with whom Baldwin, J., joins, dissenting.
Following an investigation entitled “In the Matter of Certain Multicellular Plastic Film, investigation No. 337-TA-54,” the following order was entered:
1. Multicellular plastic film manufactured abroad in accordance with the process disclosed by claims 1 and 2 of U.S. Letters Patent 3,416,984 is excluded from entry into the United States for the remaining term of said patent except (1) as provided in paragraph 2 of this order, infra, or (2) as such importation is licensed by the owner of U.S. letters patent 3,416,984;
2. * * * [A provision for entry under bond of subject articles during the period, now expired, when the order was subject to disapproval by the President.]
3. That persons desiring to import multicellular plastic flm into the United States may petition the Commission to institute such further proceedings as may be appropriate in order to determine whether the multicellular plastic film sought to be imported should be allowed entry into the United States.
* ❖ *
The above paragraph 3 has been implemented as follows:
[Pjersons * * * desiring to import multicellular plastic film may petition the Commission to institute further proceedings for the purpose of determining whether the film sought to be imported should be allowed entry into the United States. With respect to film produced by foreign manufacturers who were not respondents m the Commission’s investigation, paragraph 3 is intended to insure that only such film found upon further investigation not to have been manufactured by a process infringing claims 1 and 2 of the 984 will be allowed entry. The effect of paragraph 3 is to place the burden of establishing non-infringement upon would-be importers rather than to require complainant, the aggrieved party in this matter, to prove infringement. [See USITC publication 987 June 1979, pages 22-23.]
Petitioner was not named as a respondent in the above proceeding and the process it employs to manufacture plastic film has not been the subject of an ITC investigation. Relief from this order is sought on the grounds that the ITC has acted beyond its jurisdiction and *127authority by ordering, even temporarily, the exclusion of the products of petitioner.
I agree with petitioner that a writ of mandamus or prohibition is a proper vehicle to bring this matter before this court. Further, I find the ITC has no authority to exclude articles prior to a determination that unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in their importation exist except in accordance with 1337(e). Under 1337(d), paragraph 1 of the order must be limited to the articles concerned in investigation No. 337-TA-54. Paragraph 3 should be eliminated.
jurisdiction op this court
The threshold question is whether this court can issue a writ of mandamus or prohibition under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. 1651(a), under the circumstances of this case. The All Writs Act states:
The Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.
We have previously held that the question of whether an order is within the statutory authority of the ITC is within the appellate jurisdiction of this court. Import Motors, Ltd. v. U.S. International Trade Commission, 63 CCPA 57, 530 F. 2d 940, 188 USPQ 491 (1976). Moreover, except for the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, this appellate jurisdiction is exclusive. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. U.S. International Trade Commission, 414 F. Supp. 713, 191 USPQ 626 (1976).
AVAILABILITY OP REVIEW BY WRIT OP MANDAMUS OR PROHIBITION
The second question which must be answered is whether petitioner has raised the type of question which is appropriately a subject for mandamus action, precedent requiring that a writ of mandamus is to be employed only under extraordinary circumstances. See Swindell-Dressler Corp. v. Dumbauld, 308 F. 2d 267 (CA 3 1962); In re Josephson, 218 F. 2d 174 (CA 1 1954). Circumstances justifying the use of a writ are present when a trial court or federal agency subject to an appellate court’s review has exceeded its authority or has acted without jurisdiction, or has failed to exercise jurisdiction in a proper case. See Ex Parte United States, 242 U.S. 27 (1916); Webster Eisenlohr v. Kalodner, 145 F. 2d 316 (CA 3 1944), cert. denied, 325 U.S. 867 (1945); Swindell-Dressler Corp. v. Dumbauld, supra at 271-72.
A writ should not be used to circumvent normal appeal procedures but may be used in aid of appellate jurisdiction or for the purpose of *128reviewing conduct that is not otherwise reviewable by appeal.1 In this case the time for appeal of the order of August 25, 1979, has expired. Further, under the procedure which the ITC has devised under paragraph 3 of its order, the basic order is not subject to attack. The issue in the paragraph 3 proceeding is limited to infringement or noninfringement.2
The ITC, in opposing the writ of mandamus, argues that the procedure available to petitioner under paragraph 3 is fair inasmuch as it provides petitioner with an opportunity for an expedited (i.e., less than 12 months) procedure3 for determining whether its process would infringe the subject patent if practiced in the United States. It assumes that it may properly limit petitioner to this issue and may properly shift the burden of proof. It argues further that the exclusion may only be temporary and, thus, does not cause undue hardship.
