(concurring), said:
The bill was filed in this ease by the appellant against the appellee company, the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad Company, to restrain it from laying or using any railroad track on that part of Crawford street, in the city of Portsmouth, which is in front of his lot of land and between his residence, situated on said lot and the middle of the street. Upon this bill the honorable judge of the circuit court, for the said city, endorsed his refusal, as follows : “ I have examined this case with all the care I could give it, and appreciating its great importance have reflected long and seriously upon it, without being able to satisfy myself that it is a proper case for an injunction. Having thus reflected, and being very doubtful whether it is or not (inclining to the opinion that it is not), I must refuse the injunction prayed for.” J ulv 28th, 1890.
Whereupon, application was made to one of the judges of this court, by whom, on the 31st of July, the injunction was awarded in accordance with the prayer of the plaintiff’s bill. The defendant company answered, denying the plaintiff’s right to any part of the street in question, and alleging the permission of the common council of the said city, and a great necessity for the proposed extension of its line on Crawford street. Depositions of witnesses were taken, and on the 12th day of September, 1890, the cause coming on to be heard in the said circuit court of Portsmouth, the decree appealed from was rendered, dissolving the injunction awarded herein on the 31st. day of July, 1890; and the appellant appealed to this court.
The appellant is the owner of the lot in question, situated on Crawford street, and claims that his ownership extends to the centre of the street, subject only to the easement of the public in the street for the purposes of ordinary travel.
The appellee company contends that the fee of the street is in the city of Portsmouth and not in the appellant, and that the appellant is the owner to the street and no farther. That *661tlie city of Portsmouth is a statutory town; was laid off' by its founder, "William Crawford, in 1752, who laid out a parcel of land on the south side of Elizabeth river, opposite to the town of Eorfolk, one hundred and twenty-two lots, commodious streets, places for a court-house, market, and public landings, for a town by the name of Portsmouth, and made sale of most of the lots, and that the colonial legislature in that year enacted an act declaring that the said piece or parcel of land be, and is, hereby constituted, appointed, erected, and established a town in the manner as already laid out by said William Crawford in lots and streets, to be called by and retain the name of Portsmouth; and at- the same time fled with the clerk, in the clerk’s office, a plat and survey on which the said lot and street were shown, and that the dedication of the said street being a statutory dedication, that there is no foundation for the plaintiff’s claim that he owns to the centre of the street by reason of these transactions. The street being thus dedicated by the owner of the land to the public for a highway, and the same accepted by the public as" such, what rights did the public acquire in the said highway as against the owner of the adjoining land? and what remained in the said owner of the adjacent land and passed by his deed to the same to his vendee ?
It is a general principle of the common law, well established in England, and illustrated and enforced by the American decisions, that the. property of the highway is in the owner of the soil, subject to an easement, for the benefit of the public. It is said, in repeated decisions, that the highway is a passage that'is open to all the king’s subjects.
The interest of the public in a highway consisting solely in the right of passage, the soil and freehold over which that right, of way is exercised, may be and generally is vested in a private owner, who may maintain an action against persons who infringe liis rights therein, as, for inctance, by permitting cattle' to depredate there, or by hunting thereon. And it was held that the general prana facie presumption of law is that *662the freehold of the road usque ad medium jilum vice, is in the proprietors of land on either side. “ This presumption,” said Cockburn, C. J., in the case of Holmes v. Billingham, 7 C. B. N. S. 329, “is allowed to prevail upon grounds of public convenience, and to prevent disputes as to the precise boundaries of property, and is based upon this supposition, which may be more or less founded in fact, but which has at all events been adopted, that when the road was originally formed, the proprietors on either side each’ contributed a portion of his land for the purpose.” And the right of passage over a highway by the public is defined as an easement, which is a liberty, privilege or advantage in land without profit, existing distinct from an ownership of the soil. A highway may be created by legislative authority exercised either directly or through a municipal corporation, authorized by its charter to open streets, or through general road laws which exist in most states, empowering justices or county courts to act upon the petition of the inhabitants, or it may arise from a dedication by the owner; and a dedication is defined to be the act of devoting or giving property for some proper object and in such manner as to conclude the owner. Thus, if one owning land exhibit a map of it on which a street is defined, though not as yet opened, and building lots be sold by him with reference to a front or rear on that street, or lots be conveyed being described as by streets, this is an immediate dedication of that street, and the purchasers of lots have a right to have that street thrown open, and this right is not limited to the single street on which such lots may bo situated.
