delivered the opinion of the court.
The petition alleges that the petitioner is a legally qualified voter in the said election district, and that the defendant, Sands, is the registrar for the same district; that on the second day of April, 1891, the petitioner presented himself to the de*690fendant, as registrar, and requested to be registered as a voter in said district; that he then stated to the defendant that -he was a duly qualified voter, and entitled to be registered as such in said district, and offered to make a full statement under oath of all the facts required by law to prove that he was entitled to be registered; that the defendant refused to register petitioner, whereupon he, desiring an appeal, applied to the defendant to transmit a written statement to the judge of the county court of Henrico county of the ground relied on by the petitioner, and the reasons of the defendant for his action; that petitioner thereupon appealed to the county judge, and presented his petition, setting forth all the facts, and offered to prove every allegation made by him that was necessary to be proved to show his right to be registered; that the defendant appeared by counsel, and, instead of filing the said written statement, he entered a demurrer to the petition, and declined to file said statement, or to give any reason for his failure to do so.
The petition then goes on to further aver that the judge refused to consider the appeal, on the ground that he had not before him the written statement aforesaid, as required by section 83 of the Code, and because he had no power to compel such statement to be furnished. And the prayer of the petition is that a mandamus be- awarded by this court to compel the defendant to transmit to the judge of the county court the written .statement aforesaid, pursuant to the statute in such case made and provided.
To this petition the defendant demurred and also answered.
In his answer he sets up two grounds of defence, viz:'(l) that on the 2d of April, 1891, he was not the registrar for the said election district; and (2) that the petitioner did not on the said second day of April, or at any time thereafter, offer to qualify as to his right to vote, and, moreover, that he is not entitled to be registered in the said county.
The averment of the answer as to the first point is as fol*691lows: “ Your respondent states that some time in the month of March, 1891, he qualified as registrar of Shoemaker’s precinct, in Henrico county, under an appointment of the electoral board of said county, and that after holding the office for a short time, he, on the morning of the second of April, 1891, resigned the same, and herewith files the acknowledgment of the receipt of said resignation by the clerk of the electoral board.”
To this answer the petitioner demurred. He also filed a general replication, and upon the issue thus joined evidence has been taken. Inasmuch, however, as the questions in controversy may be properly determined on the demurrer, we will consider the case upon" the demurrer alone, and in doing so, we will consider the points relied on in the answer in the inverse order in which they have just been stated.
The second point, namely, that the defendant did not offer to qualify as to his right to vote, and that he is not entitled to be registered, is clearly not a sufficient answer to the case made by the petition. The question on this branch of the case is, not whether the petitioner offered to swear that he was a qualified voter, or whether he is or is not entitled to be registered, but whether the requisitions of the statute in such a case have been complied with. Section 83 of the Code provides that “ if any person shall offer to be registered and shall be rejected by the registrar, he may take an appeal to the court of his county or corporation, or to the judge thereof in vacation;” ■and by the same section it is made the duty of the registrar, on the application of any person so desiring an appeal, to “transmit to the court having jurisdiction over the said election district, or to the judge thereof, a written statement of the ground relied on by the appellant and the reasons of the registrar for his action.”
There is no averment in the answer that an opportunity was given the petitioner to take the oath required by section 75 of the Code of every person before being registered, and if *692such opportunity had been given, and the petitioner had declined to take the oath, that would be no just ground for the refusal of the defendant, if, as the petitioner alleges, he was the - registrar for Shoemaker’s election district at the time, to transmit the reasons for his action as required by section 83', above alluded to. When such a statement as is required by that section is transmitted, it is for the court or judge, as the case may be, to determine whether or not the appellant is entitled to be registered. But no such question, we repeat, is presented for our consideration. The object of this proceeding is to compel the defendant to transmit a statement to the county judge, giving the reasons for his action in refusing to register the petitioner, to enable the judge to decide whether that action was right or not. Without the required statement that question cannot be determined, and the proper tribunal to determine it is the county court in term time, or the judge thereof in vacation.
Then, the next, and only other real, question is, Was the defendant in office when the application to him was made by the petitioner? or in other words, had his resignation at that time become complete?
In his answer he states that he resigned on the 2d of April, 1891. But he does not stop there. He goes on to aver how, as he supposes, his resignation was effected. And the averment is that on that day he tendered his resignation, the receipt of which was acknowledged in writing by the clerk of the electoral board. It is not stated, however, that the resignation has ever been acted on by the hoard, either by formally accepting it, or by appointing a successor. He relies simply on the tender of the resignation and the acknowledgment of its receipt. The question, therefore, is, Hid that amount to a deposition of his office as registrar? After a careful consideration of the case we are of opinion that it did not.
