Alfred Christiansen was the son of Gilbert and Carrie Christiansen, a brother of Annie and Josie, a nephew of Chris Chris-tiansen, Johanna Carter, and Alette Sullivan, and husband of the plaintiff, Margaret Christiansen.
Alette Sullivan, nee Alette Christiansen, died intestate in Dallas, Texas, on the 26th of June, 1933, owning real estate in said city, one-half of which, under the statutes of Texas, went to her husband, J. A. Sullivan, and the other one-half went to her brothers and sisters or to the heirs of such as were deceased. At the time of her death her brother, Chris Christiansen, and her sister, Johanna Carter, were alive, and each inherited a one-sixth interest in her real estate. Her brother, Gilbert Christian-sen, died in 1903, in Dallas, Texas, leaving a wife, Carrie Christiansen, and two children, Alfred, and Josie, residing in Astoria, Oregon. One daughter, Annie, had died in 1896, and all of his heirs, except Alfred, had died prior to the death of Alette Sullivan, by virtue of which Alfred Christian-sen became, and was, the sole heir of Gilbert Christiansen and entitled to one-sixth of her real estate which his father would have inherited had he lived until after her death.
Gilbert Christiansen and Carrie married in Wisconsin but lived in South Dakota a short while and then moved to Astoria, Oregon, where they and their three children lived until Annie came to Dallas, Texas, where she died in 1896. In 1901 Gilbert Christiansen left his wife, his son, Alfred, and daughter, Josie, in Astoria and came to Dallas where he died in 1903. Chris Christiansen, defendant in the present suit, lived with his brother, Gilbert, in Astoria from 1882 until 1892, when he came to Dallas. Chris Christiansen, having lived in the home with his brother, Gilbert, knew that the family lived in Oregon, and that Alfred was about fourteen or fifteen years old at the time that he (Chris) left Astoria, and came to Dallas. Neither Carrie, Alfred, nor Josie ever resided in Texas, and Gilbert lived there only two years — 1901 and 1902.
After the desertion of Carrie and her two children by Gilbert, the family moved from Astoria to Portland, Oregon, where Alfred married the plaintiff, Margaret Christiansen, on September 19, 1916. Alfred and his wife moved to Metzger, a suburb of Portland, in 1919, and lived together as husband and wife until Alfred’s death, June 16, 1940. Upon his death, without issue, Margaret became the sole heir of Alfred Christiansen, and entitled to a one-sixth interest in the real estate of Al-ette Sullivan.
On November 15, 1933, Chris Christian-sen and his sister, Johanna, filed suit for partition and accounting in the Dallas Division of the District Court of Texas against J. A. Sullivan, the surviving husband of Alette, and against Gilbert Christ-iansen, Carrie, Annie, Alfred, and Josie, and their unknown heirs, whose residences were all alleged to be unknown.
In their complaint it was, among other things, alleged: That the defendants, Gilbert, Carrie, Alfred, Josie, and Annie, so far as plaintiffs knew, were dead and had died intestate; that plaintiffs are “the only living heirs in the direct line of descend-ancy of the said deceased, Alette Sullivan, living at the present time, and that all other heirs other than the defendant, J. A. Sullivan, heretofore named herein, are deceased, and without heirs, or if with heirs, that such other defendants, together with their heirs, who are unknown, are presumed to be dead, by virtue of their absenting themselves for more than seven years successively prior to the filing of this suit”
*368Citation by publication was had but nowhere was the place of residence of any of the heirs of Gilbert Christiansen shown nor was any notice of pendency of the suit in anywise delivered to Alfred Christiansen, who was at that time living in Metzger and who was then the sole surviving heir of his father.
In partition suit Chris Christiansen testified that he knew Gilbert’s family and that he lived with them in Astoria, but that he himself had left Astoria in 1892 and had not heard anything from them since his brother, Gilbert, came to Dallas in 1901. There was no evidence that Chris made any effort to locate them in Oregon.
Based upon Chris Christiansen’s testimony and the allegation of the complaint, the Court adjudged that the heirs of Gilbert Christiansen had absented themselves from their home and residence for a period of over seven years prior to the filing of the suit and had not been heard from during that time by their family, relatives, or friends, and were presumed to be dead, and that Chris and Johanna were the sole living heirs of Gilbert Christiansen, Carrie Christiansen, Josie Christiansen, Alfred Chistiansen, and Annie Christiansen, and as such are the owners of, and entitled to, all right, title, and interest of said defendants in the real estate described other than the one-half interest of the defendant, J. A. Sullivan. This decree was entered on the 10th of March, 1934, pursuant to which commissioners were appointed and their report approved by a final decree of the Court renderd on April 3, 1934. There was no partition of the lands between Chris and Johanna, but only between them and the defendant, J. A. Sullivan.
On the 9th of September, 1936, and the 18th of September, 1940, Johanna Carter conveyed her one-half interest in all but one parcel of the property to Chris Chris-tiansen.