If the owner of land lays out and establishes a town, and makes and exhibits a plan of the town with various plots of spare ground, such as streets, alleys, quays, &c., and sells the lots with clear reference to that plan, the purchasers of lots acquire as appurtenant to their lots every easement, privilege, and advantage which the plan represents as belonging to them as a part of the town, or to their owners as citizens of the town; *663and the right thus passing to them is not the mere right that such purchasers may use these streets or other public places according to their appropriate purposes, but a light vesting in the purchasers, that all persons whatever, as their occasion may require or invite, may so use them, and that they shall be forever open to the use of the public, free from all claim or interference of the proprietor inconsistent with such use.
The highway is, generally speaking, nothing but an easement comprehending merely the right of all the individuals in a community to pass and repass with the incidental right of the public to repair. This'easement does not comprehend any interest in the soil, nor give the public the legal possession of it. The right of freehold is not touched by establishing a highway, but continues in the original owner of the land in the same manner it was before the highway was established, subject to the easement. The public has the right to pass and repass, and to repair, and anything which obstructs the use of the way, is a public nuisance. Subject to this easement, the exclusive ownership of the soil, the freehold and all the profits remain in him who owned the ground before the highway was laid out over it; and he may maintain trespass or waste or recover possession subject to the easement. The herbage belongs exclusively to the owner of the soil, and he may maintain trespass against one who puts his cattle in the highway to graze, or against one who places obstructions there, or who, instead of passing along it, remains standing there, as a strolling musician, refusing to depart. The tact that the street, dedicated to public use, is within an incorporated city, makes no difference as to the ownership of the soil. The title remains in the owner; and except where there has been a regular conveyance or legislative transfer, is never in the corporation.
These principles are Avell settled in most of the states of this Union, and in none more firmly than in Virginia. See the case of Derastin v. Payne, 2 Smith’s Lead. Cas., p. 142, and the *664authorities there cited, among them the case of Bolling v. City of Petersburg, 3 Rand. 563. In that case it was held that a publ-ic highway only vests in the commonwealth a right of passage; but the freehold and the profits (such as trees upon it and mines under it) belong to the owner of the soil, who has the right to all remedies for the freehold, subject, however, to the easement.
In Warwick & Barksdale v. Mayo, Mayor, 15 Gratt. 545, it is said: The easement comprehends no interest in the soil. The right of freehold is not touched by establishing a highway, but continues in the original owner of the laud in the same manner it was before the highway was established, subject to the easement. The dedication or laying out of a street within a corporation does not affect the ownership of the soil, and however enlarged the easement may be when within the limits of a corporation, in order to the beneficial use of it, and to effect the purposes intended when the easement was created, subject to such use, whether enlarged or’ limited, the title remains in the owner. In the case of Petersburg R. R. Co. v. Benton, reported in 5th Va. L. J., 460, which is one of the best-considered cases I have seen on this subject, it is held bjr the special Court of Appeals of Virginia, opinion by Judge McLaughlin, “ that from a careful review of all the authorities upon this question, that the preponderance is strongly in favor of the doctrine that when a railroad company invades the streets of a city or town, even with the permission of the authorities of the city or town, and the fee simple to the street remains in the adjoining lot, owners and the proprietors of said lots sustain special damage for such invasion, as in this case, they are entitled to recover therefor, and that this doctrine is sustained by reason as well as authority. It can hardly be supposed that when a lot-holder dedicated a part of his lot to a public street to be used as a public highway, he contemplated that it would be occupied and used by a railroad company for its track, thus interfering with the loading and unloading of vehicles; imped*665ing free access across the street, and endangering the building by passing engines and imperiling the lives of those who sought to use the street for the purposes originally contemplated,” citing Williams v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 16 N. Y. 97, where it was held that the dedication of land to the use of the public as a highway, does not preclude the owner of the fee, subject to the public easement from maintaining an action against a railroad company, which, without his consent or an appraisal of his damages, enters upon and occupies such highway with the track of its road, and holding that such an appropriation of the highway by the railroad company is the imposition of an additional burden upon and taking of the property of the owner of the fee within the meaning of the constitutional provision which forbids such taking without additional compensation, and that the.company can derive, thei’efore, no title under the acts of the legislature, and the license or consent to a use inconsistent- with the public easement of municipal or other authorities who represent the public as to such right, without the consent of the owner of the fee or the appraisal and payment, of his damages in the mode prescribed by law. People v. Law, 34 Barb. 502; Yates v. Ohio & M. R. R. Co., 7 Porter (Ind.) 497; Haynes v. Thomas, Id. 38; Knox v. The Mayor, 55 Barb. 405; Heath v. Burnam, 48 Barb. 498; Troy Union Railroad v. Wager, 25 N. Y. 532.
