dissenting.—As I am unable to agree with my associates in the judgment reached for the reasons stated in the opinion, the importance of the question involved to the proper administration of justice, and to the community, seems to require of me a statement of the grounds of my dissent. The record discloses that the gamblers of the city of Portland were divided into two factions, one headed by the defendant Olds, and the other by Emil Weber, between ■ whom there existed a fierce feud, which finally culminated in the death of Weber at the hands of the defendant Olds. The cause of the feud seems to have originated in the alleged fact that the police authorities had interfered with or closed a gambling game run by Weber, and as he thought the police were conniving at the other parties’ game, and permitted it to be run unmolested, he interfered himself and brought their game to the attention of the authorities A witness for the defendant Olds, who was a saloon-keeper, according to the direct examination, among other things said in his cross-examination that “all the trouble of the gamblers grew out of the fact that Weber insisted that if he couldn’t- gamble on the first floor, these other parties should not be allowed to gamble on the second floor, and that Weber became a very bad man because he wouldn’t allow others to gamble when he couldn’t gamble.” During the trial numerous witnesses were called by the State and the defendant, and especially by the latter, whose testimony discloses that they were gamblers and saloon-keepers, and his friends and companions. There is no effort of his counsel to disguise these facts. They stand confessed throughout all this record, and they come to the court and jury inhering in the case as a part and parcel of it. In the nature of things, a feud between such parties, resulting in the death of one of them *446and the trial of his slayer, would necessarily involve 1 ‘ his kind of people, ” as the defendant's (Olds’) counsel puts it, sometimes, in the prosecution and defense. When such is the nature of the case, inevitably such will be the character of many of the witnesses.
It appears by the record that in the course of the trial the defendant Olds called as a witness one Williams, who, in his direct examination, testified that he was a gambling man; knew Weber and that gambling was his business; related the particulars of conversation with Weber, and -was then asked: ‘ ‘ Did you have a general acquaintance here in this city with the class of people that Weber associated with—his class of people?” To which the witness answered “Yes.” He was then asked if he knew the general reputation of Weber in the community with reference to his being a peaceable and quiet man, or a dangerous man—a quarrelsome and dangerous man; to which the witness replied that he did, and that such reputation was bad. He was then asked similar questions as to the defendant Olds, and his replies in effect were that his general reputation as a peaceable and quiet man was good. On cross-examination, he testified that he had raised money to assist in the defense of Olds in Portland, Tacoma and Seattle, and against objection, from whom collected and their business, which was gambling and the saloon. From this statement of the record, it will be seen that the cross-examination related to recent transactions bearing upon the character of the witness, and that its purpose was to show the extent of his zeal and activity for the defense, to enable the jury to make a proper estimate of his testimony. These facts were not relevant, but irrelevant and collateral to the main issue, and were brought out on cross-examination of the witness to enable the jury to appreciate his fairness and reliability, and were such as it is not competent to prove them in any other way. “It is difficult,” say the court in Moore v. State, 20 Ohio St. 460, "to lay down any precise rule fixing the limits to which a witness may be cross-examined on matters not relevant to *447the issue. This must iu a great measure rest in the sound discretion of the court trying the cause. Such questions may well be allowed when there is reason to believe it will tend to the ends of justice; but they ought to be excluded when the disparaging course of the examination seems unjust to the witness and uncalled for by the circumstances of the case.” Some of the courts, notably in Muller v. St. Louis Hospt. Assoc., 73 Mo. 243, the rule is laid down, without qualification, that a witness may be com*pelled to • answer any questions which tend to test his credibility, or to shake his credit by injuring his character, however irrelevant to the facts in issue or however disgraceful the answer may be to himself, except where the answer would expose him to a criminal charge.
