after making the foregoing statement, delivered the following opinion of the court.
The record in the case is voluminous. The petition and briefs are also exceptionally so. The latter, however, involve a number of questions which we do not find it necessary to deal with. The only questions which need to be considered for the decision of the case, in our view of it, will be disposed of in their order as stated below.
We will first consider the questions raised by the assignments of error touching the inventory in evidence, which is relied on by the assured as sufficient to comply with the *206requirements of the iron safe clause of the policy in suit with respect to an inventory.
The defendant insurance company raises the following questions as to the inventory which was taken as of February 1, 1913:
[1, 2] 1. Did its figures of $69,855.79 on total of goods on hand as of the date of such inventory include the January, 1913, purchases of $13,973.67?
We are of opinion that the preponderance of the evidence clearly shows that they did not.
Such evidence shows that while the inventory was taken as on February 1, 1913, the January, 1913, purchases of goods were not included in the inventory, because such purchases were for the spring trade of 1913, and in accordance with the custom and usual course of trade and keeping of accounts of such merchants as the assured, were not considered á part of the business done during the fiscal year ending February 1, 1913, but of the succeeding year. Such purchases were entered on the books of the company as of their date of purchase, it is true, to-wit, in January, 1913, but were extended thereon as purchases for the ensuing fiscal year, and were as such added to said inventory amount of $69,855.79 and were not included in that total.
2. Since the inventory did not include the said January purchases, was it such a’“complete itemized inventory of stock on hand” as. was required by the “iron safe clause” of the policy of insurance, quoad such goods?
Technically and literally speaking, this question would have to be answered in the negative. But the purpose of the “iron safe clause” in insurance contracts is to preserve evidence of the actual existence of the property insured, or from which such actual existence may be verified; and as a matter of fact, the invoices of all of the January purchases *207were preserved by the assured in an invoice book and they were subsequently furnished to the insurance company, and showed in detail the items of such goods as fully as an inventory would have done. Moreover, the books of the assured showed such purchases and the items thereof in as much detail as if they had been entered on the inventory, and these books were preserved and subsequently furnished to the insurance company and are in evidence. From such books, verified by such invoices, the insurance company could have had no difficulty in arriving at the correct amount of such purchases, and there has been no loss whatever of evidence in the premises by reason of such items of goods not having been formally entered on the inventory book instead of upon another book of the assured.
We think, therefore, that under such circumstances, the books and invoices aforesaid must be taken to be a substantial compliance with the “iron safe clause” requirement of an inventory, so far as such January purchases are concerned. Substantial compliance with such clause is all that the law requires. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Farris, 116 Va. 880, 83 S. E. 377.
3. Was the inventory sufficiently itemized as to the goods in fact covered thereby to comply with said “iron safe clause”?
(a) As to |3,102.10 of the goods included in the inventory, the position of the insurance company is that they were lumped so that they cannot be fairly regarded as itemized. But, as appears from the statement preceding this opinion, claim was waived by the assured as to those items; so that it is unnecessary for. us to decide the question as to whether they were sufficiently itemized to comply with the “iron safe clause” aforesaid.
[3,4] (b) It is claimed for the insurance company that the Inventory is invalid because it did not contain the stock *208numbers of the items of goods or other data touching the identity of the items in order that such items could be traced to the former inventories, to invoices of them, or the like, so as to ascertain whether defendant was being charged with old or new, out-of-style or shelf-worn goods, or at original cost prices.
There is no provision in the policy of insurance requiring such description in the inventory. The policy requires only a “complete itemized inventory of stock on hand” at the time of the inventory, and any description, which is sufficiently detailed to evidence that it is an actual inventory by items of goods found thereby to actually exist at the time, complies with such contract requirements. The actual existence of the goods at the time of the inventory, as found by an actual inventory, taken in the usual course of business, for the bona fide purpose of ascertaining actually existing goods and'their values at the time, as contradis-tinguished from a mere estimate or opinion on the subject, is the essence of such contract provision.
[5] (c) It is further claimed that the inventory is invalid because it, in many cases, aggregated goods which were of different kinds, such as items giving the numbers of yards “D. G.” or “Dr. Goods,” i. e., dress goods, at a certain price per yard, when the goods were not all the same kind of material.
