Opinion
MOON, J.Joseph H. Campbell, appellant, seeks reversal of his conviction of forging a public record in violation of Code § 18.2-168. He alleges that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that the crime had to be “to the prejudice of another” or to the gain of the defendant, and incorrectly defined “intent to defraud” in a jury instruction. We hold that “to the prejudice of another” is not an element of the offense of forging a public document. Because appellant did not object in the trial court for the same reasons as he does on appeal to the instruction regarding the definition of “intent to defraud,” he is barred from raising that issue on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm.
*35On appeal, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975).
Appellant was a judge in the traffic division of the General District Court of the City of Norfolk. On March 20, 1989, Paul A. Sciortino, Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Virginia Beach, was given a ticket by a Norfolk police officer for making an improper turn. Mr. Sciortino was involved in a political re-election campaign and, because of prior bad publicity from a traffic accident, he did not wish this charge to be a matter of public record.
Mr. Sciortino and his attorney, Andrew Ege, met with Judge Campbell in chambers. Judge Campbell had been Commonwealth’s Attorney in the City of Norfolk and had known Sciortino many years. During the meeting, Mr. Ege jokingly suggested that the case be dismissed. Judge Campbell mentioned the usual disposition in such cases was a fine of fifty dollars and asked whether that was “acceptable.” Mr. Ege and Sciortino indicated that it would be acceptable. Mr. Ege then asked, “[D]oes it have to appear on the docket, can we leave it off the docket?” Judge Campbell said that “it has to appear on the docket.” Mr. Ege then asked, “[W]ell, if his name is misspelled you don’t have to correct it, do you?” Judge Campbell responded, in what he testified was a “jokingly or light-hearted manner,” that “there are a lot of clerical errors.”
Immediately after the meeting in chambers, Mr. Sciortino paid the fifty dollar fine and costs to the clerk. A short time later, Judge Campbell went over to a deputy clerk who was seated at a computer terminal which maintained the official records of the general district court. He directed her to bring up the record of Mr. Sciortino’s case and she did so. He then told her to “scramble or jumble” the letters of Mr. Sciortino’s last name. The clerk changed the spelling from “Sciortino” to “Schortinoe” and asked the judge, “[H]ow is that?” Judge Campbell then told her to switch the first and middle names and the clerk changed the entry from “Paul A.” to “Anthony Paul.” Judge Campbell remarked that Mr. Sciortino was “scared to death about this accident because Paul thinks the newspaper is going to crucify him again, and they probably will.”
*36Judge Campbell testified that his instructions to change the name had been a joke and had been misinterpreted by the clerk as a direction to change the name on the computer records. The deputy clerk who made the change, as well as two other clerks who were present, testified that the instructions were not given in a joking manner but were stated in a manner consistent with an instruction to change the records.
Based upon this evidence, the jury returned a verdict of guilty to the charge of forgery and fixed the sentence at six years imprisonment.1
The appellant argues that his conviction cannot stand because the jury was not instructed to find that his conduct was “to the prejudice of another’s rights in property or some other tangible thing” and because the jury was not instructed to find that Judge Campbell possessed a specific intent to cause “actual, tangible loss” to another or “actual, tangible gain to himself.”
The pertinent plain language of Code § 18.2-168 provides:
If any person forge a public record ... he shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony.
Code § 18.2-168 is the first of seven statutes in the “forgery” article of the criminal code. Specific statutes address forging a public seal, Code § 18.2-169; forging coins, bank notes or currency, Code § 18.2-170; possession of instruments for forging a writing, Code § 18.2-171; falsifying transcripts and diplomas, Code § 18.2-172.1; and possession of forged coins or bank notes, Code § 18.2-173.
Of all of the statutes, only Code § 18.2-172 provides the requirement that the writing be “to the prejudice of another’s right.” It provides:
If any person forge any writing, other than such as is mentioned in Code §§ 18.2-168 and 18.2-170, to the prejudice of another’s right ... he shall be guilty of a Class 5 felony.
*37Appellant argues that forgery is and always has been a common law crime even in the case of public records. Code § 18.2-168, appellant alleges, does not abolish the common law but explicitly invokes it, as is clear both from its very terms and from long standing Virginia rules of statutory construction. Appellant concedes that the elements of forgery are as follows: (1) The false making or material alteration; (2) with intent to defraud; (3) of a writing; (4) which, if genuine, might apparently be of legal efficacy, or the foundation of legal liability, or operate to the prejudice of another man's right. See, e.g., Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 171, 173, 313 S.E.2d 394, 395 (1984); Bullock v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 558, 561, 138 S.E.2d 261, 263 (1964), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 927 (1966); Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 265, 269, 343 S.E.2d 465, 468 (1986).
I.
Appellant argues that Virginia courts have consistently reiterated the requirement of harm or prejudice with regard to the crime of forgery. Appellant cites Virginia statutes as early as 1819 and the case of Commonwealth v. Linton, 4 Va. (2 Va. Cas.) 476 (1825), which held “the rule is, that the false making and forging any instrument, whereby another may be injured, constitutes the offense of forgery.” Id. at 478. However, the history of forgery of public documents makes clear that “to the prejudice of another’s right” is not an element of the offense.