On the other hand, in delivering the opinion of the court in Trombley v. Watson, Clark, J., said: “How far justice requires a tribunal to go from the issue for the trial of collateral questions, what evidence may be excluded for its remoteness of time or place, and what evidence is otherwise too trivial to justify a prolongation of the trial, are questions of fact to be determined at the trial.” The expressions of judicial opinion upon the subject are numerous, and a few of them will be cited to illustrate the extent and application of the principle: “It has always been found,” said Campbell, J., “necessary to allow the witness to be cross-examined, not only upon the facts involved in the issue, but also upon such collateral matters as may enable the jury to appreciate their fairness and reliability. To this end a large latitude has been given, where circumstances seem to ’ justify it, in allowing a full inquiry into the history of witnesses, and into many other things tending to illustrate their true character. This may be useful in enabling the court or jury to comprehend just what sort of person they are called upon to believe, and such a knowledge is often very desirable. * * * The rules of law do not allow specific acts of misconduct, or specific facts of a disgraceful character, to be pi-oved against a witness by others. * * * Unless *448the remedy is found in cross-examination, it is practically of no account.” Peckham, J., said in Le Beau v. People, 34 N. Y. 233: “I wish to say that in my opinion, as a general rule, evidence on cross-examination tending to impeach the credibility of a witness should be rejected with very great caution; its exclusion can rarely be proper.” And in a later case Grover, J., said: “ It is held, for the purpose of discrediting his testimony, the witness may be asked, upon cross-examination, as to specific acts. This shows that upon a cross-examination of a witness, with a view of testing his credibility, inquiries are proper as to facts not competent to be proved in any other way. ” Real v. People, 42 N. Y. 270.
Without further reference, it may be said that the latitude of such cross-examination upon collateral matters for the purpose of impairing the credit of. a witness, and enabling the jury to understand wrhat sort of person they are called upon to believe, rests in the discretion of the trial court, but the opinion is indicated that they should fix the limits of such cross-examinations in such cases with great hesitation. My own opinion has been that the range of such cross-examinations, and the extent to which such questions should be allowed, depend upon the appearance and conduct of the witness, and all the circumstances of the case, and necessarily must be regulated by a sound, discretion. State v. Bacon, 13 Or. 156. The view is expressed by Mr. Thompson in his excellent work on trials: “That it is within the discretion of the presiding judge to determine whether, in view of the evidence which has been introduced, and of the nature of the testimony given by the witness-in-chief, it is fit and proper that questions of the kind should be overruled, or to what extent such a cross-examination should be allowed.” § 464. It necessarily results that the ruling of the trial court in the exercise of the discretion with which it is invested is not subject to review, except in cases of manifest injustice or abuse. I admit there has always seemed to me a good deal of inconsistency in the use and application of these *449terms, but the authorities are well agreed that where the ■ discretion has been abused, and injustice the plain consequence, that the appellate court will review the decision of the trial court. The extent, then, to which a cross-examination relating to collateral matters may be carried, being within the discretion, or' sound discretion, of the trial court, we are to inquire whether, upon the facts as stated, it has abused that discretion to the manifest injustice to the defendant Olds. This abuse is supposed to consist in the fact that the trial court permitted, on the cross-examination of the witness Williams, evidence that certain saloon-keepers and gamblers contributed to the defense of the .defendant Olds; although I confess I do not exactly comprehend, from the opinion of the majority, their application of the law to the facts. At any rate, in the latitude of cross-examination for the purpose of exhibiting his activity, bias, interest or hostility, and to enable the jury to properly estimate his testimony, it is incontestable that inquiries as to what the witness gave, or others contributed, for the defense was admissible. Inquiries of this character and to this extent could be brought out of him on cross-examination, and as we have shown, they are not competent to be proved in any other way. But the contention is, that they should have there’ sapped; that when the further evidence was developed that the other persons contributing were immoral men— gamblers and saloon men—that such testimony operated to prejudice and injure the defendant Olds in the estimation of the jury.