In such cases, however, the goods were of the same value per yard, and they were found by the inventory to actually exist in the quantity stated in the inventory. This was all the particularity of statement needed in the inventory, unless it were necessary that the inventory should state the items with sufficient particularity for them to be traced into preceding inventories or into the invoices or other records thereof. As we have seen above, such particularity of description was not requisite. And an inspection of the inventory, as shown in the record, discloses that the items of *209dress goods at different prices are very numerous and evidence a detail of itemizing of them which fully satisfies every reasonable requirement in that behalf.
[6] Objection that they are “lumped” is made also to some entries on the inventory, such as “1 lot jewelry, $10,” and the like, not embraced in said $8,102.10 aggregate of items as to which claim is waived by the assured, as aforesaid, but such entries are very few in number and cannot be said to evidence any lack of actual inventory of goods existing at the time, or to be unreasonably lacking in detail, considering the large stock of goods inventoried.
The above are the principal objections to the sufficiency of the inventory of February 1,1913. There are some other such objections, but they raise no novel questions, and of these it is deemed sufficient to say that they have all been considered, and they are, in our opinion, clearly without merit.
It is also urged, however, by the insurance company, in argument before us, that said inventory of February 1, 1913, should not be considered by us as evidencing a compliance with the requirements of the iron safe clause with respect to an inventory, because—
(e) It is discredited by being in a mutilated book.
(f) It is not proved by the bookkeeper who made the entries in it or by the employees who made the slips or tablets from which the entries in the inventory book were made; and
(g) The slips or tablets aforesaid constituted the original inventory, and they alone were admissible in evidence.
[7] A number of authorities were cited to support these propositions. These authorities embody well-settled rules of law applicable to the admission of books in evidence. See Johnson v. Fry, 88 Va. 699, 12 S. E. 973, 14 S. E. 183, 9 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, pp. 917, 919, 926; Lovelock v. Gregg, 14 Colo. 53, 23 Pac. 86; Deimel v. Brown, 35 Ill. App. 303, *210Cheever v. Brown, 30 Ga. 904; Gilchrist v. Brooklyn Mfg. Ass’n, 59 N. Y. 495; Gould v. Hartley, 187 Mass. 561, 73 N. E. 656; Chaffee v. United States, 85 U. S. (18 Wall.) 516, 21 L. Ed. 908; Swan v. Thurman, 112 Mich. 416, 70 N. W. 1023; Miller v. Shay, 145 Mass. 162, 13 N. E. 468, 1 Am. St. Rep. 449. But, as appears from the statement of facts preceding this opinion, that part of the book which contained the inventory in question was not mutilated, the inventory itself was complete and unmutilated, and the absence of other pages from the book were satisfactorily explained by the evidence. Further, none of the objections under consideration were made in the trial court to the admission of the inventory as evidence, nor was any motion made to exclude it from the evidence, nor was any such objection made, in" the grounds assigned of the demurrer to the evidence. Such objections in the trial court, had they been made there, would have put the assured upon notice that strict proof of the entries on the book was insisted upon and would have given an opportunity to the assured to supply the evidence with respect thereto which the rules of law in such case would have required. We see no indication in the record that such evidence could not or would not have been supplied if any issue requiring it had been made in the trial court. We are, therefore, of opinion that such objections being made for the first time in this court, all come too late, and they must be treated as waived. See Newberry v. Watts, 116 Va. 736, 82 S. E. 703.
[8, 9] 3. Did the iron safe clause as to an inventory require the assured to preserve their inventory taken as of January 1, 1918, at another store of the assured, to-wit, at Elizabeth City, N. C., of the stock of goods there?
The branch house at Elizabeth City was a separate business entirely. Whatever goods were shipped from that concern to the Petersburg concern were, in the current *211course of business, treated as sold from the former to the latter concern. They were entered on the books of the assured at Petersburg as purchases in accordance with its regular and usual course of business. These books showed the details of the items of such goods. There were invoices of them by the Elizabeth City concern to the Petersburg concern, showing the same details. These invoices were preserved and delivered to the defendant and verified the books as to such details. These transactions were certainly shipments to, if not, accurately' speaking, purchases of, goods by the assured in the Petersburg business.
