delivered the opinion of the court.
We are called upon in these cases to construe the will of James H. Croft, dated January 8, 1891 and probated on the 25th of June of that year. He gives to his daughter Mary Louise Dezendorf certain property “to have for her sole and separate use during her life, and at her death to be equally divided among her children, to he for their sole use and benefit.”
By the fifth clause of the will, it is provided that “none of the property above devised shall he conveyed or encumbered by my said daughters; and in the event of said daughters, or any or either of them, departing this life before their respective children shall arrive at the age of twenty-one years, the land devised *475to the daughter so dying shall not be divided until her youngest, child arrives at age of twenty-one years, and during the time between the death of my daughter, and the time at which her youngest child attains the age of twenty-one years, it shall be the duty of any executor to collect the rent from said property and divide it equally among her children.”
DezendoaT aaad his wife uxaited in several deeds of trust by which they coaaveyed the property derived froan her father, and the reaats, issues and profits received from it, in trust to seciare certain debts. Other creditors brought suit and recovered judgments against her, and as to still a third class of creditors judgments were confessed by her in their favor. Humphreys & Son obtained a judgment against John F. Dezeaidorf and Mary Loaoise Dezendorf in the Circuit Court of the city of Uorfolk, and filed their bill in the Law and Chancery Court of that city for the paarpose of enforcing it. In their bill they allege that it is a second lien oaa cea’tain real estate of Mary L. Dezendorf, in the city of isTorfolk. Dezendorf and his wife and a number of creditors were añade parties defendant. The cause was referred to a coanmissioaaer, who reported the liens binding upoai the property sought to be subjected, their character, aonounts, and priorities. To this report exceptions were taken, and the Law and Chancery Court entered a deci’ee holding that Mrs. Dezeaidorf had, under her father’s will, no power by her voluntary act to charge the property which she held under his will; that the deeds of trust which she together with her husband had execaited upon it, aaad the judgmeaats which she had voluntarily cooofessed, came within the 5th clause of the will, which prohibited her to convey or encumber it, and were therefore moll and void. The Law and Chancery Court, however, took a different view as to the judgments obtained in due course of judicial procedure. It seems to have regarded the limitation upon the power of Mrs. Dezendorf over her separate estate as extending" only to conveyances and encumbrances voluntarily executed by *476her, and not to such as might be obtained against her by a resort upon the part of her creditors to the courts .of the country.
The first question for us to consider is what is the character of the estate taken by Mrs. Dezendorf under her father’s will? Is it a statutory separate estate as to which her power is to be measured by chapter 103 of the Oode, or is it an equitable separate estate as to which her power is to be ascertained by reference to the instrument which created it?
By section 2294 of the Oode, ch. 103, it is provided that “nothing contained in the preceding sections of this chapter shall be construed to prevent the creation of equitable separate estates. Such estates shall not be deemed to be within the operation of the said sections, but they shall be held according to the provisions of the respective settlements thereof, and shall be ■subject to and governed by the rules and principles of equity applicable to such estates.”
Section 2284 declares of what the separate estate of a married woman shall hereafter consist, but it does not undertake to draw the line which divides the equitable from that which, in default ■of a better term, has been designated the “statutory separate estate.” All interests, estates, and property rights of every •description which come to a married woman from whatever ■sources are, with exceptions which need not here be noted, to be held and enjoyed as her separate estate. That which, prior to-the passage of the “Married "Woman’s Act,” was held by her as separate estate, retains that character, and her power over it, and with respect to it, is measured and controlled by the provisions ■of the settlement by which it was created, and is “governed by the rules and principles applicable to such estate.” Sec. 2294.
In Miller v. Miller, 92 Va. 510, this court was called upon to construe a deed by which a testator conveyed to his daughter, 'Sarah J. Miller, a tract of land “to have and to hold to her only use and behoof.” Judge Biely, delivering the opinion of the •court, held the language to be sufficient to create an equitable separate estate, and said “that being made to her while a married *477woman and expressed to be for her only use and behoof * * * the words annexed to the gift clearly manifest an intention to exclude the rights of her husband, and created in her an equitable separate estate in fee.” It was objected in that case, as in this, that the land was conveyed directly to the beneficiaries without the intervention of a trustee, but that was held to make no difference in the result; “for it is a fundamental maxim, of equity that a trust shall never fail for the want of a trustee.” “Although the wife’s separate estate is an equitable one, being in conception of equity a trust estate with the legal and equitable titles separated; and although in'strict theory, and in every regular form of settlement, the legal title should be conveyed to or held by express trustees, yet it is well settled, whatever doubts may have once existed, that the interposition of actual trustees is unnecessary.” 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., sec. 1100.
We cannot doubt, therefore, that the language employed in the will of J. ET. Croft creates an equitable separate estate in his daughter Mary L. Dezendorf, and that, in order to ascertain the extent of her power to charge it, resort must be had to his will.. The decisions in this State establish the principle that a married woman may charge her separate estate by her general engagements unless the instrument which creates it imposes some restriction upon her power to do so; and secondly, that a restriction or limitation upon her power may be created not only by express language, but may be implied from the whole instrument. A court, therefore, dealing with a separate estate, must ascertain and measure the power which the married woman can exert over it. It must act within the limit prescribed to her by the instrument under which she holds her separate estate. If she cannot convey or encumber it, neither can she by any general engagement fasten upon her property an inchoate charge which may by her voluntary act, or through the instrumentality of the courts in the ordinary discharge of their functions, be elevated into a lien or encumbrance. The law which limits the power of the beneficiary over the subject has at the same time circumscribed *478the power which can be exerted by the courts. Indeed, until recently, there was room for the contention that a married woman uniting with her husband could by her voluntary act ■devote the corpus of her real estate to the payment of her debts while the courts could only subject its rents, issues, and profits.
After a careful review of the authorities, the law was settled otherwise in the case of Price v. Planters National Bank, 92 Va. 468. By that decision the power of the court was ascertained to be co-extensive with that of the parties themselves, but there is no case in which the courts in dealing with an equitable separate estate have undertaken to exercise a power over it greater than that conferred upon the married woman by the instrument creating it. The restraint upon the one.is equally a limitation upon the other.
Mor do we think it is an answer to say that the deeds of trust in this case, or some of them, undertook to convey only the rents, issues, and profits, and did not convey or encumber the life estate of Mrs. Dezendorf in the property itself. Such a construction would sacrifice the substance to the shadow.
"We are of opinion that the will created an equitable separate •estate in Mrs. Dezendorf: that the fifth clause of the will, by which she is prohibited to convey or encumber it, operates as a restraint upon her power to charge it by her general engagements, for they would be wholly unproductive unless she could by her voluntary act devote her property to their satisfaction by • conveying or encumbering it, or unless the creditors could, by ■resort to the courts, accomplish the same result by its sale or sequestration; and, as we have seen, the courts can have no greater power over the subject than is conferred upon the married woman by the instrument under which she holds it.
It follows, therefore, that there is no error in so much of the ■decree complained of as denies the right of the creditors of Mrs. Dezendorf to subject her separate estate by virtue of the several deeds executed by her, and the judgments voluntarily confessed; *479but there is error in subjecting the separate estate to the liens of judgments obtained against her in the ordinary course of judicial procedure, and for this the decree must be reversed.
Reversed in part.