(after stating the facts as above). We do not understand that any question is raised of the knowledge by the creditors’ committee that the California business was being conducted as in fact it' was, and that Everett .was to pay and was paying such claims as were necessary to continue it. That knowledge was, moreover, acquired under circumstances which leave no doubt that the receivers’ operations, of which Everett’s were in substance a part, were with the committee’s entire assent. While perhaps they did not know specifically of each payment made, the greater includes the less, and their general consent covered all details necessary to accomplish the general purposes in which they, co-operated.
So much admitted, the petition must fail. A creditor, who would put his debtor into bankruptcy because of a preferential payment, complains of a wrong. The law requires an insolvent to distribute equally all that he has; he must be just, before he is generous. When he is not, any creditor aggrieved may take from him his property and secure its ratable distribution. Yet it is only because he has been wronged that the creditor may act; and if he has induced the debtor to make the payment, or even consented to it in advance, plainly it is not an injury and not a wrong. We have found no ease in point, except In re Freeman Cotting Coat Co. (D. C.) 212 F. 548, though that accords with our view. But it is surely not necessary to find a precise application, to this situation of so universal a principle, Which rests upon the most obvious rules of fair dealing and has its roots in very ancient notions.
All this has no very near relation to estoppel, as the appellants seem to suppose. Under that term is properly included the conduct by which a person once wronged may disqualify himself from any effective complaint. It presupposes that the wrong has existed, and that the victim has had a remedy; it concerns itself only with whether the remedy has been. lost. Such are the usual instances of assignments for the benefit of creditors, or receiverships, eases where the creditors might at one time have brought the estate into bankruptcy. The question is whether taking part in such proceedings concludes one from' repudiating them later. As the law is not-in general interested in the mere consistency of suitors, vacillation *315may not be fatal. Perhaps others must act upon tho faith of what one says before one' is estopped.
The cases are not wholly clear. In Simonson, v. Sinsheimer, 95 F. 948, 37 C. C. A. 337 (C. C. A. 6), Chief Justice Taft (then Circuit Judge) held that creditors were estopped who had filed their claims under an assignment for tho benefit of creditors, asked for a reference, and waited over three months before filing the petition. The theory was that this conduct had led the parties to the assignment, and others dealing with the assignees to suppose that it would stand, though there was apparently no evidence that any one had in fact relied upon their acquiescence. The rule laid down was that there must bo something misleading in the creditors’ conduct and some action taken on the faith of it. In Moulton v. Coburn, 131 F. 201, 66 C. C. A. 90 (C. C. A. 1), the court thought that the mere assent to an assignment was enough to conclude the assenting creditor, rather perhaps on the doctrine of election than of estoppel.
The same result was reached in Ohio Motor Car Co. v. Eiseman Magneto Co., 230 F. 370, 144 C. C. A. 512 (C. C. A. 6), when tho creditor had filed his claim in a receivership and received a dividend. Among the acts of bankruptcy alleged were preferential transfers, against which the estoppel ran as well as against the receivership count of tho petition. Assent in writing to an assignment for the benefit of creditors was also hold enough in Despres v. Galbraith, 213 F. 190, 129 C. C. A. 534 (C. C. A. 8), and the same was true in Utz, etc., Co. v. Regulator Co., 213 F. 315, 130 C. C. A. 17 (C. C. A. 8), after tho assignee had sold property on the faith of creditors’ assent to tho assignment. The rule is otherwise if the assent to the assignment follows tho petition. Hays v. Wagner, 150 F. 533, 80 C. C. A. 275 (C. C. A. 6).
It seems to us beside the point to learn whether at bottom the two ideas have a common root in our moral conventions. Perhaps they do; perhaps it is only because others ought to be able to rely upon one’s words that one may be estopped after the event, or that the event itself is not a wrong. At any rate there can be no question that the maxim, volenti non fit injuria, embodies a principle which is too ancient and indubitable to yield even to the unfortunate consequences which its application may here entail.
Order affirmed.