IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
September 30, 2009
No. 07-60712 Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
ALEXEY KORNEENKOV; OLESYA KORNEENKOVA
Petitioners
v.
ERIC H HOLDER, JR., U S ATTORNEY GENERAL
Respondent
Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Before JONES, Chief Judge, and PRADO and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Petitioners Alexey Korneenkov (“Alexey”) and Olesya Korneenkova
(“Olesya”) (collectively “the Korneenkovs”) challenge the Board of Immigration
Appeals (“BIA”) order dismissing their appeal of an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”)
denial of their applications for asylum.1 The Korneenkovs argue that the BIA
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
1
The Korneenkovs also argue on appeal that they are eligible for withholding of
removal under Section 241(b)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3),
and the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-20 (1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85.
However, the Korneenkovs did not appeal the Immigration Judge’s denial of their applications
No. 07-60712
erred in determining that they are not eligible for asylum from their native
country, Russia, because they were not persecuted on statutorily protected
grounds. Specifically, they assert that (1) they were persecuted in Russia
because of their status as mentally disabled persons and (2) mentally disabled
persons constitute a “social group” for asylum purposes. Because we hold that
the Korneenkovs were not persecuted as defined by applicable law, we AFFIRM
the BIA’s order denying asylum and need not reach the “social group” issue.
The Korneenkovs further challenge the BIA’s denial of their motion to
remand to the IJ on the ground of ineffective assistance of counsel. We agree
with the BIA’s conclusion that the Korneenkovs were not prejudiced by any
alleged deficiency in their counsel’s performance and therefore AFFIRM the
BIA’s denial of their motion to remand.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The Korneenkovs, a married couple, are natives and citizens of Russia who
were admitted to the United States in September 2005 as non-immigrant
visitors for pleasure with authorization to remain in the United States no later
than March 5, 2006. Rather than leaving by that date, the Korneenkovs
remained in the United States without authorization by the Department of
Homeland Security (“DHS”). Accordingly, in April 2006, the DHS served the
Korneenkovs with a notice to appear, charging them as removable under Section
237(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(B). The Korneenkovs filed applications for asylum, alleging past
for withholding of removal on either of these grounds. Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction to
consider these issues on appeal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (“A court may review a final order
of removal only if—the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien
as of right . . . .”).
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No. 07-60712
persecution on account of membership in a social group consisting of mentally
disabled persons.
At a hearing before an IJ, the Korneenkovs conceded that they were
removable from the United States as charged. At a subsequent hearing on the
merits of their applications for asylum, they described their experiences in
Russia.
Alexey testified as follows: As a child, he attended a government-run
school for mentally disabled children known as an “Internat.” At the Internat,
an intoxicated teacher struck him in the head with a wooden hanger, causing an
injury that required stitches. His parents complained to the director of the
Internat, but the director did not discipline the teacher and warned Alexey’s
parents that they would have trouble if they told anyone else about the incident.
Although Alexey acknowledged that that was the only time a teacher ever
abused him at the Internat, he testified that teachers threatened students and
gave some students medicine that caused them to fall asleep during lessons. He
also testified that he once witnessed a female student being raped.
After leaving the Internat, Alexey worked for a construction company. On
one occasion, Alexey’s supervisor, who was intoxicated and unhappy with
Alexey’s work, pushed a hammer to his head, hit him, and stole money from him.
Alexey further claimed that his co-workers disliked him because of his
disabilities.
Alexey left the construction company and took a job with another
company. While Alexey was employed there, his supervisor, who was stealing
from the company, coerced him into helping her steal. She threatened to kill
Alexey and his family if he told anyone that she was stealing, and she called his
home and screamed at Olesya that they were “a family of ‘idiots’ and ‘imbeciles.’”
Finally, Alexey testified that in 2004, four police officers stopped him and
asked for his identification, which he was legally required to carry with him and
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No. 07-60712
for which Russian police could check at any time. When Alexey did not produce
his identification—which he had left at work—the police officers pulled his arm
back, causing his spine to “crack[],” and took him to the police station. At the
station, the police seized his belongings, initially refused to allow him to use the
telephone, forced him to clean the toilets, beat him until he lost consciousness,
threw water on him to wake him up, and told him to call his parents to “bring
lots of money” for him to be released. They threatened to kill him if his family
reported the incident.