In Mott v. Mott, 68 N. Y. R. 247, it is said: “ Where lands are granted bounded upon a highway or stream not navigable, unless by the terms of the grant or by necessary implication, the highway or bed of a stream are excluded, a title will pass to the centre of the highway or stream. The reason is obvious. Ordinarily, in a conveyance of that kind, there is no purpose to be served in the retention by the grantor of a narrow strip of land along the boundaries of the land conveyed, and between it and the lands of other properties, or in the bed of a stream; and the intent to grant to them will be presumed, therefore, by a conveyance of the adjacent lands hounded by *666or upon or along sucli highway or stream, or other equivalent phrase. It depends upon the intent of the parties to bo gathered from the description of the premises, read in connection with other parts of the deed, and by reference to the situation of the lands and the condition and relation of the parties to those and other lands in the vicinity, whether the grant extends-to the centre of the road or stream. This is the recognized rule of interpretation, and it is a question of interpretation and intent. Seneca Indians v. Knight, 23 N. Y. 498; Bissell v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., Id. 61. In the last-named case, which was a case where lots were designated and conveyed by numbers, according to plan showing streets and lots, it -was held, as between grantor and grantee, the conveyance of a lot bounded upon a street in a city carries the land to the centre of the street. There is no distinction in this respect between streets in a city and county highwayssaying further: “If the rule of construction in regard to such grants is not to be considered as settled in this state, I am inclined to hold that the inference of law is that such a conveyance carries with it the fee to the centre of the street as a part or parcel of the grant. There is-no more reason, it seems to me, to infer an intention in the grantor to withhold his interest in or title to the land covered by the street, after parting with all his right and title to the adjoining land, than there is in a case of a deed bounded by a public highway. I have not been able to discover any reason which can be given in one case which is not equally applicable to the other.”
In Perrin v. New York Central Railroad Company, 36 N. Y. 120, it was held, where town lots are sold and described only by numbers on the recorded map, by which they appear to be. bounded by the centre of the street or highway, such lots are to be bounded by the centre of the street.
Mr. Minor says that the public acquires merely a right of passage. The freehold, and all profits of the soil, belong still to the proprietor from whom the right of passage was acquired-*667He may. therefore, recover the freehold in ejectment, subject to the right of way, and may maintain an action of trespass for digging the ground. If it he unknown from which of two adjacent proprietors a highway was at first taken, or if the highway be the boundary between them, they are understood to own each ad medium Jilum cite. Bac. Abr. (B.), Home v. Richards, 4 Call, 441; Harris v. Elliott, 10 Pet. 25.
At common law, as we have said, a highway is simply an easement or servitude, carrying with it, as its incidents, the right to. use the soil for the purposes of repair and improvement, and in cities for the more general purposes of sewerage, the distribution of light and water, and the furtherance of public morality, health, trade and convenience. The owner of the land over which the highway passes retains the fee and all rights of property not incompatible with the public enjoyment, and whenever the highway is abandoned or lost, recovers his original unincumbered dominion. He may sell the land, subject to the easement; and a deed of land reserving only the highway through the said farm conveys the .land subject only to the easement. Rolle Abr. 392; Comyn's Dig., tit. Chimin, (A. 2); Lade v. Shephard, 2 Str. 1004; Goodtitle v. Alker, 1 Burr. 133; Grose v. West, 7 Taunt. 39; Coke v. Green, 11 Price 736; Doe of Pring v. Pearsey, 7 B. & C. 304; Cro. Jue, 190; 4 Bacon’s Abr. 668; Meynell v. Surtecs, 31 Eng. Law and Eq. 485.
