delivered the opinion of the court.
Gilligan was indicted in the County Court of Isle of Wight for the murder of C. P. Turner, was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for the term of eighteen years.
The case presents some unusual features. Ko bill of exception was taken during the trial, and there is, therefore, no record of the rulings of the court upon the admission of testimony, upon the instructions to the jury, nor of the evidence introduced upon the trial.
After the prisoner had been conveyed to the penitentiary, a transcript was obtained of the record as it appears upon the order book of the County Court of Isle of Wight county, and upon that transcript a writ of error was awarded, and the case is now before us.
Upon his arraignment in the County Court, the prisoner *818•demanded to be tried in the Circuit Court, which motion was refused, and this aletion of the court constitutes one of the assignments of errors before us.
The ruling complained of was clearly right. By acts of 1893-’4, page 270, section 4016 of the Code was amended. The provision under which indictments for felonies punishable by death which had theretofore been removed, upon motion of the prisoner, to the circuit courts was omitted, and the county courts were clothed, except where otherwise provided, with exclusive original jurisdiction for the trial of all presentments, indictments, and informations for offences committed in their respective counties.
The contention of the prisoner’s counsel is that, by an act passed during the session of 1891-’2 (Acts 1891-’2, p. 973), which was not amended by the amendment to sec. 4016 just referred to, the right to remove the case to the circuit court was preserved. In this view we cannot concur. The act of 1891-’2 merely provides that the right of removal, which at that time undoubtedly existed, was to 'be exercised by the prisoner before a motion for a continuance was made by him, and not thereafter. The reason for the enactment of this statute is obvious. The right of removal had 'been resorted to as a means of delaying the administration of justice. The prisoner would defer making a demand which divested the jurisdiction of the County Court until all preparation had been made for his trial, and then defeat this preparation 'by removing the case to the Circuit Court. It cannot be doubted that the Circuit Court, when it took jurisdiction of a case removed to it from the County Court, received and tried it under its original jurisdiction, and section 4016 as amended'by the Acts of 1893-’4 expressly declares that county courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction of such a case as that under consideration. The act of 1891-’2 could not, standing alone, have conferred the right of removal, and, if it did, *819then being inconsistent with the more recent act of 1893-’4, it must perish. The two cannot stand together.
This view of the law renders it unnecessary to consider the -effect of an act passed at the session of the General Assembly of 1899-1900.
The next assignment of error arises upon the record of the proceedings in the County Court of June 23, 1900, which is as follows:
“A. O. Gilligan, who stands indicted of murder, was again led to the bar in the custody of the sheriff of this county, and the jury which has 'been empanelled and sworn for his trial, •and adjourned on yesterday, appeared in court according to their adjournment, and, having heard in full the argument of counsel, retired to their room to consult of their verdict as follows, to-wit: ‘ We, the jury, find the prisoner, A. C. Gilligan, guilty of murder in the second degree as charged in the within indictment; and ascertain his term of imprisonment to be •eighteen (18) years in the penitentiary;’ whereupon the ¡prisoner, by his counsel, moved the court not to proceed to judgment upon the verdict aforesaid, and further moved the court to have the verdict of the jury set aside as contrary to the law and the evidence, and grant the prisoner a new trial, which said motions were continued until to-morrow morning at ten o’clock. And the prisoner, A. C. Gilligan, was again remanded to jail.”
The contention of the prisoner is, first, that a verdict upon an indictment for a felony must be rendered by the jury in open ■court in the presence of the prisoner, and received and recorded by the court; that these essential facts must appear from an inspection of the record, and no intendment will supply their omission, or the omission of any one of them; that the maxim omnia praesumuntur rite et sohmniter esse acta has no application to records made in trials for felony, and that courts cannot resort to any presumption to supply the omission from the record of that which should appear by the record.
*820To all this we give an unqualified assent. The queston remains, what does the record before us establish?