On August 31, 1945, Margaret Chris-tiansen, the widow and sole heir of Alfred Christiansen, filed the present suit against Chris Christiansen and the heirs of Johanna Carter for the purpose of recovering the one-sixth interest in the lands of Alette Sullivan which her husband, Alfred Chris-tiansen, had inherited. She alleged that Alfred Christiansen, her husband, was alive at the time of the filing of the partition suit; that she was his lawful wife and only heir; that he had never absented himself from his home and place of residence for any substantial length of time; that he had lived in Portland, Oregon, for twenty-four years and was living in Metzger, one of its suburbs, until the time of his death, June 16, 1940; and that the allegations made by the plaintiffs in the partition suit were false and fraudulent; that the plaintiff had not discovered the fraud until on or about May 1, 1945; and that under Article 5541 of Vernon’s Civil Statutes, Ann., of the State of Texas, she was entitled to have one-sixth of the land, together with the rents and profits restored to her.
At some date after the rendition of the partition decree — which date is not clearly shown — Chris Christiansen went into possession of the lands and claimed same under the decree adversely against his co-tenant, Alfred Christiansen, and his heirs, and now asserts that he is protected by the statutes of limitations of the State of Texas.
There was no dispute in the facts. The defendant, Chris Christiansen, testified in the trial in the present case that he had lived in the home of Gilbert Christiansen and his family in Astoria, Oregon; that he knew they had three children; that before filing the partition suit he made no inquiry in Oregon to try to ascertain whether any of Gilbert Christiansen’s family was living or dead; that neither Alfred Chris-tiansen, nor any of his, or Gilbert Christian-sen’s surviving heirs, had ever lived in the State of Texas; that he did not know whether they had ever left their place of residence at any time; that the only inquiry he made was in South Dakota at a place where Alfred Christiansen and the other heirs of Gilbert Christiansen had never lived; but that he had had no knowledge or hearing from any of the family for thirty years, and had made no effort to find them other than to make some inquiries of relatives in South Dakota.
The Court below, in the pending case, found that the defendant had been guilty of fraud, stating: “Fraud is established *369as a matter of law where it appears that the next of kin of the absentee obtained the judgment pronouncing him dead when the undisputed fact shows that such next of kin knew that the absentee last lived in a particular place but made no search or inquiry there.” [62 F.Supp. 341, 343.] But the lower Court was of the opinion that in Texas neither fraud nor ignorance of the existence of the fraud would prevent the statute of limitations from running in the absence of a concealment of the fraud; that mere silence and inaction were insufficient; that the evidence did not show any affirmative act upon the part of Chris Christiansen which prevented the plaintiff from discovering the fraud; that the partition decree was of record and the records were open to the plaintiff; that in order to get around the statute of limitations it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to show the exercise of reasonable diligence to discover the fraud; and that even though an heir did not know of his inheritance, the statute of limitations would run against him unless there was an active and continuing fraud that prevented him from discovering the true facts. See D.C., 62 F.Supp. 341.
We are of the view that the Legislature, in enacting Article 5541 1 and Article 3292,2 Vernon’s Civil Statutes, Ann., of Texas, was undertaking to prevent the taking of property of a person on the presumption, that he was dead if, in truth, he was not, and that it enacted the statute recognizing the presumption arising from seven years’ continuous absence from one’s place of abode [Art. 5541] only on the condition that if it later developed that the absentee was not dead the property should be restored to him. Art. 5541 says as much. Moreover, Art. 3292 further protects the right of an absentee who is not dead by providing that “the probate of a will, or administration of an estate of a living person shall be void.”
Since the passing of property of a living absentee under the probate of a will or the administration of an estate is void, consistency would seem also to require that any attempt at passing of title to property of a living absentee by any other judicial proceeding predicated upon the presumption of death under Art. 5541, the “Dead Man’s Statute,” should be either proscribed, or else so circumscribed or conditioned as to afford protection to an absentee later found to be alive.
In the view that we take of this case it will not be necessary for us to pass upon either: (a) The effect of the fraudulent allegations in the partition suit as to the absence of Alfred Christiansen or any other heir for seven years; or (b) the complete absence of any evidence in that suit upon which to sustain the presumption of Alfred’s death.
We believe that Art. 5541 is sui generis and it, together with the' decree procured under it, measures the nature of the possession under which Chris and Johanna took, held and possessed the one-sixth interest of Alfred.
