dissenting:
Counsel for plaintiff in error place great reliance upon the demurrer to the indictment, and the unconstitutionality of the statute upon which it is framed, but the court, in its opinion, has not passed upon these assignments, and as in my judgment the act in question, as construed by the opinion of the court, merely establishes a rule, of evidence and is therefore clearly constitutional, I shall have nothing further to say upon this subject.
The indictment follows the statute, and seems to- be free from objection. The opinion of the court deals with the motion to set aside the verdict as contrary to the evidence, and upon that ground alone, reverses the judgment of the Corporation Court. A mere difference of opinion as to the weight of the evidence would perhaps not justify, and would certainly not require, a dissenting opinion, but with all respect for the majority of t'he court and for the learned judge who speaks for it, I think the opinion tends to disturb and unsettle well-settled principles of law essential to the due administration of justice, and I therefore feel constrained to> enter my dissent.
The facts of the case, as they appear to me, are as follows: W. G. Baldwin testifies that he is a special agent of the Norfolk and Western Blailway Company, and as such, among other things, it was his duty to investigate violations of the law with respect to the property of the N. & W. Bwy. Co.; that he is by profession a detective; that about a-year prior to- Ifarch last, he went to the junk-shop of Goldman, and found B. A. Goldman, the prisoner, in charge, and the witness then and there cautioned the prisoner not to buy any journal brasses of the N. & W. Bwy. Co., and showed him a mark or stamp on the brasses by which he, the said Goldman, could tell whether the brasses *886were the property of the M. & W. Rwy. Co.; that oil March 14, 1901, he was sent for to come to the freight depot of the M. & W. Rwy. Co., in the city of Roanoke, Virginia, to examine some railroad brasses. Upon his arrival at the depot he found piled up on the floor in a room of the freight depot a lot of railroad brasses, etc., among which were twenty-one locks, apparently whole; nine of these locks were stamped “M. & W.. R. R.,” marked switch Mo. 78, to be opened with a-bent or crooked key. Mine of them were stamped “M. & W. R. R.,” to be opened with a straight key. Three of them were stamped “A. M. & O. R. R.” There were also, seven pieces of locks, on which were stamped “M. & W. R. R.” These locks having been introduced in evidence, and being then in the presence of the jury and in the presence of the witness, he stated that they were similar to the looks he saw in the room of the freight office on the 14th of March; that the good locks, while at the freight office, were strung on a string, and the string on which the locks were strung when produced before the jury was a similar string to the one on which they were" strung at the freight depot; that the broken locks were not put on a string at the freight depot; that all of these locks, with certain other railroad brasses, were put in a bag at the freight depot and sealed up and left there. He¡ further says that the railroad brasses and switch-locks are exactly like those he saw on March 14th, "and he believed they were the same looks. From the freight depot the witness went for Officer "W". J". Rigney, and asked him to accompany the witness to the junk-shop of Goldman, which Rigney did. On their arrival at the junk-shop they found the prisoner, R. A. Goldman, in charge of the place, and saw no other person there but a small crippled boy on the outside of t'he shop. Witness first asked the prisoner if he had bought any railroad brasses since he had previously notified him not to do so, and the prisoner replied that he had not, except some brasses he had gotten from a showman. Witness then *887asKed the prisoner if he had shipped any 3ST. & "W. Rwy. switch-. locks in a shipment made of old lead a few days ago to Balti-. more, and the prisoner replied that he had not, except some old. lochs bought of Mr. Beeton, and that these were the only lochs shipped at that time; that the witness then asked him how many switch-locks he had gotten from Mr. Beeton, and he replied that he had not gotten more than eight or ten from him, and that all he did get were broken.
