[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 08-12238 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JUNE 12, 2009
Non-Argument Calendar
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 07-01315-CV-RBP-S
CARSBIA VAN TAYLOR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
MCSWAIN, Sgt.,
J. RICHBURG, Capt.,
GORDY, Capt.,
JOE TEW, Capt.,
JONES, Warden, Donaldson Prison,
all in individual and official capacity, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
_________________________
(June 12, 2009)
Before BIRCH, HULL and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Carsbia Van Taylor, an Alabama state prisoner proceeding pro se and in
forma pauperis (“IFP”), appeals the district court’s sua sponte 28 U.S.C.
§1915A(b)(1) dismissal of his § 1983 action for failure to state a claim.
Specifically, in his complaint, Taylor alleged that because he provided legal
assistance to other inmates, he was retaliated against in the form of improper
segregation, deprivation of property, and infringement on his right to access to the
courts.
This Court “review[s] de novo the district court's grant of a motion to
dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, accepting the allegations in
the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff.” Mills v. Foremost, Inc., 511 F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2008). Pursuant
to § 1915A, a district court may dismiss the complaint of a prisoner if the
complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a)-(b)(1). A pro se complaint is held to a less
stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be
liberally construed. Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir.
1998).
2
The standards that apply to dismissal under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) apply to
dismissal under § 1915A(b)(1). Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 216, 127 S.Ct. 910,
921, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007). That is, although the complaint need not provide
detailed factual allegations, there “must be enough to raise a right to relief above
the speculative level,” and must contain enough facts to state a claim that is
“plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 570,127
S.Ct. 1955, 1965, 1974, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007); see also Watts v. Florida Int’l
Univ., 495 F.3d 1289, 1295-96 (11th Cir. 2007).
Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a), leave to amend should be freely given when
justice so requires. Thomas v. Town of Davie, 847 F.2d 771, 773 (11th Cir. 1998).
Where it appears that a more carefully crafted complaint might state a claim upon
which relief can be granted, we have held that a district court should give a
plaintiff an opportunity to amend his complaint instead of dismissing it. See
Friedlander v. Nims, 755 F.2d 810, 813 (11th Cir. 1985). Although our holding in
Bank v. Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991), that district courts could not
dismiss a complaint with prejudice without first giving the plaintiff an opportunity
to amend the complaint if a more carefully drafted complaint might state a claim,
was overruled by Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 314 F.3d 541, 542
(11th Cir. 2002) (en banc), we specifically stated that Wagner did not address pro
3
se litigants. Wagner, 314 F.3d at 542 n.1. Thus, the Bank rule remains applicable
to pro se litigants when their complaints are dismissed with prejudice. Id.
Under the First Amendment, a prison official may not retaliate against an
inmate for exercising the right of free speech. Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235,
1248 (11th Cir. 2003). To state a retaliation claim, a plaintiff must allege that (1)
his speech or act was constitutionally protected, (2) the defendant’s retaliatory
conduct adversely affected the protected speech, and (3) there was a casual
connection between the retaliatory actions and the adverse effect on speech.
Bennett v. Hendrix, 423 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2005). Prisoners do not have a
First Amendment right to provide legal assistance to fellow prisoners. Shaw v.
Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 225-232, 121 S.Ct. 1475, 1477-1480, 149 L.Ed.2d 420
(2001). However, where a prisoner undertakes litigation on behalf of others in
order to bring about social change and protect constitutional rights, his actions may
be considered protected political expression. Adams v. Jones, 784 F.2d 1077, 1081
(11th Cir. 1986). To determine whether a prisoner has stated a First Amendment
claim, a court must balance legitimate prison policies against “the substantiality
and good faith of an inmate’s” First Amendment right. Id.