A postjudgment proceeding to determine only the issue of infringement will not assist this court in its determination whether the ITC has exceeded its jurisdiction in issuance of the underlying order as to which the appeal period has expired. Accordingly, the grant of a writ of mandamus does not in this case thwart normal appeal procedures. Moreover, where the issue is of significant importance in the overall functioning of the tribunal below, not merely in the case at hand, La Buy v. Howes Leather Co., 352 U.S. 249 (1957), is precedent for exercise of this discretionary power when the opportunity is presented.
Apart from the showing necessary to establish that petitioner has standing and is aggrieved by the ITC order, which I find has been adequately established here by affidavits,4 no evidentiary material is needed to determine whether the ITC order is invalid on its face. Accordingly, the question is reached as to the validity of the order.
THE ITC EXCLuSION AUTHORITY
The ITC is an independent agency of the Government performing a mix of legislative, executive and judicial functions. Like any other administrative agency or board, it is entirely the creature of statute. Civil Aeronautics Board v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 367 U.S. 316 (1961); *129Soriano v. United States, 494 F. 2d 681 (CA 9 1974). Any authority delegated or granted to an administrative agency is necessarily limited to the terms of the delegating statute. As Chief Justice Warren succinctly stated in Civil Aeronautics Board, supra, at 322, “[T]he determinative question is not what the Board thinks it should do, but what Congress has said it can do.”
Section 1337(d) provides:
If the Commission determines, as a result of an investigation under this section, that there is a violation of this section, it shall direct that the articles concerned, imported by any person violating the provision of this section, be excluded from entry into the United States.
In investigation No. 337-TA-54 the ITC noticed for investigation unfair acts in the importation of articles manufactured by certain named companies. No determination has been made that any unfair methods of competition are involved in the importation of products of Canadian Tarpoly, nor have the acts of those determined to have violated the statute been shown to be attributable to petitioner.5 Appropriate findings as to products of petitioner are a condition precedent to their exclusion under 1337(d).6
Further, 1337(c) specifically states that:
Each determination under subsection (d) * * * of this section shall be made on the record after notice and opportunity for a hearing in conformity with the provisions of subchapter 2 of chapter 5 of title 5. All legal and equitable defenses may be presented in all cases.
The ITC is apparently under the misconception that the finding in the investigation leading to the issuance of the exclusion order of August 26, 1979, that patent 984 is not invalid eliminates the necessity to *130reconsider that issue in the future. This is error. In denying petitioner the right to question validity, petitioner has been denied rights specifically afforded by the above quoted provisions of 1337(c). Petitioner is further judged to be in violation of the Act until it proves compliance. The imposition of such a burden of proof may well determine the outcome of litigation, and in my view this burden has been improperly placed on petitioner who is being treated differently from the named respondents in the investigation which led to the order, without justification or explanation. This attempt to shift the burden is proscribed by the Administrative Procedures Act 5 U.S.C. 556(d) (APA) and the Commission’s own rules.7
If the ITC or Sealed Air, the original complainant, wishes to effect a temporary exclusion of the products of Canadian Tarpoly while the infringement question is under consideration, it must do so in accordance with 1337(e). Under that section Congress has provided additional protection for a person in the position of petitioner. One whose products are affected by an exclusion order during the pendency of an investigation is entitled to entry of its goods under bond.
I find the creation of a proceeding of the nature described in paragraph 3 ultra vires of the authority of the ITC.
THE VIEW OP MAJORITY
The majority states that there are at least two “meaningful legal remedies” available to petitioner here without resort to mandamus. The first is the paragraph 3 procedure for determination of the sole issue of infringement, which I have previously discussed.
As a second, the majority suggests that petitioner secure an appeal-able judgment from the U.S. Court of International Trade by making a shipment of its pool covers to the United States, and, assuming the articles are refused entry, filing a protest with Customs and, assuming that is refused, instituting proceedings before the Court of International Trade (formerly the U.S. Customs Court), and then appealing to this court. I cannot agree with the majority that the availability of a collateral attack on an ITC order by this contrived action against acts of Customs cures the deprivation of a right of direct appeal to this court, given to petitioner under 19 U.S.C. 1337(c) and which the scope of the order has effectively precluded.8
*131Clearly, petitioner is adversely affected by a final order of the ITC which is devised to preclude one in the position of petitioner from raising substantive appealable issues and has been denied relief therefrom. The use of mandamus authority will do no more than preserve the full appellate jurisdiction of this court.