The forgery statute in effect in 1819 (Va. Code § 154 embodied forms of forgery including those now separated into different statues) reveals that the only type of forgery requiring proof of “prejudice of another” were those dealing with forgery of writings other than those specifically listed. Included among those types of forgeries specifically listed in Va. Code § 154 (1819), i.e. those which did not require proof of “to the prejudice of another’s right,” were the forgeries of “any record of any court, or public office, or any body politic or corporate.” Thus, even in 1819 “to the prejudice of another’s right” was not considered an element of the offense of forging public documents. The Supreme Court so held in Murry v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. (5 Leigh) 782 (1835).
Where a statute is unambiguous, the plain meaning is to be accepted without resort to the rules of interpretation. Virginia Dep’t of Labor v. Westmoreland Coal Co., 233 Va. 97, 99, 353 *38S.E.2d 758, 760 (1987). When the General Assembly uses different terms in the same act, it is presumed to mean different things. Klarfeld v. Salsbury, 233 Va. 277, 284-85, 355 S.E.2d 319, 323 (1987). Thus, the intention may primarily be discerned from the language of the statute. “In construing a statute the court should seek to discover the intention of the legislature as ascertained from the act itself when read in the light of other statutes relating to the same subject matter.” Robert Bunts Eng’g & Equip. Co. v. Palmer, 169 Va. 206, 209-10, 192 S.E. 789, 790-91 (1937).
In considering the seven statutes dealing with the forgery, the language “to the prejudice of another’s right” appears only in Code § 18.2-172 and that statute expressly excludes Code § 18.2-168, which criminalizes the forging of public documents. Therefore, we hold that the legislature did not intend that the “prejudice to another’s right” requirement be in any other sections. It is readily apparent that violation of any of the forgery statutes other than Code § 18.2-172 is an offense against the public in general or, as in this case, the government itself.
Furthermore, Virginia case law has never associated the element of “prejudice of another” with the crime of forgery of public documents. See Va. Code § 154 (1819) (where a single statute embodied those crimes which now appear as seven statutes, Code §§ 18.2-168 to 18.2-173). Code § 154 (1819) specifically set forth in plain and unambiguous language the definition of the various crimes. Under that statute, it was clear that the language “to the prejudice of another’s right” was applied only to personal papers and not public documents.
While the arrangement of the statutes regarding forgery in Virginia has varied, the scheme by which they are written has not. At all times the predicate of the crime of forgery has been some type of document or writing. Our statutes specifically list certain documents which are the subject of forgery. This list is not exclusive. There is a catch-all provision by which other writings not specifically listed may serve as a predicate to the crime of forgery. To serve this purpose, however, the writings must have the potential to operate “to the prejudice of another’s right.” Code § 18.2-172; see also Gordon v. Commonwealth, 100 Va. 825, 830, 41 S.E. 746, 748 (1902) (“It is only necessary, according to the foregoing definitions and authorities, that it was a writing of such apparent legal efficacy that the forgery of it might have been used to *39the prejudice of another’s rights”). This interpretation is borne out through case law as demonstrated by Murry v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. (5 Leigh) 782 (1835).
As to the objection, that the indictment does not charge the act to have been committed “to the prejudice of another’s right;” we are of opinion, that these words relate, not to the different writings particularly mentioned in the previous part of the section, the counterfeiting of most of which had, long before, been made felony; but only to the words immediately connected with them; “any other writing, to the prejudice of another’s right.”
Id. at 785.
Murry supports the interpretation that the words “to the prejudice of another’s right” do not apply to those types of forgeries specifically listed in the code but only to forgeries of “other writings” not specifically listed.
[I]t is urged that the omission of the averment, “to the prejudice of another’s right,” is a defect so material that it may be taken advantage of after verdict. ... It is said that these terms import a part of the description of the offence denounced in the statute; and that according to well settled rules of pleading they cannot be omitted. I think these words are not intended to be descriptive of the offence, but of the writings of which forgery may be committed. The first and third sections of the act specify various writings by name or general description, the forgery of which is made felony; and the fifth section [which parallels the language of Code § 18.2-172] makes the forgery of any writing, other than those mentioned in the first and third sections, “to the prejudice of another’s right,” in like manner felony: thus discriminating between those writings which might affect the rights of others whereof forgery might be committed, and other writings, by which, whether false or genuine, the pecuniary interest of others could not be affected . . . That these words, "to the prejudice of another’s right,” refer to the writings contemplated by the statute, and not to the act of the party, is, I think, sufficiently established by Hendrick’s Case, 5 Leigh 707, and Murry’s Case, Ibid 720; in neither of *40which did the indictment contain that particular expression, though it is found in the act of 1819, on which those prosecutions were founded.
Powell v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. (11 Gratt.) 822, 824-25 (1854) (emphasis added).