The iron safe clause concerned only the inventory of the Petersburg business, the goods in that business being the goods which were insured, including “shipments” to it as well as “purchases,” as shown by the iron safe clause itself. To construe it to extend to requiring the preservation of an inventory of another business merely because such inventory would furnish additional evidence of verification of the correctness of the books of the assured embracing the business whose goods were insured, or the contrary, would be to go outside of the provisions of such clause, and, hence, to make a contract for the parties which was not in fact made by them.
The subject under consideration is purely a question of contract. We see therefrom that the contract does not require any other inventory to be taken than that of the stock of the assured at Petersburg.
The question under consideration must, therefore, be answered in the negative.
We come now to the question over which what is perhaps the chief controversy in the case exists, and that is this:
4. Did the books of the assured comply with the iron safe clause of the policy in suit?
*212We will say at the outset of our consideration of this question that the chief and fundamental difference which exists between the assured and the insurance company on the subject under consideration is this: The former take the position that the books required by the iron safe clause of the policy in suit are only books which record the business, of the assured transacted’ at Petersburg from the date of the 1913 inventory to the time of the fire, plus the January, 1913, purchases not included in such inventory, and that it is only as to the transactions of such business, during such time, that the assured can be called upon to verify the completeness and accuracy of such books. Whereas the insurance company contends that the books required by said iron safe clause are books which should also record the original purchases of all goods at the branch stores of the assured, from which goods were from time to time shipped to the Petersburg business and thus mingled with the latter stock, not only from the date of the 1913 inventory to the time of the fire, plus the January, 1913, purchases, but also for the preceding year going back to February 1, 1912, because a complete and accurate record of such business for both periods is essential to a verification of the accuracy of the books for the period from the 1913 inventory to the time of the fire, and became, under a system adopted by insurance companies which was followed by the assured in this case in making out its claim of loss, the percentage of profits added to the cost value of the goods was the ascertained actual percentage of profits of the year’s business preceding the 1913 inventory, and, hence, the insurance company contends that the assured is required to verify the completeness and accuracy of its books for the whole time from February 1, 1912, up to the date of the fire, by producing the original invoices of all original purchases of goods during such whole time, not only of the Petersburg business, but of all branch businesses from which goods were ship*213ped from time to time to the Petersburg business and mingled with that stock, and that the invoices of such shipments by the branch houses to the Petersburg house,.as was the current mode in which this business was done, as aforesaid, cannot be accepted as invoices in verification of the books as to such shipments; for, as the insurance company claims, to allow this would be to leave the door wide open for fraud on the part of the assured, by invoicing and entering on the books goods as purchases of the Petersburg business which were, in truth, not purchases of that business, but of the assured at another time and at another place of business and merely shipped to the Petersburg business at a later time.
[10] But opportunities for fraud are innumerable, where the disposition to perpetrate it exists. And while the purpose of iron safe clauses in policies of insurance is undoubtedly to shut out certain opportunities for fraud, it is purely a matter of contract as to what opportunities are thereby sought to be shut out. Where the stock of goods of one only of a number of stores of a party is sought to be insured, the insurance company may stipulate in the iron safe clause, or elsewhere in the policy, that such other books shall be kept, besides those covering the particular business in which the stock of goods is sought to be insured, as it may choose to require. Thereupon, the policy may be taken out or not, as the party seeking the insurance may elect. Did the insurance company make such additional requirement in the instant case?
That is to say, in the instant case, we have before us simply a question of construction of the contract of insurance. What books and with what completeness and accuracy does the policy in suit stipulate shall be kept by the assured?
As in the case of the Elizabeth City inventory question above considered and disposed of, so here, the policy sets at *214rest the question under consideration as to the books. The business of which the books, required by the iron safe clause of the policy in suit, are to present a complete record is the business of the assured at Petersburg, and such only are the books required to be kept by such clause. And, as appears from such clause itself, as above noted, it was not; contemplated by the insurance contract that that business should be confined to original purchases of goods, but it was expected to include as stipulated in such clause, “all shipments” of goods as well. So that we are clearly of opinion that the insurance contract which we have before us does not stipulate that the assured should keep or verify such a set of books as is contended for by the insurance company. Therefore, we are of opinion that the position of the assured aforesaid on this subject is correct and in accord with the insurance contract.
