This is an action of tort for personal injuries. There was-a verdict for the plaintiff, upon which judgment was entered, and this writ of error prosecuted.
The plaintiff was employed as a eommon, seaman by the Luckonbaeh SteamsMp Company on its steamship K. I. Lnckenbach, and at the time of Ms injury had been on this ship about 4 days. He had worked, however, on ships for about .10 years.
The defendant, a stevedore company, was employed in discharging lumber from the steamship at a wharf in Boston when the accident occurred.
The steamship was about 470 feet lorig, having its deckhouse amidships, extending 60 feet fore and aft. She had 8 hatches, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 forward of the deckhouse, and Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8 aft of the house. It was about 3 feet from the aft side of the house to the forward side of No. 5 hatch. The hatches, measured about 23 feet fore and aft. The-work of discharging the lumber began at .1' p. m. on the afternoon of September 5, 1924, and the discharge proceeded from hatches 1 to 6, inclusive, simultaneously. The lumber was random lengths of various sizes, includ*20ing boards, 2-ineh plank, 3x4’s, 2x3’s, and the lengths varied from 10 to 30 feet. The ship lay alongside the wharf, and the distance between the ship and the edge of the wharf was about 18 inches. The height of the rail of the ship above the level of the wharf varied with the state of the tide. The distance on the morning of the accident (September 6th) was about 15 feet. The gangplank descended from a little forward of the middle of the deckhouse and ran aft down along the side of the ship. The method of discharge was as follows:
The lumber was taken out of the hold by booms at the forward end of each hatch, one being on the starboard and the other on the port side of the hatch. These booms were operated by winches. Attached to the booms were falls, which were shackled together, and slings were hooked to the shackles and lowered into the holds. The lumber was lifted out of the hold in the slings, 30 or 40 pieces at a time. The port boom was stationary over the middle of the hatch and the other over the side of the ship next to the wharf. The lumber in the sling was first drawn straight up out of the hold by the port boom and then drawn by the starboard boom over the side of the vessel and dropped into cars standing on the wharf parallel to the ship and about 3 or 4 feet from the edge of the wharf. A hatchman stationed on the ship, where he could see what took place on the wharf between the car and the side of the ship, gave the signals to the winchman for the various operations of the winches in the discharge of the lumber, and the men on the cars took it as it reached a car.
The rule of the ship when in port was for the chief officer to give his orders to the boatswain and for the latter to give the orders to the crew. On September 5, the chief officer directed the boatswain to chip and red-paint all rough spots along the face of the ship and touch up any spots where it wanted to be touched with black paint and, on the afternoon of that day, the boatswain told the plaintiff to get some black paint and go down and paint the side of the ship, to work in the middle of the ship, not over at Nos. 4 or 5. At that time the cargo was being unloaded from the first 6 hatches. The plaintiff went to work amidships, standing on the wharf painting the ship’s side. The" evidence was in conflict as to whether he remained amidships all that afternoon or a part of the time worked close to or abreast No. 5 hatch. There was evidence that he was told to keep away from No. 5 hatch, but remained there until removed at the request of McHugh, an employee of the defendant, who notified the chief officer of the ship that he would stop work if he was not removed. At that time the chief officer notified the boatswain to have the plaintiff paint at Nos. 7 or 8 hatches, but the boatswain told the plaintiff to paint amidships and he worked amidships near the gangway during the remainder of the afternoon.
When the plaintiff quit work on the night of the 5th of September the middle of the ship was painted, but from the point where he finished to No. 5 hatch, a distance of about 6 feet, remained unpainted. On the following morning (September 6th) the boatswain told the plaintiff to go to work where he left off last night. The plaintiff went to work at 8 a. m., starting in where he left off on the afternoon of the 5th. The stevedores had not at that time begun to unload at No. 5 hatch. It took the plaintiff about twenty minutes to finish his work from where he left off to No. 5 hatch. At the time of his injury he had just completed this work and was looking for the boatswain as he desired permission to go elsewhere to work, for he thought the place was dangerous. While he stood there a timber fell and broke his leg. The stevedores began discharging lumber from No. 5 hatch that morning after he went to work, but whether the lumber discharged at the time of the accident was the first sling discharged that morning was in dispute. The accident occurred about 20 minutes after he began work.
A witness for the defendant, its boss at No. 5 hatch, testified that he saw Makinda working under the hatch about 5 minutes before the accident and told him to get out of there, and that he could have told his hatch-man not to send out any more lumber over the side until the plaintiff got away, but did not. There was other testimony tending to show that the plaintiff was warned that morning to go away from No. 5 hatch. The plaintiff, however, denied that any one warned him the morning of the accident.
There was also evidence that the sling of lumber being discharged at the time of the accident contained some 30 or 40 pieces; that as it came up out of the hold over the hatch a piece was hanging from the sling; that the chief officer of the ship stood on the saloon deck above No. 5 hatch, and seeing this, and fearing that the lumber might fall back and injure some one in the hold or on the deck, shouted a warning to the stevedores to look out below, and as the sling was swung out he saw the piece fall, hit the gunwale of the ship, and bounce off to the dock. This was the piece of timber that hit the plaintiff.
