(specially concurring) .
I concur in the result in this case. I do not believe that the probationary period was intended to begin until the expiration of the sentence of imprisonment imposed under the first count. Therefore, the acts assigned for revocation of probation were committed between sentence on the first count and the beginning of the period of probation, and not while appellant was on probation. It seems to me that the initial sentence was ambiguous as to the time when the probation period would begin, and should be given such reasonable interpretation, or construction, as the facts and circumstances warrant. Viewed in this light: (1) It would seem a little out of the ordinary to place a defendant on probation during the time that he was to be incarcerated in a federal prison. (2) It would seem unnecessary to suspend the imposition of sentence for a period of five years after the expiration of sentence on the first count if the Court had not intended to have the five-year period of probation expire five years after the expiration of the sentence on the first count. (3) The sentence puts the defendant on “active proba*394tion”, which suggests that he is to be under the immediate direction and supervision of the Probation Officer of the Western District of Louisiana. It would seem that the Probation Officer of the District could not feasibly have had active supervision of one in the penitentiary at Atlanta. While the Probation Officer might have some sort of dual and constructive supervision of the defendant in the federal penitentiary the use of the words “active probation” in the court’s judgment seems to suggest something more than a constructive or synthetic supervision. (4) The construction as to the effective date of probation by the lower court and the majority here made possible a situation where the defendant was on parole and on probation at the same time and subject to the duty of dual reporting and contemporaneous supervision for that period while appellant was on parole from the sentence on the first count.
It is interesting to note also that in the request of the Probation Officer for revocation of the sentence he alleged that the probation was to have begun “upon the expiration of the sentence imposed on the first count of the indictment — 4 years in the U. S. Penitentiary, Atlanta, Georgia”. From this it would appear that the appellant was, in fact, not on very active probation at the time the offense was committed.
It was competent and logical for the court to have placed the appellant on probation at the expiration of the sentence on the first count, and the fact that the court suspended the imposition of sentence on the second count for a period of five years after the expiration of the sentence on the first count seems .to indicate clearly that the court below did not intend to, and did not, place the appellant on probation for the five-year period beginning at the time of imposition of sentence on the first count.
But even if the sentence fixed the probationary period as beginning on the date of that sentence, this would not change the result because the court had the power to revoke its. order of probation for an offense committed by the defendant between the date of sentence and the date on which probation would begin. If, at any time before the defendant has completed the maximum period of probation, or before he has begun service of his probation, he should commit offenses of such nature as to demonstrate to the court that he is unworthy of probation and that the granting of same would not be in subservience of the ends of justice and the best interests of the public, or the defendant, the court could revoke or change the order of probation. A defendant on probation has no contract with the court. He is still a person convicted of crime, and the expressed intent of the Court to have him under probation beginning at a future time does not “change his position from the possession of a privilege to the enjoyment of a right.” Burns v. United States, 287 U.S. 216, 53 S.Ct. 154, 156, 77 L.Ed. 266.
The statute is unusually broad and it must of necessity be flexible in order that it might be accommodated to the different situations surrounding various offenders.1
In the case of Sanford, Warden v. King, 5 Cir., 136 F.2d 106, we held that the court could not revoke probation for an offense occurring after the expiration of the five-year period of probation unless the revocation were for an offense occurring within the five-year period. We did not have before us in that case the commission of an offense between the date of the imposition and the beginning of the period of probation, but a situation where an offense was committed after the expiration of the five-year period to which probation is restricted. The Sanford case, supra, should not be construed as a holding that the court could not revoke probation for an offense committed between the date of sentencing and the date on which probation was to begin.
“There is no suggestion in the statute that the scope of the discretion conferred for the purpose of making the grant is narrowed in providing for its modification or revocation. The authority for the latter purpose immediately follows that given for the former, and is in terms equally broad. 'The court may revoke or modify any condition of probation, or may change the period of probation.’ There are no limiting requirements as to the formulation of charges, notice of charges, or manner of hearing or determination. No criteria for modification or revocation are suggested which are in addition to, or different from, those which pertain to the original grant. The question in both cases is whether the court is satisfied that its actions will subserve the ends of justice and the best interests of both the public and the defendant. The only limitation, and this applies to both the grant and any modification of it, is that the total period of probation shall not exceed five years. Act of March 4, 1925, § 1 (18 U.S.C.A. § 724).” Burns v. United States, 287 U.S. 216, 53 S.Ct. 154, 156, 77 L.Ed. 266.