This is a writ of error to review a judgment in favor of the defendants in an action at law, tried before the court without the intervention of a jury by written stipulation of the parties. The court made special findings of fact, and the sufficiency of these findings to support the judgment is not challenged. There was no motion or request at or before the. close of the trial to find generally for the plaintiff, or to make special findings in favor of the plaintiff, and there was no ruling of the court on that question. In this state of the record, it is well settled that an appellate court cannot consider the sufficiency of the testimony to support the findings.
In Dunsmuir v. Scott, 217 F. 200, 133 C. C. A. 194, we said: “The question whether or not, at the close of the trial, there is substantial evidence to sustain a finding in favor of one of the parties to the action is a question of law which arises in the progress of the trial. Where the trial is before a jury, that question is reviewable on exception to a ruling upon a request for a peremptory instruction for a verdict. Where the trial is before the court, it is reviewable upon a motion which presents that issue of law to the court 'for its determination at or before the end of the trial. In the case at bar there was no such motion, and no request for a special finding. We are limited, therefore, to a review of the rulings of the court to which exceptions were reserved during the progress of the trial.” To the same effect, see National Surety Co. v. Lincoln County, Mont., 238 F. 705, 151 C. C. A. 555; Société Nouvelle d’Armement v. Barnaby, 246 P. 68,158 C. C. A. 294; Warren v. Bromley (C. C. A.) 288 F. 563.
Our attention has been directed to the stipulation waiving a jury at the commencement of the trial, wherein the respective parties joined in a request to the court to make special findings of fact upon the issue raised by the pleadings. But this was not a motion or request to find either generally or specially in favor of the plaintiff, and no such motion or request was in fact made, so far as the record discloses, until long after the close of the trial, and not until 10 days after a decision in favor of the defendants had been announced by the court. Under such circumstances, wc are -without jurisdiction to consider the sufficiency of the testimony to support the findings.
All of the assignments of error, with the exception of three, are based either on the findings made or on a refusal to find as requested. Of these three, one is based on the admission of certain testimony, another on the exclusion of a large number of letters written by the plaintiff, and the third upon the ruling on the motion for a new trial. One of the defendants was asked what induced him to vote in favor of entering into the contract in suit, and an objection to the question was overruled. Neither the validity nor the construction of the contract seems to have been in issue, and the testimony may have been immaterial; but, even so, "the answer to the question was not prejudicial, especially in an action tried by the court without a jury.
The letters excluded might be competent and material in an action on a quantum meruit to recover the reasonable value of the services rendered,- but the action before the court was on an express contract to recover the stipulated fee, and there could be no recovery without proof of substantial performance. It is not claimed that the letters excluded had any tendency to prove that fact, and, if admitted, they would not change the result. No new question was presented by the motion for a new trial, and the order thereon is not subject to review here.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment is affirmed.