It is earnestly argued that the extract which we have above quoted does not show that the verdict was rendered in open court; that all the averments of the record may be true, and yet that the verdict may not have been agreed upon by all of the jurors, and that it may have been rendered elsewhere than in the presence of the court and the prisoner. Reliance is placed in support of this position upon the case of Commonwealth v. Cawood, 2 Va. Cas. 527. In that case Benjamin Cawood was put upon his trial for a felony in the county of Washington. The trial was greatly protracted, and on the 8th and last day of the eonrt the jury retired to consult of their verdict, and after some time returned and declared that they could not agree. Thereupon tibe jury was discharged, and the case was continued until the next term. At the next term of the court, when the prisoner was again led to the bar, he prayed that the venue for his trial might he changed to some other county, and thereupon it was-removed to the Circuit Court of Wythe. When put to the bar for trial in Wythe county, the prisoner moved that be be ‘‘discharged from imprisonment because it does not appear by the record that the indictment against him was found by the grand jury.” Thereupon, under the practice that existed at that time, the question presented being one of n'ovelty was, with the consent of the prisoner, adjourned to the General Court to say:
“1. What is the legal effect of au omission, on the part of the' Clerk of the Circuit Court of Washington, to enter on the order-book that the grand jury at the last April term of that court had found an indictment against Benjamin Cawood, David' Prator, and Mary Prator, ‘A True Bill? ’
“2. Can such an omission be supplied by resorting to the paper purporting to he an indictmentt, copied into the record *821by the Clerk, and the endorsement thereon purporting to- have been made by the grand jury, finding it to be a true bill?
“3. Does the subsequent plea of not guilty, pleaded by the prisoner, Benjamin Oawood, found in the record, cure such omission as to him?
“4. If the omission aforesaid cannot be supplied by resorting to the paper copied into the record as an indictment, and the endorsement thereon, ‘A True^Bill,’ and if the subsequent plea of not guilty, pleaded by the said Benjamin Oawood, does not preclude him from making this objection, is he to be discharged from imprisonment?”
In response to the questions thus submitted, the. General Court held that,
“ When a bill of indictment is found by the grand jury and ■endorsed ‘a true bill’ by the foreman, it should be brought into court, presented by the grand jury, and then the finding should be recorded.
“An omission to record the finding cannot be supplied by a paper purporting to be an indictment,- with an endorsement ‘a true bill,’ signed by the person who was foreman of the grand jury at that term.
“ Hor can it be supplied by the recital in the record that he stands indicted, nor by his arraignment, nor by his plea of not guilty. It cannot be intended that he was indicted. It must be shown by the record of the finding. The recording of the finding of the grand jury is as essential as the recording of the verdict of the jury.”
A distinction is to be observed between the transcript of the record, and the record itself. It is obvious that the paper purporting to be an indictment, with the endorsement upon it “a true bill,” while copied into the transcript of the record was no part of the record made and entered by the court. Cawood’s Case has remained unquestioned from the time it was decided in 1826, has been frequently cited with approval, and we have *822no disposition to disturb so venerable a landmark in our criminal jurisprudence.
But while no intendment can supply an omission from the record of that which is material, all proper inferences may, and must be, drawn from that which does appear, and while the presumption that all things have been properly done in a court of record cannot be resorted to in a criminal ease; it is equally true that there can be no presumption of error.
With these principles'in view, let us examine the xecord of what occurred upon the 23d day of June, 1900.
We have already quoted it at large. Every word of what has thex’e been transcribed impox’ts absolute verity. It appears that upon that day the prisoner was led to the bar in the custody of the sheriff; that the jury appeared in court according, to their adjournment, and that, having heard argument of counsel, they retired to their room to consult of their verdict, as follows, to-wit: “ We, the jury, find the prisoner', A. C. Gilligan, guilty of murder in the second degree as changed in the within indictment; and ascertain his imprisonment to be eighteen (18) years in the penitentiary.” Pausing here for a moment, we find that the record thus far discloses that the court, the jury, and Gilligan were present together on the morning of that day in the court-room. The jury retired to consult of their verdict. They left the Judge and the prisoner in the court-room, but the jury,, when they retired to consult of their vex'dict, were still constructively in the presence of the court. They were in the jury-room, an apartment pi’ovided for the jury in every court house,, and the jury while remaining there in consultation were constructively in court, and not in the charge of an officer, Or out of court. Longley v. Commonwealth, ante p. 798.
