The Dingess Rum Coal Company, the appellee, a West Virginia corporation,'was the plaintiff in the District Court, and the appellant, the Steel & 'Tube Company of America, a Delaware corporation, was the defendant. The parties will be here referred to by the positions they occupied in the court -below. The plaintiff there recovered a decree against the defendant for $94,437.82 for royalties and interest thereon. Admittedly the main, and as we think the only, question raised by the appeal, is whether the defendant owes the plaintiff anything.
The relevant facts are that the plaintiff is, and for a number of years has been, the owner of a tract of upwards of 4,000 acres of coal lands in West Virginia. On the 1st of August, 1916, it made a coal mining lease of this property to three individuals to- continue until the lessees should have mined and removed all of the minable and merchantable coal upon the property. The lessees wére to pay in return a royalty of 10 cents for each and every short ton of coal mined, and in addition 10 per cent, of the net price above $1 per short ton realized by the lessees on the sale of the coal. The lease contained a further provision entitling the lessor to a minimum royalty of a certain number of dollars per acre, gradually increasing until after the fifth year it became $6 per acre per annum. By various mesne assignments, the lessees’ interest became vested in the defendant.
In the years 1920 and 1921, the defendant mined and shipped from the property covered by the lease, upwards of 276,000 tons of coal. It paid the sales royalty of 10 per cent, of the net , price received above $1 per ton, upon less than 17,000 tons and not upon the remaining 260,000, because, according to its contention, none of the latter was sold by it, but was used in the operation of its iron mines and blast furnaces in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana. The decree appealed from was for the equivalent, with interest, of 10 per cent, of the average fair market value of such 260,000 tons, over and above $1 per ton, f. o. b. the mines of the *93defendant; the learned court below holding that if defendant mined and shipped, and for its purposes used coal from the leased premises, it was bound to pay the plaintiff a royalty upon the sum at which the coal could have been sold.
The controversy in the ease is as to whether that conclusion was right. "We have no question that it was. We do not find it necessary to follow the parties into a meticulous examination of various words and phrases in the lease further than to say that in construing the instrument as a whole, there is nothing whatever in it to indicate that the lessor for one moment thought of maldng its right to the 10 per cent, royalty depend upon the relationship which might, at any time in the half century or more during which the lease was to run, happen to exist between the possessor of the term of years and the person or corporation who should ultimately use the coal mined on its property and shipped from it. It is stipulated that at the time the lease was made, all coal produced in the field of which the leased property formed a part, was, and had always theretofore been, disposed of by sale. Such being the situation of the parties at the time the contract was entered into, no court would be justified in holding that the lessee, by the simple process of using the coal, could destroy the right of the lessor to its 10 per cent, royalty. If the contention of the defendant was sound, the rights of the plaintiff might easily depend upon the form which its lessee might choose to give to transactions which in their substance would differ little if at all. For example, it might suit a lessee to ship the coal to a subsidiary corporation, all of whose stock it owned. For cost accounting or other bookkeeping purposes, the transaction might take the form of a sale of the coal by the lessee to its subsidiary. In that event, the lessor would be entitled to its 10 per cent royalty. The next year, it might please the lessee to extinguish the existence of the dependent corporation and to operate the latter’s plants directly, and in that ease the lessor would, upon the theory of the defendant, have no claim to royalty. It is too great a strain upon credulity to suppose that any lessor intended that its rights should be dependent upon circumstances over which it could exercise no control and in which it was not in the slightest degree interested. Nothing but the plainest and most unambiguous language could support such a conclusion. It was contemplated by the lessor that the lessee in the future might choose upon the premises, to turn some, or all, of the coal mined into coke and the lease apparently sought to direct what should happen in such contingency. Both parties are agreed that what is said on this subject is meaningless, either because the wrong words were used or more probably because something was inadvertently omitted. No inference contrary to what has already been said can be based on the language actually employed.
The parties stipulated the number of tons used by the defendant and what was its market value, “taking into consideration the purpose for which the defendant made use of” it. The words in quotation marks formed part of the decree of the learned court below, describing the principles upon which the accounting before the master should be had. Defendant now complains of them, but it did not offer to prove what the market value without limitation was, and there is nothing in the record to suggest the restriction _ to which it now objects did it any harm.
It follows that the decree below was right, and must be affirmed.