Thereupon H. D. Guy was introduced for the Commonwealth, who testified that “he is the freight agent of the R. & W. Rwy. Co.,, and had charge of its freight station in t'he city of Roanoke; that on the day of there was brought to the freight station of the H. & W. Rwy. Co. a barrel consigned to the Ajax Metal Co., of Philadelphia, with the name of S. Goldman thereon as consignor, the bill of lading was made out in the name of S. Goldman, and that the paper now handed him was the one issued to the shipper. It was marked Aid scrap lead.’ He had the package opened, and in it found the pieces of journal brass and switch-locks now produced before the court, and referred to by Mir. Baldwin. They were packed in an old lard tierce. They were put in a bag and deposited in a room in the freight station under his charge, under lock and key.- The things were carried to the -grand jury room, and from the- grand jury room back to his office, and from his office to the Police Court. They were delivered to one of the court officers, since which time he has not had them.” In answer to the question as to whether or not the switch-locks shown him were the property of the H. & ~W. Rwy. Co., he replied: “Yes, if the railway company can identify them as belonging to- it.”
This witness further testifies that a short time after the receipt of the package referred to, the accused, R. A. Goldman, came to him at his place of business and stated that a letter had been received from the consignee, claiming that there was a shortage, and he wanted to know how it was that the shortage *888occurred. Witness told him that the barrels bad been opened, and the switch-locks and brasses bad been taken out, and that probably accounted for the shortage. He offered to show witness the letter that had been received, but he said it was no use for him to see it.
'And the Commonwealth, to further maintain the issue on its part, introduced a witness, W. J. Eigney, who testified that he was a member of the police force of the city of Eoaneke, and that on the 14th day of March last W. G. Baldwin asked him to accompany him to the junk-shop of Goldman; that he did accompany Baldwin to the junk-shop on Horfodk avenue, and there found E. A. Goldman, the prisoner at the bar. Baldwin asked the prisoner if he had bought any ET. & W. brasses or switch-locks since the former had told the prisoner about a year ago net to purchase such, and the prisoner replied that he had not purchased any, except a few which he got from Beeton, all of which were broken. A few little pieces of old brass, and old pieces of locks were shown the witness by Baldwin in a pail. A part of the time while they were talking, witness states that he was some eight or ten feet from Baldwin and Goldman, who were standing further in the shop, and that he might not have heard all the conversation, as he was looking at some old beer bottles of the Virginia Brewing Co., which he thought were stolen; that there was no one else in the junk-shop on this occasion, but that there was a little crippled boy in the yard.
E. M. Eobinett testified that he was a special officer of the ET. & W. Ewy. Co.; that in March, 1901, he ascertained that some of the large brass lamps in some of the passenger cars were missing; that he had reason to believe that they had been stolen; that be was trying to find them, and he suggested that an examination be made of the barrel of junk then in the freight depot of the ET. & W. Ewy. Co., consigned under the name of S. Goldman. Accordingly, the barrel was opened in the presence of himself and Mr. Gny, the freight agent, and none of the *889missing lamps were found, but the journal brass and switch-locks now in court, consisting of twenty-eight railroad switch-locks, twenty-one of which are whole locks, and seven are parts—one side of the same being absent—were found. Eighteen of these whole locks have stamped on their back the initial of the “NT. & W. R. R.” Vine of the whole locks bear the number “78,” and have stamped on their clasp ‘V. & W. R. R.” The locks being in the-presence of the jury, the witness sorted out the broken locks and those that had “V. & W. R. R.” stamped on their face, and those that had “V. & W. R. R.” stamped on them clasp, and the witness stated that the locks examined by him in the presence of the jury were just like the locks found in the barrel at the V. & W. freight office on the 14th of March, marked old lead, and consigned in a barrel with the name of S. Goldman on it; that the barrel weighed between 700 and 800 pounds; that on examination the locks seemed to be of two different lands. Three whole locks were stamped “A. M. & O. R. R.,” and eighteen of the whole locks were stamped “V. & W. R. R.,” and eight broken locks were stamped “V. & W. R. R.” The witness then took a key from his pocket which he said he had just” obtained from a switchman on the yards of the Vorfolk and 'Western railway in Roanoke city, with which he unlocked two of the whole locks upon which were stamped “V. & W. R. R.,” but said this key would not unlock the other whole locks, for the reason that some were of a different pattern from the two which he did unlock, and required a straight key, and witness thought that if he had this straight key he could unlock a number of these locks. The witness then picked up some of the locks stamped “V. & W. R. R.,” and said they were of a new pattern; that he did not know anything about the three locks which were stamped “A. M. & O. R. R.,” and soi far as he knew they were not now in use in the yards in Roanoke, and he knew of no key that would unlock the locks thus stamped. The two locks that he could unlock were in good repair and fit for *890use, and the other whole locks appeared to be-in good order. The.two looks1 thlat he could unlock with this key and the eight straight key locks have been in use on the yards here for eight or ten years.