Olesya also recounted her experiences in Russia. Olesya testified that
when she was a child, children in her school beat her, bit her, pulled her hair,
shouted at her, and laughed at her. She also testified—without
elaboration—that teachers abused her and that despite her parents’ requests the
school took no corrective action. When asked if she had problems with anyone
outside of school, Olesya stated that drunkards picked on her by pointing at her
and calling her disabled.
Olesya testified that when she was seventeen years old, two men
attempted to rape her while she was on her way home from a store. Olesya had
accompanied her mother to the store, and her mother instructed her to wait
outside. After some time, Olesya assumed that her mother had left and began
to walk home. Near her house, two men approached her and lured her around
a corner by telling her that they had puppies to sell. Olesya followed the men,
and they took her into a building where they attacked her. The men beat her,
attempted to pull off her clothes, and choked her before a bystander came to her
aid and caused them to flee. Olesya was promptly hospitalized, and although
the police promised to apprehend the suspects, they also informed Olesya’s
parents that they might have a better chance of finding her attackers
themselves. Olesya’s attackers were never apprehended.
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No. 07-60712
Olesya’s father testified that it was difficult to get good medical treatment
for Olesya in Russia and that he did not believe that Alexey and Olesya could
live on their own in Russia.
Finally, the Korneenkovs proffered an affidavit from Olesya’s mother. In
the affidavit, Olesya’s mother stated that Olesya was dropped on her head at
birth and corroborated Olesya’s accounts of school children picking on her, her
attempted rape, and Alexey’s negative experiences at work.
B. Procedural History
The IJ rendered an oral decision denying the Korneenkovs’ applications
for asylum, finding that the incidents that they recounted were not sufficiently
severe to rise to the level of persecution or were not on account of their mental
disabilities. Specifically, with regard to Olesya’s attempted rape, the IJ found
that there was insufficient evidence that the perpetrators targeted her because
of her mental disabilities.
After obtaining new counsel, the Korneenkovs appealed the IJ’s decision
to the BIA and also moved to remand on the basis of ineffective assistance of
counsel. Assuming without deciding that mentally disabled persons in Russia
constitute a “social group” for asylum purposes, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s
decision and denied the motion to remand, finding that the incidents that the
Korkeenkovs described did not rise to the level of persecution. The BIA also
determined that the Korneenkovs failed to demonstrate prejudice from their
former counsel’s failure to present testimony from Olesya’s mother and Dr. Eric
Reznik (“Dr. Reznik”), a psychologist. Accordingly, the BIA denied the
Korneenkovs’ motion to remand. The Korneenkovs timely filed a petition for
review. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the BIA’s resolution of questions of law de novo, “giving
considerable deference to the BIA’s interpretation of the legislative scheme it is
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No. 07-60712
entrusted to administer.” Zhu v. Gonzales, 493 F.3d 588, 594 (5th Cir. 2007)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “We review factual findings of the Board to
determine if they are supported by substantial evidence in the record.” Mikhael
v. INS, 115 F.3d 299, 302 (5th Cir. 1997). Under this stringent standard, we will
reverse the BIA’s decision “only when the evidence is ‘so compelling that no
reasonable fact finder could fail to find’ the petitioner statutorily eligible for
relief.” Roy v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 132, 138 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483-84 (1992)). Mere disagreement with the BIA’s
factual findings is not a sufficient ground for reversal; we may reverse only if the
evidence compels a conclusion opposite to that reached by the BIA. See Girma
v. INS, 283 F.3d 664, 669 (5th Cir. 2002); Mikhael, 115 F.3d at 304; see also
Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 622 (1966) (“[T]he possibility of
drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an
administrative agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.”).
“Even though we have authority to review only the BIA’s decision, we may
consider the IJ’s decision to the extent that it influenced the BIA.” Masih v.
Mukasey, 536 F.3d 370, 373 (5th Cir. 2008).
“As a general matter, the determination that an alien is not eligible for
consideration for asylum is a factual conclusion reviewed under the
substantial-evidence standard.” Thuri v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 788, 791 (5th Cir.
2004); see also Zamora-Morel v. INS, 905 F.2d 833, 838 (5th Cir. 1990). The
same is true of the more specific determination of whether the alien suffered
persecution on account of a statutorily enumerated ground. Thuri, 380 F.3d at
791; see also Ontunez-Tursios v. Ashcroft, 303 F.3d 341, 350-51 (5th Cir. 2002).
We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to remand for abuse of discretion.
Castillo-Perez v. INS, 212 F.3d 518, 523 (9th Cir. 2000).