It cannot be gainsaid nor overlooked that this statute was the basis upon which Chris Christiansen obtained the partition decree adjudging that Alfred Christiansen and the other heirs of all defendants except J. A. Sullivan had absented themselves frotn home and residence for a period of over seven years prior to the filing of the partition suit, and had not been heard of, or from, during that period of time by their family, relatives, or friends, and that they and their issue were presumed to be, and found to be, dead and that Chris Christian-sen and Johanna Carter were the sole living heirs of Gilbert Christiansen and the *370members of his family, and that they as such were the owners of, and entitled to, all the right, title, and interest of said defendants in the real estate involved. Those provisions in the decree had no foundation other than Art. 5541, and it was by virtue of the decree based upon Art. 5541 that Chris Christiansen took possession and claimed title to Alfred’s land. But having recovered the estate that belonged to Alfred on the presumption which that statute announces, he now seeks to have the Court disregard that part of the statute which provides that an estate recovered on such presumption shall be restored to the person presumed to be dead if, in a subsequent suit, the person presumed to be dead shall be proven to have been living. It was an integral, though unwritten, part of the decree that permitted Chris to take title and possession of the land that he restore the property in the event any of the defendants then presumed to be dead later turned out to be alive. Chris’s title, or color of title, to this one-sixth interest, was contingent and conditioned upon all of the heirs of Gilbert Christiansen being then dead. He held title and possession to the lots under the obligation of the statute to restore the estate, together with the rents, profits, and interest, to Alfred Christiansen, who not only was alive when the partition decree was rendered on April 3, 1934, but who lived until June 16, 1940. His holding the land could not have been such a holding as would be inconsistent with the statute under which he proceeded, and under which the Court acted in granting the relief which he sought. He took and held the land in recognition of, and not in derogation of, that statute. An heir invoking the statute must hold under the statute. Whether such holding be in trust for the absentee, contingent upon his showing up alive, is unnecessary for us to decide, but we cannot escape the conclusion that Chris’s claim of title and possession to the interest of Alfred Christiansen was conditional. It was not hostile and adverse but was subordinate to, and in recognition of, the claim of Alfred, if alive. His was a holding under the statute and not in disregard of it
Moreover, the decree of partition, rendered in the light of the presumption of death after seven years’ absence, adjudged that Gilbert was dead; that Josie and Annie had died without marrying and without issue; and that
“Carrie Christianson and Alfred Chris-tianson have absented themselves from their home and residence for a period of over seven years prior to the filing of this suit, and that they have not been heard of or from during that period of time by their family, their relatives or friends, they and their issue are by The Court presumed to be, and are hereby found to be dead; and that the plaintiffs, C. Christianson and Johanna Carter, are the sole living heirs of Gilbert Christianson, Carrie Christianson, Josie Christianson, Alfred Christianson and Annie Christianson, and as such are the owners of and entitled to all the right, title and interest of said defendants in the real estate herein described; * * *”
The decree also adjudged that Chris and Johanna were each entitled to “Y12 in value as one of the heirs of Gilbert Christianson, Carrie Christianson, Alfred Christianson, Josie Christianson and Annie Christianson.”
This decree is one of the records that the Court below thought that the plaintiff and her predecessor in title was called upon to exercise diligence to discover. It is this decree that counsel for appellees insists amounted to such a notorious act of ouster as would support limitation in favor of appellees against their co-tenant. It was this same decree that counsel for appellees insists was color of title. Such concepts are in disregard of the fact that the appel-lees were holding under the decree as an heir of Alfred Christiansen, if he were dead, and not hostilely and adversely to Alfred Christiansen, if he were living. They were holding under the decree in right of Alfred Christiansen and not in hostility to him. They did not enter upon the lands as a trespasser but they went upon the lands and stood in the shoes of Alfred. So long as appellees held under that decree, and in subordination to it, they were holding in right of Alfred an3 not in opposition to him, and such a decree, rendered in the circumstances, was not a notorious act of ouster *371and was not color of title upon which to predicate adverse possession, and only by retaking of possession under adverse claim and in denunciation or renunciation of the decree could Chris’s possession become adverse so as to ripen into a title by limitation.
Not only is there an absence of any showing of a renunciation of the decree and a claim of adverse possession in disregard of the decree, but on the contrary appellees still claim under the decree, and apart from the decree there is a complete absence of any showing of any notice to Alfred Christiansen or his wife of any adverse possession or of acts of ouster such as would disseize a co-tenant. See Bruni v. Vidaurri, 140 Tex. 138, 166 S.W.2d 81.
In the absence of giving to any of the heirs of Gilbert Christiansen notice that ap-pellees were holding the lauds hostilely and adversely in such manner as to oust their co-tenants, the statutes of limitations had not run, and could not have run, at the time of the bringing of the suit in the present case. Chris Christiansen, upon giving of actual notice to Alfred Christiansen that he was holding the lands, contrary to the decree, and hostilely and adversely, might have thereby set in motion the running of the statutes of limitations but he could not rely upon the decree in which he stood in Alfred’s shoes to set the statute of limitations in motion.
We think the lower Court was in error in holding that the statute of limitations defeated a recovery in this case. The judgment of the Court below is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views herein expressed.
Reversed and remanded.
“Any person absenting himself for seven years successively shall be presumed to be dead, unless proof be made that ho was alive within that time; but an estate recove) ed on such presumption, if iu a subsequent action or suit the person presumed to be dead shall be proved to be living, shall be restored to him with the rents and profits of the estate with legal interest during such time as be shall be deprived thereof.” Art. 5541, Vernon’s Civil Statutes of the State of Texas, Annotated.
“The probate of a will, or administration of an estate of a living person shall be void; but the bonds of the executor or administrator shall not be void but may be recovered upon.” Art. 3292, Vernon’s Civil Statutes of the State of Texas, Annotated.