H. 0. Macklin testified that he was the general store-keeper for the E. & W. Ewy. Co., and, being asked whether the twenty-eight switch-locks then in evidence before the jury were the property of the E. & W. Ewy. Co., he stated that all the locks had E, & W. stamped on them; that he did not know anything about locks stamped “A. M. & O. E. E.,” and that there was nothing on the locks by which he could positively identify them as the property of the E. & W. Ewy. Co.;,that he cannot say that any of them were ever in the possession of the E. & W. Ewy. Co.; that he could not say absolutely that the1 locks stamped “E. & W. E. E.” were the property of that company; hut all purchases of locks for the E. & W. Eiwy. Co: were made through his office; that when switch-locks got out of repair they were shipped to the manufacturers in Philadelphia to he repaired and'shipped back, and such locks as could not be repaired in Philadelphia were sent 'back to his office; that neither new nor repaired locks were ever sold by the E. & W. Ewy. Co. to any person, and that they were only given to the employees of the road for the use of the road; that eighteen of the switch-looks appeared to be sound and serviceable, and that he would not have shipped locks in as good condition as they are now to he repaired; that the switch-locks of the company are made by , in the city of Philadelphia, and have stamped upon them the initials of the road; that this company, he supposes, makes switch-locks for other roads, having the initial of the road stamped upon their respective locks; that the key for the locks of theiEorfolk and Western Ewy. Co. would not fit lóeles mlade for other railroad companies; that the manufacturers of these locks never furnished them to the E. & W. Ewy. Oo. except upon the order of the company, and for its purposes, and *891upon forms or models approved by tbe railroad company; thiat tbe railroad had to have this done for its own protection.
E. L. Slaughter testified that he was employed by the R. & W. It. Co. at its freight depot in the city of Roanoke as check clerk; that on the 11th day of Hardly 1901, he received a barrel from R. A. Goldman, the prisoner at bar, marked “S. Goldman,” and consigned to the Ajax Metal Co., Philadelphia; that it was brought to the depot by the prisoner in a wagon, and, he thought, driven by a negro 'driver; that he came with the bill of lading which has been introduced in evidence; that the barrel was received to be shipped, and was the same barrel which was opened and in which was found the switch-locks which are now in court. The 'bill of lading heretofore referred to is the one which was issued on that occasion, and it was brought to the depot already made out; that the prisoner generally brought to the depot packages marked S. Goldman as the shipper; the bill of lading was signed and delivered to the prisoner.
The bill of lading was then introduced and is in the usual form.
Beeton, another witness for the Commonwealth, testified that he resides in the city of Roanoke and is a locksmith and repairer of machinery; thiat some eight or ten years ago some officers of the R. & W. Rwy. Co. brought to him a lot of broken and out-of-repair switch-locks; that he repaired all that could be repaired, but threw aside in a pile those that could not be repaired, and that they remained there until he had to move, and not having a place to put them when he moved, he decided to take them to the junk-shop; that there were a small number, not half so many as the pile introduced in evidence, and they were all broken and in such a condition that they could not be repaired; that they were taken to the junk-shop of S. Goldman along with other junk, principally iron, steel and old files, and sold, he receiving therefor $2.00; this is the item which was found on the account-book of S. Goldman.
*892J. E. Craig, Sergeant of the city of Roanoke, testified that the switch-locks and brasses then in court were the same that were turned over to him for safe-keeping by "W. G. Baldwin, at the adjournment of the grand jury; that he had kept them since that time under a lock and key.