In view, then, of the fact that the insurance c<mtract required only that the set of books which should be kept by the assured should clearly and plainly present a complete record of the business transacted by the assured at its Pe-tersburg place of business aforesaid, including all purchases, sales and shipments, both for cash and credit, from the date of the 1913 inventory to the time of the fire, and including the January, 1913, purchases, we have no difficulty in holding that the evidence in the record is amply sufficient to have sustained a verdict which found, in effect, that such a set of books was kept by the assured and that the loss by the assured was at least the amount claimed, as set forth in the statement preceding this opinion.
The books were not intended or expected to record the profits made nor the discounts which might have been, but were not received; but they did record all the data needed for the ascertainment of such matters.
[11] As appears from the statement of facts preceding this opinion, the testimony of the expert accountant, Wood, *215a witness for the assured, was ample to have sustained a verdict of the jury finding that the books fulfilled every substantial requirement of the iron safe clause. And the fact, adverted to in said statement, that the insurance company had such books in the hands of its expert accountant in New York city for six or seven months and did not even put such expert on the stand as a witness in its behalf, or any other expert accountant to assail the sufficiency of the books to comply with the iron safe clause, is to us convincing evidence in itself of their sufficiency.
The only ground on which the insurance company is left to stand, other than its difference with the assured as to the books which should have been kept and the kind of verification of them required of the assured, aforesaid, which we .have considered and disposed of above, is that there were some discrepancies between the amounts of the goods on hand at the time of the fire as first claimed by the assured, which was $113,214.57, as that total was taken from the books by M. E. Lavenstein, a member of the firm of the assured, and the amount of $103,866.56 as taken from the books as such value by an expert accountant named Weiss, first employed by the assured to aid in making out the proof of loss, and the amount of $95,834.20, aforesaid, ás taken from the books by Wood, as aforesaid, which wide variances evidenced that the books did not measure up to the requirements of the iron-safe clause aforesaid, as is claimed by the insurance company.
In so far as the period from the date of the 1913 inventory to the fire is concerned (as to which alone, except as to the January, 1915, purchases, the assured was under contract obligation to keep books, as aforesaid) the only material discrepancies between the Lavenstein, Weiss and Wood statements, aforesaid, which could have affected the completeness and accuracy of the books of the assured of its Petersburg business, were the following matters:
*216(a) The omission of the credit on the books in September, 1913, of the $2,299.91 of Elizabeth City goods, which failed to arrive in Petersburg before the fire — as to which the facts are set forth in the statement preceding this opinion.
(b) The $4,299.91 credits of shipments from Petersburg to branch stores just preceding the fire, in November, 1913, being made on the books after the fire, in the usual course of business of posting the books — as to which also the facts are set forth in the statement preceding this opinion.
Lavenstein and Weiss made their statements before these omissions in the books were discovered. They were omissions which might occur in any, even exceptionally well-kept, books. The evidence clearly establishes that they were not omissions designedly made, and that they were, moreover, not unreasonable in their character, considering the volume of the business and the circumstances under which these credits on the books were not sooner made.
Further: These credits were in fact all entered on the books before suit, and after allowing them the books showed the total of sound value of $95,834.20, aforesaid (and indeed $1,454.93 additional, as set forth in the above statement of facts), of goods on hand at the time of the fire, as claimed by the assured in the suit.
We are of opinion that the iron safe clause in question does not require that the books of the assured should be free of such character of errors.
Of the other discrepancies between the statements of Lav-enstein, Weiss and Wood, we deem it sufficient to say that there is ample testimony for the assured in the record to satisfactorily explain them, down to a difference of a little over a hundred dollars,, without in any way affecting the completeness and accuracy of the books so far as required to be kept by the iron safe clause, as aforesaid. This result in itself is also, to us, convincing evidence of the suf-*217iiciency of such books to meet every reasonable requirement of the iron safe clause.