As the forgery of a public record is specifically listed as a writing or document which serves as a predicate to the offense of forgery, as codified in Code § 18.2-168, it need not be considered under the catch-all provision of Code § 18.2-172 which addresses “other writings.” The words “to the prejudice of another’s right” are only employed in cases involving writings other than those specifically listed as predicates to the offense of forgery. In the context of “other writings,” the words “to the prejudice of another’s rights” serve to distinguish “between those writings which might affect the rights of others whereof forgery might be committed, and other writings, by which, whether false or genuine, the pecuniary interests of others could not be affected.” Powell, 52 Va. (11 Gratt.) at 825.
II.
Instruction No. Eight told the jury:
To act with the intent to defraud means to act with an evil intent, or with the specific intent to deceive or trick. It is sufficient if it was the intention of the defendant to frustrate the administration of a law or if his actions were prejudicial to, or a fraud upon, a commonwealth or a governmental unit or tended to impair a governmental function.
The first sentence correctly defined “intent to defraud.” However, the second sentence, in part, equated actions conducted with the intent to defraud with actions that “tended to impair a governmental function.” The second sentence was in the disjunctive and, therefore, a fair reading would instruct that intent to defraud is proven if the appellant’s actions, irrespective of intent, tended to impair a governmental function. This interpretation of the instruction constitutes an incorrect statement of the law because it rules out mens rea as an element of the offense. Clearly, mens rea remains an element of all forgery, even of public documents. See Hanbury v. Commonwealth, 203 Va. 182, 187, 122 S.E.2d 911, *41914-15 (1961).
However, appellant did not raise this objection at trial. Appellant’s sole objection to the granting of Instruction No. Eight stated: “Again, on the grounds that it fails to point out that intent to defraud means to deprive under the circumstances of this case one of tangible rights.” Thus, the objection in the trial court was not the same objection as is raised on appeal. An objection and reason therefor must be raised at the time the instruction is granted; otherwise, it is barred from being raised on appeal, except as may be necessary to meet the ends of justice. Rule 5A:18. Furthermore, the reasons stated for the objection in the trial court must be the same reasons that are argued on appeal. See Gardner v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 418, 350 S.E.2d 229 (1986).
Appellant argues that under the ends of justice exception, we should reverse the case notwithstanding the failure to make the proper objection in the trial court.
The Supreme Court in Jimenez v. Commonwealth, 241 Va. 244, 402 S.E.2d 678 (1991), discussed the ends of justice exception as applied to jury instructions and the sufficiency of the evidence. In Jimenez, an essential element defining the crime was left out of the instruction. Moreover, no evidence was introduced to prove the element. The Supreme Court found that Jimenez had been convicted of a crime of which the Commonwealth’s own evidence showed he was not guilty. Id. at 251, 402 S.E.2d at 681 (citing Ball v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 754, 273 S.E.2d 790 (1981)).
In Jimenez, the Supreme Court stated that “when a principle of law is vital to a defendant in a criminal case, a trial court has an affirmative duty properly to instruct a jury about the matter.” Id. at 250, 402 S.E.2d at 681 (citing Bryant v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 390, 393, 219 S.E.2d 669, 671 (1975); Whaley v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 353, 355-56, 200 S.E.2d 556, 558 (1973)). In Bryant and Whaley, the defense offered an instruction embodying a principle of law upon which they relied but their instructions were “argumentative, confusing and intentionally misleading,” or otherwise improperly drawn. See Bryant, 216 Va. at 392, 219 S.E.2d at 671; Whaley, 214 Va. at 354-55, 200 S.E.2d at 557-58. In both cases, the defendants sought to have their position on the law embodied in a jury instruction. The principles of law con*42tained in the instructions were correct as applied to the facts, but the instructions were wrong for other reasons. Rather than correcting the instructions and giving them with a correct statement of law, the trial judges simply refused the instruction and the case went to the jury without any instruction on the principle of law.
Here, the appellant did not offer an instruction on the principle of law that was incorrectly stated to the jury by the Commonwealth’s instruction but acquiesced in the Commonwealth’s instruction to the extent it is now in question.
We have held that the ends of justice do not require that an argument be entertained on appeal unless there has been an obvious miscarriage of justice. Mounce v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 433, 357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987). We must determine whether a miscarriage of justice obviously occurred or might have occurred. Here, no obvious miscarriage of justice occurred. The evidence is overwhelming of the defendant’s intent to alter a public document with the intent to deceive. Moreover, contrary to Jimenez, an abundance of evidence was offered proving the element concerning the defendant’s criminal intent. In fact, an examination of the record reveals that it would have been difficult for a rational trier of fact to have reached any other conclusion than that appellant intended that the record be altered. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).
Accordingly, on the facts of this case, we are not required to waive the bar of Rule 5A:18 to achieve the ends of justice.
Therefore, the judgment appealed from is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Coleman, J., concurred.
The jury also found appellant guilty of malfeasance in office and fixed his punishment at twelve months in jail and a $1,000 fine. However, the trial judge later vacated that conviction.