III. ANALYSIS
1. Denial of Asylum
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No. 07-60712
To qualify for the discretionary relief of asylum, an alien must be a
“refugee.” Tesfamichael v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 109, 113 (5th Cir. 2006); see 8
C.F.R. § 1208.13(a). A refugee, in turn, is a person unable or unwilling to return
to his or her country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); accord
Tesfamichael, 469 F.3d at 113. Past persecution constitutes “harm inflicted on
[an] alien on account of a statutorily enumerated ground by the government or
forces that a government is unable or unwilling to control.” Tesfamichael, 469
F.3d at 113 (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)). To show a well-founded fear of
future persecution, an alien must establish “that a reasonable person in the
same circumstances would fear persecution [on account of a statutorily
enumerated ground] if deported.” Castillo-Rodriguez v. INS, 929 F.2d 181, 184
(5th Cir. 1991); accord Jukic v. INS, 40 F.3d 747, 749 (5th Cir. 1996). In either
case, under the REAL ID Act amendment, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i),2 to qualify
for asylum, an alien must demonstrate that a statutorily enumerated ground
“was or will be at least one central reason for persecuting the applicant.”
Although the INA does not define “persecution,” we have defined it as
The infliction of suffering or harm, under government sanction,
upon persons who differ in a way regarded as offensive (e.g., race,
religion, political opinion, etc.), in a manner condemned by civilized
governments. The harm or suffering need not be physical, but may
take other forms, such as the deliberate imposition of severe
economic disadvantage or the deprivation of liberty, food, housing,
employment or other essentials of life.
Chen v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1131, 1135 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting Abel-Masieh v.
INS, 73 F.3d 579, 583 (5th Cir. 1996)). Notably, not every infliction of harm by
one person upon another rises to the level of persecution. See Adedisi v. INS,
2
The parties agree that the Real ID Act amendment applies in this case.
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No. 07-60712
952 F.2d 910, 913 (5th Cir. 1992) (“The law regulating persecution claims,
although humane in concept, is not generous.” ). As we have observed, “[n]either
discrimination nor harassment ordinarily amounts to persecution under the
INA, even if the conduct amounts to ‘morally reprehensible’ discrimination on
the basis of race or religion.” Eduard v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 182, 188 (5th Cir.
2004). Similarly, we have noted that
“[p]ersecution is not a limitless concept. . . . [I]t does not encompass
all treatment that our society regards as unfair, unjust or even
unlawful or unconstitutional. If persecution were defined that
expansively, a significant percentage of the world’s population
would qualify for asylum in this country—and it seems most
unlikely that Congress intended such a result. Persecution must be
extreme conduct to qualify for asylum protection.”
Majd v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 590, 595 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting Al-Fara v.
Gonzales, 404 F.3d 733, 739 (3d Cir. 2005)) (alterations and omission in original).
Mistreatment “composed of mere denigration, harassment, and threats” is
insufficient. Eduard, 379 F.3d at 188.
The Korneenkovs argue that the BIA erred in holding that the incidents
they described in their testimony before the IJ do not rise to the level of
persecution. However, in so doing they simply repeat the evidence that they
presented to the IJ and reassert that the incidents they suffered were
sufficiently severe to constitute persecution. This is insufficient to meet their
heavy burden on appeal.
Although Alexey may have been harassed at the Internat and his two
places of employment, the incidents that he described do not rise to the level of
persecution. Cf. Kapcia v. INS, 944 F.2d 702, 704-05 (10th Cir. 1991) (upholding
BIA’s determination that aliens were not persecuted when one was arrested four
times, detained three times, beaten once, had his house searched, and was
treated adversely at work, and another was twice detained for two days during
which time he was interrogated and beaten, had his parents’ house searched,
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No. 07-60712
was fired from his job, and was subsequently detained and beaten again).
Further, the record contains no evidence that the Russian police who detained
Alexey did so because of his mental disabilities. Thus, this incident cannot
support his claim that he was persecuted on account of his mental disabilities.
See Elias-Zacarius, 502 U.S. at 483 (“[S]ince the [INA] makes motive critical, [an
alien] must provide some evidence of it, direct or circumstantial.”).
Olesya has similarly failed to allege past treatment rising to the level of
persecution on account of her mental disabilities. Harassment from fellow
students and drunkards is insufficient, see Eduard, 379 F.3d at 188, and she
presented no evidence that her attempted rape—although tragic—was anything
more than a random criminal act. As the IJ explained, there is no evidence that
Olesya’s assailants targeted her because of her disabilities. Moreover, the record
indicates both that the Russian police promised to find the assailants (although
they were ultimately unable to do so) and that Olesya received prompt medical
treatment after the attack.