R. A. Goldman testified-that the “junk-shop in question was the property of his mother, S. Goldman; that she is a regularly licensed junk-dealer; that he, R. A. Goldman, is nineteen years of age, has no interest in the business and receives no salary for his services; that his' brother, Herman Goldman, is the manager; that he, R. A. Goldman, stays about the place and does whatever he is told to do;-that he cannot recollect whether he carried to the depot a barrel of junk referred to in the testimony of Mr. Slaughter, but it is very probable that he did; that he very often performed that character of work; that if he was told to carry it there, he did so; that he did not pack the barrel, and did not know what was in it, and 'had nothing to do with it; -that he did not buy or receive the switch-lock or brasses now in court, and had nothing to do with the purchase of them; that he was present when Mr. Beeton brought the junk referred to in his testimony to ’his mother’s place of business; that he did not have anything to dp with the purchase of it, or the receipt of it, or the unloading of it; that it was unloaded by another party and piled up to one side, and he thinks that it was taken from that pile when it was shipped; that he knew neither of the purchase or receipt of any switch-locks, except what was bought from Mr. Beeton; that he remembers Baldwin coming to the place of business of his mother, with Rigney, at the time referred to by 'him; that he did not tell him wha.t Baldwin said he did tell him, except that Baldwin asked him if he had bought any railroad brasses or any switch-locks since he had spoken to him about that’ matter a year ago, to which he replied that no switch-locks had been bought except from Mr. Beeton; that he did not have the other conversation with Baldwin, as stated by Baldwin.
*893The first question to he determined is, under what rule is this evidence to he considered by an appellate court? The opinion of the court, as I understand it, proceeds upon the idea that the judgment should be reversed unless the evidence is so conclusive of the guilt of the prisoner as to exclude every reasonable doubt to the contrary, or that if there be a reasonable doubt cast upon the proof of any fact essential to the guilt of the prisoner, it was the duty of the jury to acquit, or in the event that it found the prisoner guilty and the trial court entered judgment upon the verdict, it should he reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Such is not my understanding of the law. In all civil cases it is the duty of the jury to find in accordance with the preponderance of the testimony. In cases which involve moral terpitude, the jury are told that they should only make such an imputation upon the character of a litigant in obedience to clear and convincing testimony. It has been said in Spindle v. Brockenbrough, 17 Gratt. 21, that to convict a person of usury it must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to- the contrary; and in all criminal cases the court will, upon request, instruct the jury that such is their duty. But suppose the jury, in the exercise of their unquestioned prerogative, finds against the weight of evidence in a civil case, then the rule at once changes, and the case, at le'ast in an appellate court, is heard as upon a demurrer to the evidence, and the question is no longer where the weight of evidence lies, but whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict. “Where the evidence is contradictory, and the verdict is against the weight of evidence, a new trial may be granted by the couid which presides at the trial; but its decision is not the subject of a writ of error or supersedeas, or examinable by an appellate court, and this applies in criminal as well as in civil cases.” Grayson’s Case, 6 Gratt. 712.
The courts have in recent times struggled against the application of that rule in criminal cases.
When what is now section 3484 of the Oode was first enacted, *894it provided that when a case at law is tried by a jury and a party excepts to the judgment or action of the court in granting or "refusing to grant a new trial on a motion to set aside the verdict as’ contrary to the evidence, . . . and the evidence is certified, the rule of decision in an appellate court, in considering evidence, shall be as upon a demurrer to the evidence by the appellant.
While in that form this court refused to apply it to criminal cases, 'but held it applicable only in civil cases; but when it was introduced into the Oode as section 3484, it was expressly made applicable to cases at law, civil and criminal, and it noy reads as follows:
“When a case at law, civil or criminal, is tried by a jury, and a party excepts to the judgment or action of the court in granting or refusing to grant a new trial on a motion to' set aside the verdict of a jury, on the ground that it is contrary to the evidence; or when a case at law is decided by a court or judge without the intervention of a jury, and a party excepts to the decision on the ground that it is contrary to the evidence, and the evidence (not the facts) is certified, the rule of decision in the appellate court in considering the evidence in the case shall be as oara demurrer to the evidence by the appellant, except that when there have been two trials in the lower court, in which case the rule of decision shall be for the apioellate court to look first to the evidence and proceedings on the first trial, and if it discovers that the court erred in setting aside the verdict on that trial, it shall set aside and annuli all proceedings subsequent to said verdict and’enter judgment thereon.”
