters should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding and the impact the court’s determination will have on the lives of the parties concerned. The knowledge a trial court gains through observing the witnesses and the parties in a custody proceeding cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court by a printed record. Trickey v. Trickey (1952), 158 Ohio St. 9, 13, 47 O.O. 481, 483, 106 N.E. 2d 772, 774. In this regard, the reviewing court in such proceedings should be guided by the presumption that the trial court’s findings were indeed correct. See Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland (1984), 10 Ohio St. 3d 77, 80, 10 OBR 408, 410, 461 N.E. 2d 1273, 1276.
While a trial court’s discretion in a custody modification proceeding is broad, it is not absolute, and must be guided by the language set forth in R.C. 3109.04. See Baxter v. Baxter (1971), 27 Ohio St. 2d 168, 56 O.O. 2d 104, 271 N.E. 2d 873; Palladino v. Palladino (1971), 27 Ohio St. 2d 175, 56 O.O. 2d 108, 271 N.E. 2d 826; Ross v. Ross (1980), 64 Ohio St. 2d 203, 18 O.O. 3d 414, 414 N.E. 2d 426. In addition, the trial court’s determination in a custody proceeding is, of course, subject to reversal upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. Dailey v. Dailey (1945), 146 Ohio St. 93, 32 O.O. 29, 64 N.E. 2d 246; Trickey, supra; Baxter, supra. Since we view the appellate court’s decision as erroneous for failing to accord the trial court’s decision the presumption of correctness it deserved, we reverse the appellate court’s granting of plaintiff’s motion for a change of custody and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings. In addition, we concur with the dissenting appellate judge below that the trial court is better equipped, in most respects, to make a proper decision regarding custody. Trickey, supra.
Last, we are compelled to reverse *75the court of appeals’ holding that the “best interest of the child” standard is no longer the law of Ohio and that it has been replaced by the “family reunification law” set forth in R.C. 2151.414. First, R.C. 2151.414 has no relevance to the cause sub judice since it deals with matters pertaining to motions for permanent custody of a child by a county department, board or certified organization that has temporary custody of the child. Second, a review of the pertinent language contained in R.C. 3109.04, which governs the instant action requesting a change of custody, reveals that the “best interest of the child” standard continues to be the law of Ohio in these matters.
R.C. 3109.04(B)(1) states in relevant part:
“* * * the court shall not modify a prior custody decree unless it finds, * * * that the modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. * *
R.C. 3109.04(C) provides:
“In determining the best interest of a child pursuant to this section, whether on an original award of custody or modification of custody, the court shall consider all relevant factors * * * fl
Abundant case law also supports the time-honored standard that what is in the “best interest of the child” should be the overriding concern in any child custody case. See Gishwiler v. Dodez (1855), 4 Ohio St. 615; In re Cunningham (1979), 59 Ohio St. 2d 100, 13 O.O. 3d 78, 391 N.E. 2d 1034; Pruitt v. Jones (1980), 62 Ohio St. 2d 237, 16 O.O. 3d 276, 405 N.E. 2d 276; In re Palmer (1984), 12 Ohio St. 3d 194, 12 OBR 259, 465 N.E. 2d 1312. Given the plain language of R.C. 3109.04 and the precedents cited above, it is clear that the appellate court’s observation in this regard was clearly erroneous.
Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Moyer, C.J., Sweeney, Locher, Holmes and H. Brown, JJ., concur. Douglas, J., concurs separately. Wright, J., concurs in judgment only.