There is omitted from the record what xxsually appears therein after the statement that the jury retired to their room to consult of their verdict, viz: that they “after some time returned into coux't with the following vex’dict.” We fixxd upon the *823record of the court the statement solemnly recorded by the court that “the jury retired to consult of their verdict as follows to-wit:” This entry is not upon a loose paper copied into the record, as was the indictment in Cawood’s case, supra, but is, we repeat, a part of the record in its strictest sense. The jury retired to consult of “their verdict as follows to-wit:” the words “to-wit” being “used to call attention to a more particular specification of what has preceded.” Webster’s International Dictionary (edition 1895). In other words, having stated that the jury retired to consult of their verdict, the result of their deliberation is then given, and the verdict arrived at is spread at large upon the record, and this we think sufficiently indeed completely, identifies the verdict recorded as the one rendered by the jury.
The only l’emaining doubt or difficulty which can be discovered in the record is the omission to recite that the jury “after some time returned into court with their verdict.” But if the jury are shown by the record to have been in the presence of the court; if there is nothing in the record to indicate their departure from the court, then from necessity their verdict must have been rendered in the presence of the court. Immediately after the recital in the record of the verdict, in the same paragraph, in the same sentence, is the statement, “whereupon the prisoner, by his counsel, moved the court not to proceed to judgment upon the verdict aforesaid, and further moved 'the court to have the verdict of the jury set aside as contrary to law and the evidence, and grant the prisoner a new trial.” If there were any doubt that the court, the prisoner, and the jury were in the mutual and actual presence of each other from so much of the record as has been before considered, that doubt, it seems to us, is removed and put at rest by the action of the prisoner himself.
But we are asked, if there be a defect in the record, will the action of the prisoner supply that defect against himself? Our *824reply is, that he is to be judged by the record. If there was a defect in the record he had the unquestioned right to rely upon and to avail himself of any error of commission of of omission made against him, by the court; but we take the record as it has been made and is presented to us, and we deduce from it all reasonable and necessary inferences, and if there is an omission which the prisoner has seen fit to supply, we are not at liberty to disregard it. The record, as made, imports absolute verity, and by it the prisoner is to be judged. "We gather, then, from the whole paragraph Which we have quoted, to repeat what we have already said, that the court, the jury and Gilligan were present together on the 23d of June, 1900; that after having heard argument of counsel, the jury retired to their room to consult of their verdict; that while in their room, the place appointed for their deliberation, they were in the constructive presence of the court; that they arrived at, presented, and the court recorded, the verdict, ascertaining the guilt of the prisoner to' be murder in the second degree, and fixing his imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of eighteen years. Whereupon the prisoner moved to set aside the verdict, says the record. “ Whereupon,” we admit, does not necessarily imply immediate, instantaneous action. Whether it has that meaning will depend upon the context; but it does imply action in consequence of and without change in the facts antecedently stated as the moving cause, and' “after which,” “upon which,” “in consequence of which” the subsequent fact took place. Will it be presumed in the face of these averments that there was any irregularity about that verdict; that it was not the unanimous verdict of the jury; lhat it was not rendered in open court; or that there was inherent in it any infirmity which affected its validity? Taking the facts as they appear from the record, and making from them merely reasonable inferences, supplying by presumption no' fact whatsoever, we are bound to conclude that the verdict was regularly arrived at, rendered, and recorded.
*825In Crump v. Commonwealth, 98 Va. 833, it was contended that the verdict was not signed by the foreman of the jury, nor rendered in open court, but Judge Piely, speaking for this court, summarily disposed of these objections. That learned and lamented Judge had no hesitation in accepting as a part, of the record for all purpose_s what the prisoner had seen fit to introduce, and considered the motion made by the prisoner immediately upon the rendition of the verdict sufficient to show that it had been rendered in open court. See also Sperry’s Case, 9 Leigh, at page 626.
Another assignment of error is stated as follows: “ That the record not only fails to show that your petitioner was nresent in court on August 20th, when the final proceedings in the case were had, but shows affirmatively that he was confined in the jail in the city of Petersburg.”