That is the law by which we are governed in passing-upon ■ the case before us. However harsh and severe it may be, it is the law of the land, and while it so remains it should be loyally enforced. Courts have nothing to do with sympathy, or with policy. Their sole duty is to enforce the law. What then is the ride of decision upon a demurrer to evidence? It has been no*895where more clearly 'and forcibly stated than by this court, speaking through our lamented brother, Judge Riely:
“By the demurrer to the evidence the party demurring is considered as admitting the truth of his adversary’s evidence, and ail just inferences which can be promptly drawn therefrom by a jury, and as waiving all of his own evidence which conflicts with that of his adversary, and all inferences from his own evidence (although not in conflict with his adversary’s) which do- not necessarily result therefrom.” Johnson v. Chesapeake, &c. R. Co., 91 Va. 171.
Before undertaking to apply the rule thus clearly stated to the evidence before us, I will observe upon another feature of the opinion of the court. Reference is made to, and I presume reliance is placed upon, the fact that the principal witness- for the Commonwealth is a detective. To this I reply that, while detectives may, and doubtless often do, become partisans and stretch the truth to sustain their theory of the case, they are necessary adjuncts to the administration of justice, and must of necessity bo resorted to for the protection of society, and any criticism which may be levelled at them affects not the competency, but the credibility, of their testimony, and I presume it needs no authority to maintain the position that all questions affecting the credibility of witnesses come exclusively within the province of the jury, and its verdict is conclusive upon the subject.
First, then, is the evidence sufficient considered in the light of the rule established in, Johnson v. C. & O. R. R. Co., supra and by virtue of section 3484 of the Code, the unquestioned law of this case, to establish' the corpus delicti—sufficient to warrant the jury in finding that the property in question had been stolen from the Norfolk and Western Railway Company?
It is casually observed by one of the witnesses (Beeton) that some years ago locks and brasses had been brought to his shop for repair, the property of the Norfolk & Western railroad, and *896this, the only mention of the Norfolk & Western railroad as distinguished from the N. & W. Railway Co., which I have been able to discover in the record, appears to have cast a doubt upon the ownership of the property. The Norfolk & Western Railroad Company was the predecessor in title of the Norfolk & Western Railway Company. It went out of existence years ago, and its franchises and property passed into the ownership 'and possession of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company.
It is proved that the locks in question are made by a particular manufacturer in Philadelphia, and delivered only upon the order of the railway company, and furnished only upon forms approved by said company; that the keys made for the locks furnished to the N. & W. Rwy. Co. would not open the locks made for any other company, although they might have thd same initials; that these locks were not made for sale, but only for the use of the company, and were never sold or given away by it; that they were identical in appearance in all respects with the locks in daily use by the company at the present time, and that the keys now in use upon the switches of the N. & W. Rwy. Co. unlocked a portion of those locks; and, while the witness would not swear absolutely to the locks as being the property of the railway comp>any, he believed that they were, and established their identity as completely as any honest witness could identify articles which are manufactured in large quantities and similar in all respects in appearance. To require a more complete identification than is given by the evidence; in this case would preclude the jury, with respect to all articles similar in appearance, manufactured or otherwise, from fixing their ownership either in a civil case or criminal prosecution. To the untutored eye all the sheep in a flock look alike. Cattle and even horses-are hard to identify; while in the case of manufactured articles, the catalogue would be endless, and especially is this true with respect to money, yet all personal property may-be the subject of larceny; and it is for the jury to weigh the evi*897deuce and pass upon its identity, and I cannot think that it is for the best interest of society that the court should establish an impossible standard. Is it possible to say that there is no evidence of the corpus delicti in the face of the proof to which I have adverted?
