dissenting.
{¶ 16} As the majority aptly notes, it is an understatement to describe the history of this case as “long and complex.” Majority opinion at ¶ 6. Almost 24 years after Anthony Klann’s death, for which Thomas Keenan was convicted and sentenced to death, a federal court found that the state of Ohio’s “serious and disturbing violations” of its constitutional obligation to produce all exculpatory information in its possession and its “continued * * * stonewall[ing] for nearly twenty years after” Keenan’s trials violated Keenan’s right to due process. Keenan v. Bagley, N.D.Ohio No. 1:01 CV 2139, 2012 WL 1424751, *45 (Apr. 24, 2012). As a result, the federal district court issued a writ of habeas corpus and ordered the state to either set aside Keenan’s conviction and death sentence or conduct a new trial within 180 days. Id. at *85. The state elected to retry Keenan.
{¶ 17} Back in the trial court, Keenan moved for a dismissal with prejudice pursuant to Crim.R. 16, Crim.R. 48(B), the court’s inherent power, and the due-process and/or double-jeopardy provisions of the Ohio and United States Consti*401tutions. The trial court relied on Crim.R. 16(L)(1), Crim.R. 48(B), and State v. Larkins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85877, 2006-Ohio-90, 2006 WL 60778, to grant Keenan’s motion. It stated, “In light of the State’s egregious prosecutorial misconduct” and violations of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), in Keenan’s prior trials, “Keenan cannot receive the fair and Constitutional trial that he is entitled to today.”
{¶ 18} The state appealed, arguing that the trial court lacked authority to dismiss Keenan’s indictment because the federal district court had already sanctioned the state for its discovery violations by issuing the writ of habeas corpus, that the trial court failed to consider a less severe sanction, and that Keenan failed to demonstrate prejudice. The Eighth District rejected these contentions, found no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s dismissal of the indictment, and affirmed. State v. Keenan, 2013-Ohio-4029, 998 N.E.2d 837, ¶ 13, 31, 37-38 (8th Dist.).
{¶ 19} This court accepted the state’s jurisdictional appeal to address two propositions of law. 138 Ohio St.3d 1413, 2014-Ohio-566, 3 N.E.3d 1215. The state first asks this court to hold that for a violation of Crim.R. 16, a trial court must impose the least severe sanction consistent with the purpose of the criminal discovery rules and that a court may not impose multiple sanctions for the same discovery violation. The state also asks this court to hold that a trial court may not dismiss an indictment for lack of due process unless the defendant establishes prejudice.
{¶ 20} The majority opinion does not address either the Eighth District’s analysis or the state’s propositions of law. Instead, based solely on the unique facts of this case, the majority simply holds that the trial court could not determine whether Keenan could receive a fair trial — 24 years after his alleged crime and after the death of the sole alleged eyewitness — without giving the parties the opportunity to further develop the record. Majority opinion at ¶ 9.
{¶ 21} Despite its acknowledgment that we must apply the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard, majority opinion at ¶ 7, the majority improperly second-guesses the trial court without any clear indication that the trial court’s decision was unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary. I respectfully dissent because the well-developed record, from which the trial court made extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law, provides a sufficient basis for the reasonable determination that “ ‘the harm done to * * * Keenan has been so egregious that this is the extraordinary case where the court has no other option’ ” but to dismiss the indictment with prejudice. See 2013-0hio-4029, 998 N.E.2d 837, at ¶ 11, quoting the trial court’s order.
{¶ 22} Crim.R. 16 is intended “to provide all parties in a criminal case with the information necessary for a full and fair adjudication of the facts, to protect the *402integrity of the justice system and the rights of defendants, and to protect the well-being of witnesses, victims, and society at large.” Crim.R. 16(A). Crim.R. 16(L)(1) authorizes a trial court to make orders regulating discovery that are consistent with Crim.R. 16. A trial court may dismiss a criminal case with prejudice for a violation of Crim.R. 16 where it “determines that a lesser sanction would not be consistent with the purposes of the criminal discovery rules.” State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 41.
{¶ 23} When deciding whether to impose a sanction for a discovery violation, a trial court “ ‘must inquire into the circumstances surrounding [the] violation and * * * must impose the least severe sanction that is consistent with the purpose of the rules of discovery.’ ” Id. at syllabus, quoting Lakewood v. Papadelis, 32 Ohio St.3d 1, 511 N.E.2d 1138 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. Both the trial court and the Eighth District acknowledged the obligation to impose the least severe sanction consistent with the discovery rules, but the state argues that the trial court nevertheless should have imposed a lesser sanction.
{¶ 24} In addressing Keenan’s motion to dismiss, the trial court applied the three-pronged analysis outlined in State v. Parson, 6 Ohio St.3d 442, 453 N.E.2d 689 (1983). Parson counsels that, in formulating and imposing a sanction for a discovery violation, a judge should consider (1) whether the failure to disclose was a willful violation of Crim.R. 16, (2) whether foreknowledge- of the undisclosed material would have benefited the accused in preparing a defense, and (3) whether the accused was prejudiced. See id. at syllabus.
{¶ 25} The trial court found all three Parson factors satisfied. The trial court first stated, “[I]t is without question * * * that the State willfully withheld exculpatory evidence from Keenan and his attorneys.” It next found that knowledge of the withheld information “would have clearly benefited” Keenan’s defense. Consistent with the federal district court’s findings in Keenan’s habeas proceedings, the trial court found that the withheld information could have established that someone else had a motive for Klann’s murder, could have cast doubt on the state’s theory of the case, and could have had “significant impeachment value.” Finally, the trial court expressly found that Keenan was severely prejudiced as a result of the state’s failure to disclose the exculpatory information:
Keenan’s case is now 24 years removed from the crime. The witnesses would have to testify to detailed issues that took place that long ago, including the date and time of this alleged murder which have never been decisively established.