“ The owner of the soil/' said Foster, J., in Goodtitle v. Alker, supra, “ has a right to all above and under ground, except only the right of passage for the king and his people ; ” and Mansfield, J., in the same case, quoting from Bolle’s Abridgment, remarked, “ that the king has nothing hut the passage for himself and his people ; hut the freehold and all the profits belong to the owner of the soil; so do all the trees upon it, and mines under it, which maybe extremely valuable. The owner may carry water in pipes under it. There is no reason why he should not have a right to all remedies for the *668freehold, subject still, indeed, to the servitude or easement. An assize would lie if he should be disseized of it; an action of trespass would lie for an injury'done to it. It is equally true, as has been illustrated by many cited cases going before, that the principles of the common law in this respect have been recognized and adopted by the American courts, and may be found distinctly stated by the text-writers. Chancellor Kent says (3 Kent. Comm., p. 433): “ The established inference of law is that a conveyance of land bounded on a public highway carries with it the fee to the centre of the road as part and parcel of the grant. The idea of an intention in a grantor to withhold his interest in a road to the middle of it, after parting with all his right and title to the adjoining land is never to be presumed. It would be contrary to universal practice ; and it was said in Peck v. Smith, 1 Conn. 127, that there was no instance where the fee of a highway, as distinct from the adjoining land, was ever retained by the vendor. It would require an express declaration, or something equivalent thereto to sustain such an inference, and it may be considered as a general rule that a grant of land bounded upon a highway or river, carries the fee’ in a highway or river to the centre of it; provided the grantor at the time owned to the centre, and there be no words or specific description to show a contrary intent. The soil under the highway if it passes at all, passes as parcel of the land, and not as appurtenant.” The language of Parsons, C. J., in Perley v. Chandler, 6 Mass. 454, is an exact statement of these principles.
“ By the location of a way over the land of any person, the public have acquired an easement, which the owner of the land cannot lawfully extinguish or unreasonably interrupt; but the soil and freehold remain in the owner, although encumbered with a way, and every use to which the land may be applied; and all the profits which may be derived from it consistently with the continuance of the easement the owner can lawfully claim. He may maintain ejectment for the land thus *669encumbered; and if the way be discontinued, he shall hold the land free from the encumbrance.”
We have considered some of the Virginia cases, to which may be added the recent case of the Western Union Telegraph Company v. Williams, 86 Va. 696, and the authorities there cited, in which case it is said : “ It is obvious, and is so held in many cases, that the construction of a railroad upon a highway is an additional servitude upon the land for which the owner is entitled to additional compensation,” citing Cooley Const., Lim. 548; Ford v. Railroad Co., 14 Wis. 616; Pomeroy v. Railroad Co., 16 Wis. 640; Imlay v. Railway Co., 26 Conn. 255; Nicholson v. Railroad Co., 22 Conn. 85; Railroad Co. v. Steiner, 44 Ga. 546, and numerous other cases.
Lewis on Eminent Domain, § 113.
Dillons M. Corp., §§ 703, 704, 704a and notes. Angelí on Highways, 366, 388, where it is said : “ It may be stated as the fair conclusion from the authorities, that a grant of land, described as hounded generally, ‘ by5 or 1 on ’ or ‘ along ’ a highway, carries the fee to the centre of the highway, if the grantor owned so far.”
It is therefore clear that the soil of the street in question dedicated in the manner already stated, is the property of the appellant. It is equally well settled by the authorities, we have already cited that this private property cannot be taken for public; uses except upon just compensation. Western Union Telegraph Company v. Williams, supra; Art. 5, § 14 Const. of Va.
To establish a railroad upon the land is to impose an additional servitude thereon, and is a taking within the meaning of the constitution.
To take the whole subject, the land in fee, is a taking. This, however, is the meaning of the term only in a limited and in the narrowest sense of the term.
The constitutional provision which declares that property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation, was intended to establish this principle beyond legislative con*670trol, and it is not necessary that property shall be absolutely taken, in the sense of completely taking to bring the case within the protection of the constitutional provision referred to. See opinion of Justice Miller, in Pampelly v. Green Bay Co, 13 Wall. 166. The property in this case taken, .was taken without any compensation whatever, as in the- case of Western Union Telegraph Company v. Williams, supra. And the taking is,sought to be justified, as in that case, by an act of the legislature. Private property can only be taken against the consent of the owner, by the exercise of the power of eminent domain, and then upon making just compensation. The entry upon the street in this case by the railroad is sought to be justified by the section 1093 of the Code of Virginia, which is relied on to give the right. That section provides that “ no company shall cross or occupy with its works the streets or alleys, public or private of any city, or town, without the assent of the corporate authorities thereof, unless such assent be dispensed with by special provision of law; and in ease any lot or lots along the line of such streets or alleys, shall by such occupation or crossing, be impaired in value, such company shall before crossing or occupying such streets or alleys, make compensation therefor to the owner of the same, said compensation, if the parties cannot agree upon the same, to be ascertained in the mode prescribed by law.”