As explained above, “[u]nder the substantial evidence standard applicable
to review of denials of asylum, we must defer to the BIA’s factual findings unless
the evidence is so compelling that no reasonable fact finder could fail to find
otherwise.” Mikhael, 115 F.3d at 304. Even if a reasonable factfinder could
have found these incidents sufficient to constitute past persecution, we cannot
reverse unless a factfinder would be compelled to do so. See id. Based on the
record before us, we cannot say that the Korneenkovs have provided “evidence
[of persecution on account of their mental disabilities] so compelling that no
reasonable fact-finder could conclude against it,” as is required to reverse the
BIA’s determination. See Moin v. Ashcroft, 335 F.3d 415, 418 (5th Cir. 2003)
(internal quotation marks omitted).3
3
The Korneenkovs, citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii), argue on appeal that past
persecution claims do not require proof of particularized persecution when an alien can
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No. 07-60712
2. Denial of Motion to Remand
Lastly, the Korneenkovs argue that the BIA abused its discretion by
denying their motion to remand to the IJ on the ground of ineffective assistance
of counsel. The Korneenkovs argue that their initial counsel was deficient for
not calling Olesya’s mother and Dr. Reznik to testify before the IJ. They assert
that Olesya’s mother “would have provided [a] personal account of the social
visibility of Mrs. Korneenkova’s disabilities” and that Dr. Reznik “could have
provided the Court with valuable insight as to the persecution individuals with
disabilities suffer in Russia’s psychiatric facilities.”
“To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at a deportation
proceeding, an alien must show (1) ineffective representation and (2) substantial
prejudice, which occurred as a result of the ineffective representation.”
Miranda-Lores v. INS, 17 F.3d 84, 85 (5th Cir. 1994) (footnote omitted). To
demonstrate substantial prejudice, the Korneenkovs must make a prima facie
showing that, but for their previous counsel’s failure to call Olesya’s mother and
Dr. Reznik, they would have been entitled to asylum. See id.
We agree with the BIA’s conclusion that the Korneenkovs failed to
demonstrate substantial prejudice from their previous counsel’s failure to call
these two witnesses. First, Olesya’s mother’s affidavit was admitted into
evidence and considered by both the IJ and BIA, and there is no evidence that
her live testimony would have differed from the statements in her affidavit.
Moreover, as the BIA noted, her testimony “would not overcome the lack of a
nexus between [Olesya’s] experiences and one of the statutorily protected
establish a pattern or practice of persecution against a group of similarly situated persons.
However, the cited regulation applies to claims for a well-founded fear of future persecution,
not to past persecution. In their brief to the BIA, the Korneenkovs do not cite 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.13(b)(2)(iii) or discuss current Russian country conditions regarding mentally disabled
adults. Because the Korneenkovs did not raise the argument to the BIA that they are entitled
to asylum based on a well-founded fear of future persecution, this court does not have
jurisdiction to address it. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).
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No. 07-60712
grounds.” Second, the IJ and BIA accepted as fact that the Korneenkovs were
mentally disabled and admitted Dr. Reznik’s evaluation report into evidence,
and there is no evidence that Dr. Reznik’s testimony on these issues would not
have been duplicative. Additionally, the BIA explained that Dr. Reznik’s
“credentials do not establish that he is able to provide expert opinion and
evidence as to the subject of mentally disabled individuals in Russia.” We agree.
Dr. Reznik’s curriculum vitae indicates that he is a psychologist with extensive
experience as a therapist with a specialty in therapeutic martial arts. His only
experience with Russia came during June and July of 1993 when, as a Master’s
student, he conducted field research in Russia and Ukraine on former Soviet
psychiatric facilities and changes in Russian psychology. He has not published,
spoken, or received training on alleged persecution of the mentally disabled in
Russia or on any contemporary hardships mentally disabled persons in Russia
might face.
Accordingly, we agree with the BIA that the Korneenkovs failed to make
a prima facie showing that, but for their previous counsel’s failure to call
Olesya’s mother and Dr. Reznik, they would have been entitled to asylum.
Thus, they have failed to demonstrate substantial prejudice, and we affirm the
denial of their motion to reopen.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons herein, we AFFIRM the BIA’s dismissal of the
Korneenkovs’ appeal and denial of their motion to remand.
AFFIRMED.
11