At the present day,- in this country, when, as is commonly said, the man oftener seeks the office than the office the man, *693especially if it be an office- of honor and emolument, to question the proposition that a person in office may resign at pleasure, seems, at first blush, perhaps, a little strange, if not absurd. But be that as it may, in the absence of any controlling statute -on the subject, and we are aware of none,,such is not the law •of this case. The resignation of a public local office is by no means, in all cases, a matter of right. Such an office is ordinarily held, not at the will of either party, but at the will of both. And a registrar is not only a public officer, but one upon whom, in the administration -of the government, most important and essential duties are imposed. He is required, moreover, to take the same oath of office as is prescribed for •officers of the State generally. Code, sec. 76.
At common law to refuse to serve in a municipal office connected with local administration, when elected or appointed thereto, was a punishable offence, of which numerous illustrations are to be found in the books. Thus, in Rex v. Burder, 4 T. R,., 778, the defendant was indicted for that having been appointed to the office of overseer of the poor, he unlawfully refused to execute the office, and the indictment was sustained. So in Rex v. Lone, 2 Stra., 920, which was an indictment for not taking the office of constable, it was moved, after verdict, in arrest of judgment that the offence charged was not indictable. But the motion was overruled, and the conviction held good. The same principle was recognized in Rex v. Bower, 1 Barn. & C., 585. That was an application for a mandamus to compel the defendant to take upon himsetf the office of common councilman in the borough of Lancaster, and the defence was that by a by-law persons refusing to fill the ■office were subject to a certain fine, which the defendant had paid. But the return was held insufficient, as it did not state that the fine was to be in lieu of service. The court said: “ It is an offence at common law to refuse to serve an office when duly executed. The by-law in this case does not say that the party paying the fine shall be exempt from serving *694the office, or that the fine is to be in lieu of service. As that, is not declared in the by-law, we cannot say that the payment shall have any such operation.” A peremptory mandamus was accordingly awarded.
Whether, in view of the statute, now carried into section sixty-nine of the Code, which empowers the electoral board,, and makes it its duty, to declare vacant and to fill the office of any registrar who fails to qualify within thirty days after his appointment, an indictment would be sustainable in Virginia for a refusal to take the office of registrar, it is not necessary for the purposes of the present case to inquire; for here there has been no refusal to qualify, and the question is,, whether the defendant has legally resigned. In other words, the question is narrowed down by the record to this: Can a registrar resign at pleasure without any acceptance, express or implied, of the registration by the proper authority, to-wit, the electoral board of his city or county ?
That an office is vacated by resignation no one will deny. But. the question arises, what constitutes a resignation—i, e.,, a complete resignation ?
Bouvier in his Law Dictionary, after giving the definition of the term “ resignation,” adds these words: “As offices are held at the will of both parties, if the resignation of an officer be not accepted, he remains in office;” and for this he cites the case of Hoke v. Henderson, 4 Dev. (N. C.), 1. In that case the opinion, which is a very able one, was delivered by Chief Justice Ruffin, who, among other things, said :
“.An officer may certainly resign, but without acceptance his resignation is nothing, and he remains in office. It is not true that an office is held at the will of either party. It is held at the will of both. Generally resignations are accepted, and that has been so much a matter of course with respect to lucrative-offices as to have grown into common notion that to resign is a matter of right. But it is otherwise. The pub-, lie has a right to the services of all the citizens, and may de*695mand them in all civil departments as well as in the military. Hence there are on our statute-book several acts to compel men to serve in offices. Every man is obliged, upon a general principle, after entering upon office, to discharge the duties of it while he continues in office, and he cannot lay it down until' the public, or those to whom the authority is confided, are satisfied that the office is in a proper state to be left, and the officer is discharged. The obligation is therefore strictly mutual, and neither pai’ty can forcibly violate it.”
Judge Dillon, speaking of the. resignation of municipal officers, lays down the same doctrine. He says: “An office must be resigned either expressly, or by implication. If the charter 'prescribes the mode in which the resignation is to be made, that mode should of course be complied with. Acceptance by the corporation is, at common law, necessary to a consummation of the „ resignation, and until acceptance by proper authority, that tender or offer to resign is revocable.” 1 Dill. Munc. Corp., sec. 163.
We find this subject very fully and luminously discussed by Mr. Justice Bradley, in delivering the opinion of the court, in Edwards v. United States, 103 U. S., 471. That was an application for a mandamus against Edwards, as a township supervisor, in the State of Michigan, to have a judgment, previously recovered by the relator against the township, audited and paid. The defendant answered that he had resigned his office in a written communication addressed to the township board, a copy of which he exhibited with his answer. It did not appear, however, that the resignation had been acted on, and it was therefore held not complete. In the course of the opinion it was said :
“ As civil officers are appointed for the purpose of exercising the functions, and carrying on the operations of government, and maintaining public order, a political organization would seem to be imperfect which should allow the depositories of its power to throw off their responsibilities at their own pleas*696ure. This.certainly was not the doctrine of the common law. In England a person elected to a municipal office was obliged to accept it and perform its duties, and he subjected himself to a penalty by refusal. An office was regarded as a burden which the appointee was bound, in the interest of the community and of good government, to bear. And from this it followed of course that, after an office was conferred and assumed, it could not be laid down without the consent of the appointing power. This was required in order that the public interests might suffer no inconvenience for the want of public servants to execute the laws. This acceptance,” it was added, “ may be manifested either by a formal declaration, or by the appointment of a successor.”