Let us consider, then, for a moment, whether the prisoner bought or received this property with intent to defraud. Whenever we get a glimpse in the evidence of the junk-shop of S. Goldman, B. A. Goldman is found to be in charge of it. He, and he alone, as far as the testimony other than his own proved, managed its affairs, received the articles in which it dealt, kept its books, prepared the goods for shipment, took them to the depot, and forwarded them to their destination. When the prisoner was asked by Baldwin if he had shipped any Horfolk and Western railway switch-locks in a shipment of old lead a few days ago to Baltimore, he replied that he had not, except old locks bought of Mr. Beeton, and that these were the only locks shipped at that time. He did not plead ignorance of the contents of the package. He asked no question and made no reference to it. He feigned no ignorance, but his answer was positive and direct. When he is confronted before t-he jury his attitude is altogether different. He knew then where the shoe pinched, .and his testimony, if it is to be believed, completely exculpates him. He denies having had the conversation with Baldwin to which the latter testifies, but under the rule by which we are required to hear this case, that denial is in vain. It must be as completely effaced from the record as though he had never uttered it, and Baldwin’s statement is as firmly established as though it were expressly admitted by Goldman to be true.
Junk-shops are doubtless useful and perhaps necessary. They furnish a market for much that would otherwise be lost, but it is a traffic capable of great abuse, and one which the Legislature has striven to regulate so as to render it, as far as possible, harin*898less to society. For the sake of a few pennies, a house may be despoiled of its plumbing or a railroad switch, for the sake of the brass, be robbed of its locks. In the one case the house may be ruined, and in the other a train may be wrecked. Therefore, the Legislature has required that daily reports of their purchases be made by all licensed junk dealers, and has enacted the statute under which this prosecution took place, which provides that “if any person 'buy or receive pig-iron or railroad iron, brass, metal, or any composition thereof, with intent to defraud, he shall be confined in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than two years, or, in the discretion of the jury, in jail not exceeding one year. Possession of any pig-iron or railroad iron, brass, metal, or any composition thereof, so bought or received from any other person than the manufacturer thereof or his authorized agent, or of a regularly licensed dealer therein, shall be prima facie evidence of such intent.” Code, sec. 3715 as amended by Acts 1889-’90, p. 30.
It is a reasonable and salutary law intended to regulate a business capable of great abuse, and ought, in niy judgment, to be strictly enforced. A jury with all the facts before it, with a knowledge of the witnesses and of the whole environment which we do not possess, have found the prisoner guilty, and imposed upon him a moderate punishment, and I think their judgment is warranted by the testimony and should be sustained.
McBride’s Case, 95 Va. 818, which is cited in the opinion of the court, well illustrates the position for which I contend. The court in the quotation made was dealing with an instruction to •the jury, and not with the facts, and the error in the instruction was pointed out, and the law by which the jury should he guided -was, I think, correctly stated. Here we are considering the power of a court over the verdict of a jury upon a motion to set ■it aside; and under the statute prisoner stands as a demurrant ■to the evidence. The duty of the jury was to acquit unless the evidence excluded every reasonable doubt of the prisoner's guilt, *899and it was the dnty of the trial court, if requested, to so instruct them; hut, the jmy having rendered a verdict, we, sitting as an appellate court, are hound by the statute to apply the rule of Johnson v. C. &. O. R. R. Co., supra. I cannot reconcile the idea of hearing a case as upon a demurrer to evidence, and at the same time requiring the evidence to exclude all doubt as to the correctness of the demurrant’s position. It would be to say that the verdict should be set aside if there was a reasonable doubt of its propriety which is utterly at war with, and subversive of, the doctrine of demurrers to evidence. The truth I believe to be as I have stated. The jury should decide all civil cases in accordance with the weight of evidence. They should acquit in criminal cases unless the evidence excludes all reasonable doubt of the prisoner’s guilt, but if, in the exercise of their unquestioned prerogative, they find against the weight of evidence, the court cannot destroy the verdict for that reason, or because the judges, if on the jury, would have reached a different conclusion, or because they have a doubt where the jury had none. To say otherwise, would be to say that on a demurrer to evidence an appellate court would be obliged to set aside eveiy verdict in a criminal case, which was, in the opinion of the court, contrary to the weight of evidence, for if we may weigh the evidence at all, then the preponderance of the evidence must in every case create a doubt; and, if the doctrine that a prisoner can only be convicted where there is no doubt of his guilt shall prevail, the conclusion logically follows that to create a doubt in an appellate court would require a reversal, and such doubt must always exist where the verdict is against the preponderance of evidence.
Beversed.