The assent of the town authorities was obtained in this case, but no compensation was paid or tendered to the plaintiff', who claims that his property was not only impaired in value to some degree, but well nigh destroyed by the proposed taking. That his lot is his place of residence in the residential part of the city; that his dwelling-house is situated thereon, which is the home of himself and his family, and that it is only valuable as a place of residence, and is not at all adapted to commercial purposes; and it. is claimed in his bill that the appellee company is about to lay a double track of rails on this street for a great distance, running in front of his house, which is situated *671within sixty feet of the centre of the street, over which the •said company, which controls a great system of railroads, and carries for profit enormous quantities of freight along this street over these tracks; that the consequence will, and necessarily must., be that day and night its engines, cars and trains will be kept constantly moving backward and forward on the double track which it is constructing; that the constant jar and noise of its moving engines and trains, the puffing and whistling of its engines, the ringing of bells, the emission of smoke and the clamor and confusion incident to the use of said tracks by said company will destroy his dwelling-house as a place of residence, and thus do him irreparable injury; and the facts appearing justify this apprehension.
He cites for his protection against this invasion of his home section 1072 of the Code of Virginia, which provides, among other things, as follows: “ Xor shall a company, under any provision of this chapter (chapter 44, as to corporations generally), invade the dwelling-house of any person, or any space within sixty feet thereof, without the consent of the owner thereof.” It is admitted that no compensation has been made to the appellant for the impairment of the value of his property, incident to this proceeding; that his house is within sixty feet of the tracks so laid dowm near him, for they have been laid down between the 28th of July, v'hen the circuit court refused the injunction asked for by the plaintiff:', and the 81st of the same month, when it was granted by one of the judges of this court; and that this was done without his consent and against his protest, as the record shows'; that when the injunction was refused on the 28th of July, he gave notice in writing to the appellee company that he would apply to one of the judges of this court for the injunction 'which the circuit court had refused, as is provided by law in such case.
But it is insisted that under the leave granted by section 1093 of the Code of Virginia, siq)ra, the appellee company was authorized to come upon the said street, and therefore neces*672sRrily within sixty feet, as the street is not wide enough to go there without infringing the provision as to the sixty feet; and that the compensation can be now paid, when properly assessed; that the two sections in such case cannot stand together, and the provision as to the sixty feet cannot therefore apply. But this is very illogical. It might, with ecpial force at least, be argued that the section 1093 did not apply, as it could not consist with section 1072. But the section 1093 provides for this, and, by its terms, dominates all other sections of chapter 44 of the Code. The law is, as enacted in section 1072: “ Xor shall a company, under any provision, of this chapter, invade the dwelling-house of any person, or any' space within sixty feet thereof.” The learned counsel for the appellant argues that every section of chapter 44 must be read with this proviso added: “ Nov shall a company, under any provision of this chapter invade.” What does this mean, if it does not mean this, I do not perceive. And I think this argument is correct. Whatever is granted in any section of this chapter is granted with this limitation upon its provisions, to-wit: “ but under this section a company shall not invade the dwelling-house of any person, or a space within sixty' feet thereof.” I do not see how it can mean anything else. This is not an unreasonable construction of this chapter, but gives force and effect to every provision in it as it is written..
We have little to do with the wisdom of the law in throwing this line around every domicile in the land; that is a question for the legislature.
But when the power of the sovereign state is placed in the the hands of corporations to go and take the private property of others everywhere without their consent, it appears to me a just and salutary check upon the large powers granted, and a modest reservation made by the governing power of the place called “ the home.” It is also admitted that this aj>pellee company has already a track through this city to its wharves, unquestioned; and it is evident that if they need a shifting *673yard, it can be condemned outside of this city without an infraction of section 1072, siqrra.
The only remaining question to be considered is whether an injunction was the proper mode to proceed to prevent the irreparable mischief threatened; and about that I think there is no doubt whatever, unless the plaintiff could be expected to wait upon the slow processes of the courts of law while his property Avas being destroyed; for to the healthy resident, under the stated circumstances, the situation Avould be simply intolerable, and the most robust health Avould fail under such surroundings. And Avhat should be said of the sick man ? A residence in such a locality, thus surrounded, Avould Avell-nigh be impracticable.
The plaintiff was clearly entitled to an injunction. See High on Injunctions, sections 392, 408; Lewis on Eminent Domain, sections 631, 632, and authorities cited; Manchester Cotton Mills v. Manchester, opinion of Staples, J., and authorities there cited; Norfolk & Western R. R. Co. v. Smoot, 81 Va., and section 1081 of the Code of Virginia are not in conflict. This case is not like that case. There the railroad authorities Avere not exceeding their authority; here they plainly are.
For the foregoing reasons Ave are of opinion to reA'erse the decree complained of and appealed from here, and to render hero such decree as the said circuit court ought to have rendered, and to perpetuate the injunction awarded in this case on the 31st day of July, 1890.
Leavis, P. and Richardson, J , dissented.
Degree rbatersed.