Another witness for the defendant, em*21ployed on the ear, testified that he saw the load that caused the injury “as it was coming over the coamings at the side of the ship,” with “this piece sliding out, and he hollered,” and then “he heard the hollering”; that he “did not remember whether it hit anything before it hit Makinda or not.” The hatehman at No. 5 testified that it was his duty to signal the winchman to stack the load over the side of the vessel to the car; that on the morning of the 6th he saw the plaintiff working right at the hatch, and told him to go away, but that he kept on painting; that he saw a 2-inch piece of lumber fall out of the sling, and hit the plaintiff, but that, when the load came out of the hatch, and when he signaled to the winch-man to stack the load, he saw no lumber that was falling or that looked loose.
From the foregoing evidence we think it could reasonably be found that on the morning of the accident the plaintiff went to work painting at or near No. 5 hatch before the stevedores began discharging lumber; that the hatch boss and hatehman saw him there, and had reason to believe that he would remain there until directed by the ship’s officers to go elsewhere; that notwithstanding this, and notwithstanding the hatehman and the other stevedores had been warned that the load or sling of lumber in question, as it came out of the hatch, was in a dangerous condition, the hatehman caused it to be stacked over the side of the ship, causing the accident, instead of heeding the warning and readjusting the lumber in the sling before Stacking it over, and without warning the plaintiff that the load was to be sent over;- and that the District Court did not err in submitting the case to the jury.
There was adequate evidence that the defendant was negligent. And while the evidence as to whether the plaintiff’s presence at the time and place of injury was a contributing cause was conflicting, there was also evidence from which the jury might find that his presence there, if careless, was a mere condition, and not a contributing cause, for the defendants could be found to have had the last opportunity of avoiding the accident before stacking the load over the side of the ship.
But whether the plaintiff’s presence at the place of the accident was a mere condition, or a contributing cause, involved findings of fact, depending upon the view the jury took of the evidence. It appears from an examination of the charge that the jury were in substance told that the plaintiff’s presence at the time and place of the accident was a mere condition, and that the only question was whether the defendant was negligent. In the portion of the charge to which the defendant excepted, the court instructed the jury as follows:
“Now, he [the stevedore] was bound to exercise reasonable caro, I repeat, to do that job with reference to the situation which the presence of that man created, and you may say this: That if it wasn’t practical to move that lumber out of the hold and onto the car in a commercial way, without unduly endangering a man at work there, the defendant could have stopped the work and declined to go on. The situation created, if you take that view, would be, to put an analogy, very like this: Suppose you were building a house, Mr. Foreman, and there was a certain place where a plumber had to work and a carpenter had to work —in a bathroom, we will say. The carpenter wanted to be fitting some of the woodwork, and the plumber wanted to work in there fixing a trap, and the plumber got there first. The carpenter had no right to kick out the plumber. He would have to wait until the plumber got through. On the morning in question here apparently the painter came to paint before the men came around to discharge the cargo from the vessel, so that, when they tackled onto their first load of lumber, he was already at work; and I leave their conduct for you to judge, under all the circumstances — to say whether in what they did they carried on their business in a reasonably careful and prudent way. To put it exactly, whether the injury which the plaintiff undoubtedly received was the result of negligence on the part of those employees in discharging the lumber?”
By this instruction the court in substance told the jury that, as the plaintiff went to work before the stevedores, they would have to wait until the plaintiff got through, if their method of doing the work created a dangerous situation, or suffer the consequences. It was equivalent to an instruction that the plaintiff’s presence at the place of the accident was a condition, and not a contributing cause, and that the liability of the defendant depended entirely upon whether it was in the exercise of due care in discharging the lumber, knowing that the plaintiff was in a position of danger near the hatch. We think this instruction was erroneous.
The jury should have been instructed that the burden of proof on the question of contributory negligence was on the defendant, and that the plaintiff could not recover, if he was negligent and his negligence contributed to eause his injury, but that they might find that his presence beside the hatch, if careless, was not a contributing cause, provided they found that the defendant’s stevedores *22were aware of Ms presence there, and had the last clear chance of avoiding the accident by readjusting the lumber in the sling before stacking it over the side of the sMp, or by taking such other action as they reasonably might to avoid the accident. See Inland & Sea Board Coasting Co. v. Tolson, 139 U. S. 551, 557, 558, 559, 11 S. Ct. 653, 35 L. Ed. 270; Grand Trunk Railroad Co. v. Ives, 144 U. S. 408, 428, 429, 12 S. Ct. 679, 36 L. Ed. 485; Cavanaugh v. Railroad, 76 N. H. 68, 79 A. 694, and eases there cited.
It has been suggested that the question of contributory negligence was submitted to the jury. This is not so. After stating that ■ the plaintiff could not recover if he was working in front of the hatch “against orders” of ■“his superior officers” in “a place of danger where he [knew] it [was] very perilous, and where he [had] been ordered not-to go,” the jury were told, “No such question is put to you here.” In view of this, which- was the only reference made to the question, the jury undoubtedly understood, and had the right to understand, that no question of contributory negligence was submitted to them for consideration. In giving this instruction, the court evidently took the view that the plaintiff was not and could not be found to be negligent, if he went to work in front of the hatch in obedience to the order of his superior officer (as the evidence showed he did), although he knew the place was dangerous. The fact that he went to work in a place of danger in obedience to orders -of his superior officer would not, of itself and as a matter of law, relieve him from fault in being there. -His presence there in obedience to orders was simply one of the facts or circumstances to be considered by the jury in determining the plaintiff’s care and the defendant’s fault, the latter being aware of his presence in a place of danger.
We do not find it necessary to consider the other questions raised.
The judgment of the District Court is'vacated, the verdict is set aside, and the ease is remanded to that court for a new trial.