A great many authorities are cited for the assured on the subject of what character of books, as to completeness and accuracy, the authorities hold to be requisite to comply with the iron-safe clause aforesaid, and many authorities are cited on the same subject for the insurance company. Among the latter are the Virginia cases of Scottish Union Ins. Co. v. Va. Shirt Co., 113 Va. 353, 74 S. E. 228; Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Sherman, 110 Va. 435, 66 S. E. 81; North British Ins. Co. v. Edmundson, 104 Va. 486, 52 S. E. 350; Homestead Fire Ins. Co. v. Ison, 110 Va. 18, 65 S. E. 463; and Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Farris, 116 Va. 880, 83 S. E. 377. But there is no real difference on this subject between the positions in argument of counsel on both sides of the case. They, in effect, concur in the view that the authorities hold that a literal compliance with the requirements of the iron safe clause is not essential and that a reasonable and substantial compliance is all that is required. This is a correct summary of the holding of the authorities on the subject, and we are, therefore, relieved of any need of discussing them.
Applying such holding to the facts of the case before us, we are of opinion that the books in question fulfill the requirements of the iron safé clause of the policy in suit.
There still remains, however, a question for our determination which in part concerns the books aforesaid, although they are sufficient to comply with the iron safe contract clause. Such question remains, notwithstanding that conclusion, because the assured undertook to prove the percentage of profits made in its business in 1912. for the purpose mentioned above, by relying on such books, as verified by ■documentary evidence and as aided by parol testimony, as proof of such business and profits during that period. That question is this:
*218[12] 5. Were the said books sufficiently verified for the period of 1912 to establish what percentage of profits were made by the assured in its Petersburg business during that time?
Aside from the position of the insurance company, aforesaid, on the chief question of fundamental differences, above considered and passed upon, the claim of the insurance company is that the books were insufficiently verified as to certain shipments or alleged shipments of goods to the Peters-burg business from other branch stores of the assured in 1912, and as to a certain shipment from a Norfolk branch store of the assured to the Elizabeth City branch store also in 1912.
It is deemed sufficient to say of these matters that since there was no contract requirement that the assured should keep books covering these transactions for 1912 (a period "which antedated the inventory of 1913), so far as the transactions in question entered into the Petersburg business of 1912 and affected the ascertainment of the percentage of profits of that business in that year, they were matters as to which the facts were open to be established by any competent evidence. The weight and effect of such evidence' would have been for the jury but for the demurrer thereto, and there was ample evidence before the jury to have warranted them in holding that the percentage of profits included in said elaim of the assured was conservative and fair in amount as ascertained from the actual business transacted by the assured at Petersburg in 1912, as shown by the books and the other evidences for the assured in the record.
[13] We come now to the consideration of the following question:
6. Did the assured encumber the stock of goods insured with a chattel mortgage?
This question must be answered in the negative.
*219The writing- relied on by the insurance company to constitute such mortgage is a note of the assured payable to its own order and endorsed to and held by the National Bank of Petersburg, dated October 14, 1913, for the sum of $10,-000.00. The note is in the usual form of a negotiable, collateral security note, and, so far as material, provides, after the obligation to pay, as follows:
“* * * having deposited as collateral security for the payment of this and any other liability of.to the holder hereof now due or to become due, or that may hereafter be contracted, the following property, with authority to use, transfer or hypothecate said collaterals; * * *.
“Lien on all stock, fixtures and accounts, etc., in our stores, 31-33 Sycamore street, city. (8367) the market value of which is now $., with the further right to call for additional security in case there should be a decline in the market value thereof; * *
The designation 31-33 Sycamore street, city, correctly describes the place of business of the assured in Petersburg, aforesaid. But—
The said note and the provisions thereof are plainly insufficient to create a chattel mortgage. 4 Elliott on Contracts, sec. 3031; 5 Idem, sec. 4750. Nor does it create a lien. And the undisputed fact, as shown by the record, is, that the assured never created or attempted to create, any lien on said stock of goods covered by the insurance policy in suit.