The only alleged eyewitness, Edward Espinoza, is deceased. And his testimony is not admissible because he was never able to be cross-*403examined with the newly-discovered exculpatory material. Additionally, Keenan was never able to use the exculpatory evidence to impeach Espinoza.
Other witnesses of importance are also deceased including Detective Timothy Horval, Lee Oliver, Angelo Crimi, and James Russell. None of whom have been able to be cross-examined or confronted with the exculpatory evidence.
The majority opinion offers no explanation why the trial court could not reasonably make its findings of fact and conclusions of law based upon the record before it.
{¶26} The majority cites Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, in support of its conclusion that the trial court abused its discretion by not affording the parties an opportunity to develop the record before ruling on Keenan’s motion to dismiss. But in Darmond, application of the Parson factors was unclear: the state’s discovery violation was unintentional, the trial court could not ascertain whether the undisclosed information was exculpatory or inculpatory, and it was not clear that the defense would have benefited from foreknowledge of the information or that the defense was prejudiced. Id. at ¶ 37. In stark contrast to Darmond, the exculpatory nature of the undisclosed information here and the detrimental effect on Keenan’s defense are clear. Unlike in Darmond, further development of the record is unnecessary.
{¶ 27} The trial court’s determination, based upon the record before it, that Keenan could not receive a fair and constitutional trial was not unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary. Further, contrary to the state’s argument, the trial court did not fail to consider less severe sanctions before dismissing Keenan’s indictment with prejudice. The trial court had already held that Espinoza’s prior testimony would not be admissible on retrial because the state’s withholding of the exculpatory evidence, coupled with Espinoza’s death, precluded Keenan from impeaching Espinoza or cross-examining him with respect to the exculpatory evidence. In its findings of facts and conclusions of law, the trial court expressly noted the inadmissibility of Espinoza’s prior testimony. Nevertheless, the court concluded that Keenan could not be fairly and constitutionally retried. In making that determination, the trial court viewed the circumstances as they existed at the time of its ruling and considered the evidence that would be admissible in a new trial. Although it did not expressly address specific alternative sanctions, implicit in the trial court’s findings and its dismissal of the indictment is the conclusion that less severe sanctions, including the exclusion of Espinoza’s testimony, would not suffice to render a retrial fair. Nothing more is required.
*404{¶ 28} The state’s second proposition of law concerns the standard for dismissing a criminal case for a violation of due process and states that dismissal is unwarranted unless the defendant establishes actual prejudice. The state contends that Keenan’s motion to dismiss, with its argument that he cannot be fairly-retried due to the passage of time and the unavailability of witnesses, implicates due-process concerns.
{¶ 29} The state argues that a court may not presume prejudice based on the passage of time or vague allegations of faded memories. See State v. Cochenour, 4th Dist. Ross No. 98CA2440, 1999 WL 152127, *1 (Mar. 8, 1999) (addressing preindictment delay); State v. Glasper, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 15740, 1997 WL 71818, *4 (Feb. 21, 1997) (same). While vague allegations of witnesses’ faded memories may indeed be insufficient to establish prejudice, the prejudice suffered by Keenan is based on far more. In particular, Espinoza — the state’s key witness and the only alleged eyewitness to the crime — is déceased. That Espinoza’s prior testimony would not be admissible in a new trial does not eliminate the prejudice that Keenan suffered as a result of not being able to confront Espinoza with the exculpatory evidence that the state egregiously concealed for more than 20 years. Furthermore, at least four other witnesses, whom Keenan was unable to confront with the withheld evidence, are also deceased. Finally, even if they are not independently sufficient to establish prejudice, the trial court appropriately noted several additional factors that contribute to the prejudice Keenan would suffer if retried in this case, including the extraordinary length of time that has elapsed since the underlying events and the importance of particular details in this case that have never been decisively established, such as the date and time of the alleged murder.
{¶ 30} The trial court also had the benefit of the federal district court’s discussion of prejudice in Keenan’s habeas proceedings. After noting the difficulty of establishing prejudice under Brady, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215, the district court found that Keenan could have used the withheld information to “significantly strengthen his case” and weaken the state’s case and that there was a reasonable probability that the suppressed evidence would have produced a different verdict. N.D.Ohio No. 1:01 CV 2139, 2012 WL 1424751, at *45. The district court explained:
[T]he State had only one witness to the murder — Espinoza, an accomplice who testified in return for a reduced charge and sentence — and no physical evidence at all. Espinoza’s testimony, moreover, was rife with inconsistencies and contradicted numerous witnesses on key points. And the jury already knew that he was cooperating with the prosecution. Given these inherent weaknesses in the State’s case, then, this Court concludes that *405the questions raised by the suppressed evidence, about Espinoza’s credibility and role in the murder; about the thoroughness and integrity of the police investigation; and [another person’s] motive to kill Klann, are sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of Keenan’s trial.Timothy J. McGinty, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Katherine Mullin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellant. Timothy F. Sweeney, for appellee.
(Footnotes omitted.) Id.
{¶ 31} The Eighth District was tasked with determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing Keenan’s indictment, and there is no basis for concluding that the trial court could not have reasonably reached the same conclusions with respect to prejudice as the federal district court did in Keenan’s habeas proceedings. In light of the extensive record before the trial court, the egregious misconduct of the prosecution, and the trial court’s detailed findings of facts and conclusions of law, I cannot conclude that the trial court acted unreasonably, unconscionably, or arbitrarily in determining that Keenan could not be afforded a fair trial and in dismissing Keenan’s indictment with prejudice. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent and would affirm the court of appeals’ judgment.
Lanzinger and O’Neill, JJ., concur in the foregoing opinion.