The record does, in fact, show what is thus stated, but it shows a good deal more. The verdict, as we have seen, was rendered on the 25th day of June, 1900; a motion for a new trial was made; the court adjourned until the following morning, and the prisoner was remanded to jail. On the 25th of June, 1900, it appears from the record that the court met pursuant to adjournment, and the prisoner, “who stands convicted of murder, was again led to the bar in the custody of the sheriff;” and the court, having heard the argument of counsel in arrest of judgment and on the' motion to grant the prisoner a new trial, continued the case until the 26th. On that day the •court met pursuant to adjournment, and the prisoner was again led to the bar in the custody of the sheriff and asked the court to continue the further argument of his motion until the first day of the next term, which was done, and the prisoner was remanded to jail. And, at another day, at a county court, held at the court-house of Isle of Wight, the prisoner was again led to the bar in the custody of the sheriff, and asked the court to continue his motion heretofore made in arrest of judgment and to *826set aside the verdict of the jury, to the next term of the court, in order to allow him time for the more convenient preparation and( consideration of any hills of exception which may he presented, and the court granted that motion, and thereupon the' prisoner was again remanded to jail. And, at another day, at a county court for the county of Isle of Wight, held the 7th day of August, 1900, the prisoner was again led to the bar in the custody of the sheriff, and moved the court to continue his motion in arrest of judgment and for a new trial until the September term, hut this the court refused to do. And the court, having-maturely considered the prisoner’s motions for an arrest of judgment, and to set aside the verdict of the jury and grant him a new trial, doth overrule the said motions, and it being demanded' of the prisoner if anything he had or knew for himself to say, why the court should not now proceed to pronounce judgment against him according to law, and nothing being offered or alleged in delay of judgment, it is considered by the court that the-said A. C. Gilligan be imprisoned in the penitentiary of this Commonwealth for the term of eighteen years; and it is ordered that the proper officer, designated by law, do, as soon as practicable after the adjournment of this court, remove and safely convey the said A. 0. Gilligan from the jail of this county to the said penitentiary, therein to he kept, imprisoned, and treated in the manner directed by law. And, on motion of the prisoner, the leave of the court heretofore granted him to prepare hiS' hills of exception to the several opinions of the court, given against him during the progress of the trial of his case, is enlarged, and further time is granted him until August 20, 1900,. to prepare his said hills of exception; and thereupon the said A. C. Gilligan was again remanded to jail. And finally, on the 20th of August, 1900, the court met pursuant to adjournment, and counsel announced in open court that the prisoner had no bills of exception to offer.
*827Hothing was done in the court upon that day. Grilligan had been afforded every opportunity to prepare his case for the appellate court. It had been continued from time to time, and' from term to term, at his instance. He had been called upon-to know if he had anything to say, and nothing being offered,, the court sentenced him, and directed the proper officer to convey him as soon as practicable to the penitentiary there to be imprisoned in the manner directed by law. On the 20th off August, nothing was done in his case, counsel stating to the-court that the prisoner had no bills of exception to offer. The-trial of a criminal case begins with the arraignment of the prisoner, and ends with the sentence pronounced upon him by the-court. In this case, as we have seen, every formality had been, observed. The prisoner had received his sentence, and was awaiting his removal to the penitentiary, and had counsel made-no statement on the day in question, there was nothing further-for the trial court to do. The preparation of bills of exceptions is confided to counsel for the prisoner, and their contents are-either agreed upon by counsel for prisoner and the attorney for the Commonwealth, or, in case of- disagreement, the matters in dispute between them are submitted to and disposed of by the-court.
We are aware that courts rigidly enforce the prisoner’s right to be present at every stage of the trial from his arraignment to the sentence, when anything is to be done which can affect his interest. We are aware that no court has been more zealous, and exacting in enforcing this privilege, and in requiring that it should appear from the record than this court, but we are off opinion that the rights of the prisoner in this respect, and, indeed, in all respects, have been fully and faithfully preserved in this case.
The judgment of the County Court of Isle of Wight is. affirmed.