The majority treats the question here simplistically as one involving the exercise of discretion by the Commission in choosing between two legal remedies, one of which better protects the interests of U.S. industry and, thus, reasonably was chosen. It is not. The question is whether the chosen remedy is within the Commission’s statutory authority. The majority divorces the Commission’s authority to issue exclusionary orders from the express limitation in 1337(d) that a determination of violation must precede its direction that the articles concerned be excluded from entry. Appropriate findings as to the articles concerned in this petition have not been made and the articles, thus, cannot be excluded by an order under 19 U.S.C. 1337(d).
The majority’s reliance on Buttfield v. Stranahan, 192 U.S. 470 (1904), is misplaced. The issue here is not whether the statute is a valid exercise of Congress’ plenary power over foreign commerce and whether that power has been properly delegated to the ITC. The issue is whether the ITC has acted in accordance with its statutory mandate. I find that it has not.
Finally, the majority’s interpretation of the statute is irreconcilable with the minimum standards set forth in the APA which has been specifically made applicable to ITC adjudications. The APA requires notice, hearing, and findings prior to imposition of a sanction. That the order or effect may be temporary or only an initial determination does not make it sustainable. Cf. Ligon Specialized Hauler Inc. v. I.C.C. 587 F. 2d 304, 315-20 (CA 6 1978).
See United States v. Weinstein, 452 F. 2d 704, 711-13 (1971), where Judge Friendly holds that a writ oí mandamus is not necessarily limited to cases where an existing or potential appeal would be frustrated.
The ITC submission here includes a notice of investigation of another third party process which includes a specific statement that the determination shall be limited to the question of whether the process would infringe claims 1 or 2 of patent 984, if practiced in the United States. (For convenience, this is referred to as infringement.)
In another case with a stipulated record, it is estimated that the expedited procedure will take ty¿ months. No assurance was given to petitioner as to the time involved.
Petitioner asserts that the selling periods for its products are seasonal and it will lose a full year's contracts unless it is allowed to import at this time.
The determinations of violations were based on default by Unipak and Conform, over whom the ITC asserts in personam jurisdiction. Unipak has appealed this determination. Appeal No. 80-4.
From the legislative history, it is beyond question that the words “the articles concerned, imported by any person * * *” were inserted to avoid the result here. See 62 Cong. Rec. 11241-244 (1922), which contains the following discussion:
Mr. Lenroot. [Senator from Wisconsin, later Associate Judge, United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, 1929-1944.] * * * So, under the amendment now proposed, if one importer has indulged in unfair competition, and a finding to that effect is sustained and reported to the President, because one importer has been guilty of wrongdoing the President may fix rates from 10 to 60 percent ad valorem upon all merchandise, either of that character or any different character.
Mr. Reed. Let me ask the Senator whether, in the case he has just put, it would not be much wiser if we provided penalties to be visited upon the particular importer who violated the proper practices, and reach it in that way, instead of reaching it by excluding everybody?
Mr. Lenroot. I think that is the way to reach it. The Senator from Utah has just called my attention to one of the amendments which is intended to be proposed, which will limit it to merchandise imported in violation of this act. Do I understand from the Senator from Utah, then, that it will not be a general rate imposed .upon all merchandise but will be a rate imposed upon merchandise imported by a given individual who is guilty of violation of the act?
Mr. Smoot. That is all there is to it, Mr. President. The criticism the Senator has just offered to the original paragraph is absolutely correct. Under that, if there had been one violation the President could have imposed the extra duty upon all importations, by any and every person, of that kind of merchandise, and that is why the committee is going to offer this amendment.
Mr. Lenroot. I am very frank to say that that very greatly improves the section.
At that time the President issued the order following an investigation by the Tariff Commission [predecessor of the ITCJ and had the authority to order either additional duties or refusal of entry.
The complainant has the burden of proof of infringement under 19 CFR 210.42(a). Cf. Exxon Corp. v. F.T.C., 411 F. Supp. 1362, 1379 (D.C. Del. 1976). The ITC has no published rules pertaining to a par. 3 type proceeding.
19 U.S.C. 1337(c) reads in part:
Any person adversely affected by a final determination of the Commission under subsection (d), (e), or (f) of this section may appeal such determination to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
In Import Motors, Ltd. v. U.S. International Trade Commission, 63 CCPA 57, 530 F. 2d 940, 188 USPQ 491 (1976), this court indicated that appeal rights are not limited to parties below.