Access to the courts is also a constitutional right, grounded in the First
Amendment, the Article IV Privileges and Immunities Clause, the Fifth
4
Amendment, and/or the Fourteenth Amendment. Chappell v. Rich, 340 F.3d 1279,
1282 (11th Cir. 2003). “[T]he fundamental constitutional right of access to the
courts requires prison authorities to assist inmates in the preparation and filing of
meaningful legal papers by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or
adequate assistance from persons trained in the law.” Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S.
817, 828, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 1498, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977). This right is not a “abstract,
freestanding right to a law library or legal assistance,” so a prisoner bringing a
deprivation of access to court claim must allege actual injury as a “constitutional
prerequisite.” Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351-352, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 2180, 135
L.Ed.2d 606 (1996). One way to do this is to allege that the prison officials’
actions actually deterred the plaintiff’s pursuit of a nonfrivolous, post-conviction
claim or civil rights action, “such as a denial or dismissal of a direct appeal, habeas
petition, or civil rights case” that resulted from the prison official’s actions. See
Al-Amin v. Smith, 511 F.3d 1317, 1332-1333 (11th Cir. 2008).
Whereas an access-to-courts claimant must show actual injury, a state
prisoner may recover nominal damages, absent any actual injury sufficient to
recover compensatory damages, for a violation of his right to free speech that is
separate and distinct from his constitutional right of access to the courts. Id. at
1334-1335.
5
The Due Process Clause protects against deprivations of “life, liberty, or
property without due process of law.” U.S. Const. XIV. An inmate, who already
has been deprived of liberty, can be deprived further of his liberty, such that due
process is required, when (1) a change in the prisoner’s conditions of confinement
is so severe that it essentially exceeds the sentence imposed by the court, or (2) the
state has consistently bestowed a certain benefit to prisoners, usually through
statute or administrative policy, and the deprivation of that benefit “‘imposes
atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents
of prison life.’” Kirby v. Siegelman, 195 F.3d 1285, 1290-1291 (11th Cir. 1999)
(quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 2300, 132 L.Ed.2d
418 (1995)). Short sentences of disciplinary confinement do not tend to present
the kind of “atypical” and “significant deprivation” to implicate the Due Process
Clause absent a showing that the prisoner’s isolation worked a major disruption in
the inmate’s environment when compared to his placement in the general
population. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 486, 115 S.Ct. at 2301 (holding that 30 days of
disciplinary confinement did not implicate a liberty interest).
Regarding deprivation of property, a state employee’s unauthorized
intentional deprivation of an inmate’s property does not violate due process under
the Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful postdeprivation remedy for the loss is
6
available. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533, 104 S.Ct. 3194, 3204, 82 L.Ed.2d
393 (1984). However, where a prisoner claims a substantive deprivation of a
constitutional right, such as a retaliation for exercising his legal right of access to
the courts, the availability of state remedies provides no bar to federal court
adjudication under § 1983. Hall v. Sutton, 755 F.2d 786, 787-788 (11th Cir.
1985).
Here, the court did not err in dismissing Taylor’s segregation and right of
access to courts claims because Taylor alleged no facts, which could be liberally
construed, to show that his time in segregation worked a major disruption
compared to his placement in the general population or that it affected any of his
legal claims.
However, the court did err because although Taylor did not have a First
Amendment right to provide legal assistance to other inmates, it is not implausible
that he assisted other prisoners in order to bring about social change or protect
constitutional rights, based on a liberal construction of his complaint. Adams, 784
F.2d at 1081-82. Given that Taylor’s First Amendment claim would likely be
barred by the statute of limitations shortly after the district court entered its final
judgment, it should have allowed Taylor to amend his complaint instead of
dismissing it. Additionally, we find that the court erred in relying on the
7
availability of state remedies to dismiss Taylor’s deprivation of property claim
because Taylor’s allegations plausibly suggest that said deprivation was in
retaliation for his exercise of First Amendment rights. Hall v. Sutton, 755 F.2d
786, 787-88 (11th Cir. 1985). Consequently, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.
8