dissenting. In a four-to-three decision in Osborne Bros. Welding Supply, Inc. v. Limbach (1988), 40 Ohio St.3d 175, 532 N.E.2d 739, this court decided that the sixteen-cent-per-day “demurrage fee” charged by the appellant supplier was a charge for use subject to Ohio sales tax and not a non-taxable penalty. This court in Osborne Bros, ruled that the proof offered by appellant was insufficient to demonstrate that the fees charged constituted penalties. In this case, appellant presented clarifying evidence which was sufficient to prove that the charges in question were indeed non-taxable penalties.
The character and implementation of OsAir’s “demurrage fee” policy demonstrate that the fees were penalties rather than charges for use. The overriding and clear purpose of the policy was to secure the return of empty cylinders. OsAir had a total supply of fifty thousand cylinders and delivered approximately thirty thousand filled cylinders per month. Since OsAir operated on such a margin, it was important that it implement a policy to help ensure the prompt return of the cylinders so that they could be refilled and redistributed. OsAir’s “Gas Shipper” contract grants each buyer the opportunity to extend the free-use period beyond the normal thirty days through a written agreement. Thus, the length of time the buyer kept the cylinders was not as important as it was for OsAir to identify when it could expect the cylinders’ return. The negotiable free-use period allowed OsAir to plan. The sixteen-cent-per-day penalty was in place to help enforce the terms of the contract, and to thus enforce the timely return of the cylinders. OsAir explained to its customers that the demurrage fee was a penalty for not returning the cylinders.
It seems that the majority would not require sales and use taxes to be paid for empty, non-returned cylinders, but would require it to be paid for the amount of time there was gas in the cylinders past the free-use period. The majority requires OsAir to be a mind-reader, determining the motivation behind the late return of as many as thirty thousand cylinders. OsAir did its *507best by trying to predict, with the help of its customers, how long the cylinders were needed. The point the majority misses is that it was unimportant to OsAir why the cylinders were late — the only relevant fact is that they were late. The lateness in and of itself adversely affected OsAir’s business.
In Grabler Mfg. Co. v. Kosydar (1973), 35 Ohio St.2d 23, 64 O.O.2d 14, 298 N.E.2d 590, this court found that sales or use taxes cannot be assessed on monies paid as liquidated damages that are not considered to be part of the “price” as defined by R.C. 5739.01, nor on “rental installments” as defined in R.C. 5739.02. In Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Lindley (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 303, 10 O.O.3d 423, 383 N.E.2d 903, this court held that Grabler did not apply because the demurrage charge in that case was more than a charge for damages. The Youngstown court found that the charge was paid in exchange for the use of railroad cars, which made the Grabler syllabus language inapplicable. The Youngstown decision was relied on by this court in Osborne Bros.
In Youngstown, the charges at issue were related to the use of railroad cars. Inbound raw materials and outbound steel products were shipped to and from Youngstown’s plants in train cars owned by a number of railroad companies. Whenever Youngstown failed to meet a specified deadline for loading and unloading and returned a railroad car late, it was charged a demurrage fee by the railroad company that delivered the car to the plant.
The facts presented in the instant case serve to distinguish OsAir’s practices from those of the railroad companies in Youngstown.
First, in Youngstown, the charged use of the railroad cars was closely related to the original service performed by the railroad companies., Youngstown did not pay the railroad companies for a tangible commodity, but instead paid for the use of the railway lines and for the use of railroad cars for the shipping of the commodities it needed. A charge for the continued use of those railroad cars was the logical extension of the service originally contracted for. In the present case, however, OsAir was in the business of selling gases. OsAir’s customers were paying for a tangible commodity. The charge for overdue cylinders is not a logical extension of the original transaction, and thus was more easily identifiable as a penalty than were the fees paid in Youngstown.
Second, in Youngstown the only reason to keep the railroad cars was to use them — the cars remained on the railroad tracks near the loading docks. Here, the cylinders were taken immediately to their point of use somewhere within the customer’s plant. When the cylinders were depleted, they were in many cases far from the loading dock. The only way to force customers to gather and return the spent cylinders was to charge them a penalty for not retrieving *508the cylinders. There had to be an economic impetus to force the buyers to undertake that otherwise worthless task. In Youngstown, the cars were on the tracks ready to be retrieved. The only reason that they could not be retrieved is that Youngstown had been using them for storage. Absent that use, they were ready to be picked up. No economic impetus, or penalty, was necessary to put them in a convenient spot for retrieval.
Third, Youngstown was always credited with the same two-day “free time” period to unload or load each railroad car. There was no indication in Youngstown that the term of the free-use period was ever negotiable. In the present case, OsAir did vary the contracted free-use period depending on the use history of the buyer. An effort was made not to charge the customer for the use of the cylinders, which is further evidence that any charge that was applied was a penalty.
OsAir’s sixteen-cent-per-day demurrage fee may realistically only be described as a penalty. As such, Grabler controls and no sales, and use taxes should be assessed on the penalties collected by OsAir.
Wright, J., concurs in the foregoing dissenting opinion.