concurring.
Although I agree with the majority opinion, appellant’s due process arugments merit discussion.
The circumstances are as follows: Pasco was the only foreign producer heard from at a public hearing 1 during which certain trade secrets were introduced into evidence by Freeport (confidential exhibit 2). Exhibit 2 is a compilation of statements of shrewd, vigorously competitive, large-scale sulfur purchasers.2 Pasco requested access to the exhibit and an opportunity for cross-examination of persons who compiled it. The Commission refused. Indeed, Pasco was not granted access until after the Commission’s decision was rendered. “[T]he Commission, in its injury determination, relied on Freeport’s examples [in exhibit 2] of offers assertedly made by [Pasco] to customers *11of Freeport at prices below the then prevailing market price.” 3 This determination resulted in assessment against Pasco of a special dumping duty of $2.16 per long ton under 19 U.S.C. 161.
Pasco asserts that some of the statements in the exhibit are false; that offers relied on by the Commission as allegedly originating with Pasco were in fact false representations by purchasers to Freeport, made in an effort to lure Freeport into lowering its price; that if it had been given access to the exhibit or had been permitted cross-examination, the truthfulness of the statements (labeled heresay by Pasco) could have been proved false.
Pasco argues that its due process rights were violated by the Commission on two grounds. First, that the Commission had a long-established procedure permitting cross-examination on matters introduced at public hearings and that by its departure from this procedure Pasco’s due process rights were violated. However, Pasco has failed to establish the existence of such long-established procedure. Both Norwegian Nitrogen Co. v. United States,4 cited by Pasco, and the Commission’s rules 5 indicate that cross-examination is not a matter of right.
The second ground advanced by Pasco is that the Commission proceedings were adversary in nature and that, therefore, Pasco was entitled to have access to the confidential exhibit and to conduct cross-examination of adverse parties. It is clear that what the Customs Court (now the U.S. Court of International Trade) labeled “a non-adjudicative factfinding investigation” was not for the purpose of rulemaking by the Commission or for legislative action, but, rather, was for the purpose of establishing injury to U.S. industry resulting in imposition of a special dumping duty. Once such injury is established, it must be upheld if supported by substantial evidence. Armstrong Bros. Tool Co. v. United States, 67 CCPA 94, C.A.D. 1252, 626 F. 2d 168 (1980); Imbert Imports, Inc. v. United States, 60 CCPA 123, C.A.D. 1094, 475 F. 2d 1189 (1973). Accordingly, there is some merit to Pasco’s contention — at least on the access point.6 However, *12I am satisfied that, apart from confidential exhibit 2, the Commission’s determination is supported by substantial evidence and that, therefore, any error in the denial of access to that exhibit was harmless.
It should be pointed out that Congress has recently taken action, effective January 1, 1980, to assure “limited” access to confidential information before the Commission. 19 U.S.C. 1677f (Public Law 96-39 (1979)).7 The reasons for the legislation are set forth in S. Rept.
Seasons for the provision. — Section 777 provides the maximum availability of information to interested parties consistent with the need to provide adequate protection for information accorded confidential treatment. Petitioners under the antidumping and countervailing duty laws have long contended that their ability to obtain relief has been impaired by its [sic] lack of access to the information presented by the exporters and foreign manufacturers. By the same token, importers, exporters, and other respondents in such cases have complained of lack of access to information supplied by the domestic parties to such cases, particularly with respect to the economic health of the domestic industry involved. Access to information at the administrative level is even more imperative under the bill, which provides that the standard of judicial review of most administrative actions in countervailing duty and antidumping duty proceedings is one of review on the administrative record.
At the same time, the Commission has declared that a hearing conducted in an antidumping or countervailing duty investigation is not governed by the Administrative Procedure Act and that it will not change its practice of limiting the questioning of witnesses to the purpose of assisting the Commission to obtain relevant and material facts. 44 F.R. 76459.
Pasco Terminals, Inc. v. United States, 83 Cust. Ct. 65, 86, C.D. 4823, 477 F. Supp. 201, 219 n. 16 (1979).
See Pasco Terminals, Inc. v. United States, supra at 67, 477 F. Supp. at 205.
Pasco Terminals, Inc. v. United States, supra at 73, 477 F. Supp. at 200-10.
288 U.S. 294 (1933). In Norwegian Nitrogen, as in this case, —the Commission did not permit cross-examination of matters which had been presented to the Commission in confidence. Id. at 299.
19 CFR 201.12. Conduct of nonadjudicative hearings provides:
(c) Questioning of witnesses. — After completing testimony, a witness may be questioned by any member of the Commission or by its staff. Any person who has entered an appearance in accordance with § 201.13 may, with the permission of the presiding officials, direct questions to the witness, but only for the purpose of assisting the Commission in obtaining relevant and material facts with respect to the subject matter of the investigation. [Italic supplied.)
See Zenith Radio Corp. v. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., No. 74-2451, 3247, slip op. at 48 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 19, 1980) (injury to U.S. industry determination by the Commission in an antidumping proceeding under 19 U.S.C. 160 was not trustworthy in an evidentiary sense and not admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 803(8) in part because the Commission considered confidential submissions which were not disclosed to, or subject to cross-examination by, importers). With respect to the cross-examination point, Pasco’s position is weak, absent evidence that the special dumping duty assessed is, in substance, a penalty. See Helwig v. United States, 188 U.S. 605 (1903); C. J. Tower & Sons v. United States, 21 CCPA 417, T.D. 46943, 71 F. 2d 438 (1934); cf. Hammond Lead Products, Inc., 58 CCPA 129, C.A.D. 1017, 440 F. 2d 1024, cert. denied, 404 U.S. 1005 (1971).
1677f. Access to Information
• ***•*•
(c) Limited disclosure of certain confidential information under protective order.—
(1) Disclosure by Administering Authority or Commission.—
(A) In general. — Upon receipt of an application, which describes with particularity the information requested and sets forth the reasons for the request, the adminitsering authority and the Commission may make confidential information submitted by any other party to the investigation available under a protective order described in subparagraph (B).
(B) Protective order. — The protective order under which information is made available shall contain such requirements as the administering authority or the Commission may determine by regulation to be appropriate. The administering authority and the Commission shall provide by regulation for such sanctions as the administering authority and the Commission determine to be appropriate, including disbarment from practice before the agency.
(2) Disclosure under court order. — If the administering authority denies a request for information under paragraph (1), or the Commission denies a request for confidential information submitted by the petitioner or an interested party in support of the petitioner concerning the domestic price or cost of production of the like product, then application may be made to the United States Customs Court Inow the United States Court of International Trade] for an order directing the administering authority or the Commission to make the information available * * *.