The court then went into an examination of the Michigan statutes, including one which provides that every office shall become vacant by “ resignation,” and continued as follows: “But it is nowhere declared when a resignation shall become complete. This is left to be determined upon general principle. And in view of the manifest spirit and interest of the laws above cited, it seems to us apparent that the common law requirement, namely, that a resignation must be accepted before it can be regarded as complete, was not intended to be abrogated. To hold it to be abrogated would enable every office-holder to throw off his official character at will, and leave the community unprotected. We do not think that this was the intent of the law.”
Many other authorities to the same effect might be cited, but we deem a citation of them unnecessary.
On the other hand, the defendant relies upon several cases, the first of which is Amy v. Watertown, 130 U. S., 301. But that case, as the court said in its opinion, is clearly distinguishable from the Edwards Case and other cases of that class. That, was an action against the city of Watertown, and the principal question was whether process in the action had been duly served. The charter of the city required service in such *697cases to be bad on the mayor, and also provided that “ the resignation of the mayor shall be in writing, directed to the common council or city clerk, and filed with the clerk, and shall take effect at the time of filing the same.” The mayor resigned, before the commencement of the action, by complying with this provision, and it was held that his resignation became complete upon being filed, and consequently that there had been no valid service of process. It would be an idle waste of time to say more to show that that case is no authority for the position taken by the defendant in the present case.
The next case is United States v. Wright, 1 McLean, 509, which was a nisi prius decision of Mr. Justice McLean, and in which the resignation of a United States revenue officer was a subject of consideration. In the opinion it was said : “ There can be no doubt that a civil officer has a right to resign his office at pleasure, and it is not in the power of the executive to compel him to remain in office.” This is certainly a very broad statement of the doctrine, and, if correct, as a universal proposition, would be decisive of the present case. But of that case we need only say (1) that it was virtually overruled by the supreme court in the Edwards Case; and (2) that the doctrine there announced has no application to officers who are chosen to carry on local government. Such was the comment upon the case by the supreme court of New Jersey in State v. Ferguson, 31 N. J. L., 107, which remark was quoted with approval in the Edwards Case.
And the same comment may be made with equal propriety upon Bunting v. Willis, 27 Gratt., 144, which was decided before the Edwards Case, and in which Moncure, P., referring to the resignation by the plaintiff in error of the office of U. S. deputy collector of customs, observed, in language very similar to that of Mr. Justice McLean in the Wright Case, that “ he had a right to resign his federal office, and that such right does not depend upon the consent or acceptance of the government.” It is' observable, moreover, that notwithstanding this *698broad, language, the decision of the case, if we correctly understand it, proceeded on the ground that not until acceptance did the resignation become complete.
That was the case of the election of a person, holding a federal office at the time, to the office of sheriff for the term commencing on the 1st of July then next ensuing. He tendered his resignation of the former office on the 19th of June, to take effect on the 30th. On the first day of July he performed an official act as deputy collector, by completing the clearance of a vessel, and on the next day he was relieved and the office turned over to another, which was the first manifestation of an acceptance of the resignation ; and this court held that not until then did he cease to hold the office. Although the resignation was tendered to take effect on the 30th of June, said the court, “ it was not accepted until after that time.” It was consequently held that by continuing in the federal office after the 1st of July, the office of sheriff was vacated.
It is obvious, to say the least, that the case is not an authority against the views we have expressed.
In Pace v. People, 50 Ill., also relied upon, which was the case of the resignation of a school superintendent, there was, in fact, an acceptance of the resignation, and therefore, as the court held, the same became complete upon its being tendered.
In People v. Porter, 6 Cal., 26, it was decided by a divided court, and chiefly on the authority of the case in 1 McLean, that the resignation of an office is effectual without acceptance, and following those cases is State v. Fitts, 49 Ala., 402. To the same effect, also, is State v. Hauss, 43 Ind., 105. We have examined these cases, and are unable to yield our assent to them. They do not, in our opinion, state correctly the true principle of the common law, and are, moreover, in conflict with the great weight of authority, as we think we have already shown.
Our conclusion, therefore, is that there has not been such a complete resignation on the part of the defendant as to amount *699to a deposition of his office of registrar, and that a mandamus must be awarded as prayed for in the petition.