And, no lien having been created, or intended to be created, the doctrine of equitable lien or mortgage cannot apply, as was correctly held by the learned judge of the trial court. So that there was neither a legal nor an equitable encumbrance created by the assured on the subject of the insurance after the policy in suit was issued; far less an encumbrance by chattel mortgage.
*2207. Did the collateral security note aforesaid prevent the ownership of the assured of the subject of the insurance from being- “other than unconditional and sole ownership” ?
This question must be answered in the negative for the reasons indicated in the consideration of the question, next above.
And even if the writing in question had created a mortgage, that would not have deprived the assured of the “unconditional and sole ownership of the property conveyed.” See Manhattan Ins. Co. v. Weill, 28 Gratt. (69 Va.) 389, 26 Am. Rep. 364; Morotock Ins. Co. v. Rodefer, 92 Va. 747, 24 S. E. 393, 53 Am. St. Rep. 846; Union Assur. Society v. Nalls, 101 Va. 613, 616, 44 S. E. 896, 99 Am. St. Rep. 923; 2 Cooley on Ins. 1378, 1379, 1383.
The next question we have to pass on is this:
[14] 8. Was there false swearing in the proof of' loss as to the amount of goods on hand at the time of the fire ?
The question must be answered in the negative.
The rule of law on this subject is well settled and is to the effect that such false swearing to forfeit an insurance policy must consist in an oath to statements knowingly and willfully false or recklessly made. Va. Fire & Marine Ins. v. Hogue, 105 Va. 369, 54 S. E. 8; North British Ins. Co. v. Nidiffer, 112 Va. 591-596, 72 S. E. 130, Ann. Cas. 1916 A, 464.
The proof of loss was based on statements made out by Weiss, the expert accountant first employed by the assured. There were mistakes therein, but, as shown by the evidence, as above indicated, they were honest mistakes, not misstatements of fact designedly made. They were honestly believed by the assured to be correct at the time the proof of loss was sent to the insurance company.
The sole question remaining for our consideration is raised by the cross assignment of error of the insurance company mentioned in the statement preceding this opinion, and that, in substance, is this:
*2219. The cross assignment of error mentioned in the statement preceding this opinion raises the question whether it was error in the trial court to refuse to allow counsel for the insurance company to call the attention of the jury to certain statements of witnesses for the insurance company as to the quantity of goods shipped from Elizabeth City which counsel claimed were in conflict with the testimony for the assured as to such quantity, and to refuse to allow such counsel to comment on certain alleged deficiencies in the evidence of a witness for the assured which counsel claimed affected the quantity of such goods, on the ground that such counsel was restricted in any argument he might make, as to the amount of judgment to which the plaintiffs might be entitled, to the evidence for the plaintiffs and such evidence of the defendant company as was not in conflict with the evidence for the plaintiffs.
This assignment of error affects only the question of fact as to whether the quantity of goods in the store at the time of the fire and destroyed or damaged thereby was such that they aggregated as much as $80,000 in value, the full amount of all the insurance thereon, so as to entitle the plaintiff to recover the full amount of $2,500 covered by the insurance policy in suit.
We have carefully examined all the evidence in the case on this subject and we deem it sufficient to say in this connection that it was such that the jury could have properly reached no other conclusion than that the preponderance of all the evidence in the case clearly established that there was such a quantity of goods in store at the time of the fire which were destroyed or damaged thereby that they aggregated the value of at least $80,000; and hence if the action of the trial court under consideration was in error, it was harmless error.
We so hold without at this time passing on the interesting question of whether under our present practice the de*222murrer to evidence rule applies to the consideration by the jury of the evidence on the issue of the quantum of recovery to which a demurrant may be entitled, subject to the opinion of the court on the demurrer, which issue is still to be decided by the trial jury, notwithstanding the demurrer to evidence.
But for the reasons aforesaid we are of opinion to reverse the judgment under review, and we will enter such judgment as, in our opinion, the trial court should have entered; namely, we will overrule the demurrer to the evidence and enter judgment for the assured, the plaintiff! in the trial court, in accordance with the verdict of the jury aforesaid, with interest and costs.
Reversed.