■ The witness under examination out of whom these facts were elicited testified in his direct examination that he was a gambling man, and on his cross-examination that he had contributed money for the defense of Olds, and collected money from others for that purpose, and to this extent the testimony is admitted to be legitimate cross-examination, '!>■> that we have the fact, that money was contributed by the witness, before the jury, and that he was a gambling man brought out or proved by the defendant’s witness.. *450■If such matter operates to affect “the standing of the defendant” in the estimation of the jury, as claimed, the harm .was already done, and the subsequent evidence elicited was at most only cumulative of what had been regularly and legitimately proven. The truth is, the fact of contributing ■to the defense of a man, especially when on trial for his life, is not in itself an immoral act. It has been often done, and by all classes of men, and finds its source in the instincts of our common humanity to relieve those to whom we are attached. Indeed, I think it is not an unusual thing for the friends of the accused, when on trial for his life, if his means are limited, to contribute money to employ attorneys to aid him in his defense. The law entitles him to a fair trial, and the duty of an attorney is to defend him with its shield, and secure that result. If the act of contributing is not in itself wrongful or immoral, does the fact that a gambler contributes to aid his friends, when in such an extremity, alter the case and make it an offense? Will not the generosity of such an act be more likely to excite some sense of respect or admiration in a jury than operate to create a prejudice, in consequence of the giver, against the defendant? Do not such acts rather indicate that such men, although plying a vocation in violation of law, still retain some of the better instincts of humanity, and that ■their conduct, like other men in similar cases, is sometimes characterized by generous impulses, and devoted attachment of friends in the day of distress and disaster? To say, in such cases, on cross-examination upon collateral matters of this kind, that had not the remotest tendency to prove any element of the crime charged, and that was developed only to show the extent of the activity and interest of the witness, that it operated to affect the standing of the defendant, Olds, in the estimation of the jury, and to excite an hostility against him, is, to my mind, unreasonable and absurd. The average juryman has been the butt of much ridicule, but this is an insult to his intelligence.
When, however, we consider by the admitted facts, disclosed upon the face of the record, that the defendant *451Olds was a gambler; that his associates and friends were gamblers; that his leading witnesses were gamblers; that the witness Williams, who contributed largely and generously, was a gambling man; that the controversy and death of Weber arose out of a feud between gamblers, and that the jury knew all these facts, how is it possible that the defendant could be injured in the eyes of the jury, and a feeling of prejudice excited against him, because in a collateral matter it was developed that one Gratton, or some other, was a gambler, on the cross-examination of a witness for the defendant, who was a gambling man? Can we suppose tha,t the effect of such association of names or vocations affected the standing of the defendant Olds, surprised the jury, and created a feeling of hostility against him? Is it rational? Does not the record made by himself repudiate the inference ? It seems to me the bare statement of the facts carries its refutation. And when, in addition to all of this, we further consider that this was collateral evidence, developed on cross-examination, and that its object was only to show the extent of the witness’ activity and interest, and that the presiding judge, in whom the law has vested a discretion, on the reasonable assumption that, the trial being immediately under his eye, he sees the witnesses, notes their conduct, and knows all the surrounding circumstances, is in a position to understand the extent to which such inquiries should be prosecuted, and when to allow or reject them, as to him the ends of justice may seem to require, it seems to me to be safer, and wiser, and more consistent with established principles, to refuse to review his rulings in such cases, unless in the exercise of his discretion there has been abuse or manifest injustice. The opinion of my associates seems to treat this collateral evidence as independent facts sought to be established in a direct way, and ask, was it competent for the State to introduce such testimony? This is dealing with it as if it was matter sought to be proved as relevant to the issue, and which in the refusal of the court to exclude it created error in law, and cites 1 Greenleaf Ev., § 51. The right *452to put in evideuce any circumstance which, tends to make the facts in issue more or less probable, no one disputes. That is elementary law. And as Cowan, J., said in People v. Wiley, 3 Hill, 194, so say I: “Had the case before us been one of improperly admitting evidence which bore in the least on the general question of guilt or innocence, no doubt a new trial should be granted.” In all such cases, the single question presented to the court is one of relevancy or pertinency, and not of force or value as testimony. See, also, State v. O'Neil, 13 Or. 187. The case here is not of matter relevant to the issue or merits, but of collateral or irrelevant matter to affect the force or value of a witness’ testimony. The reason, then, why such matter is incompetent, as asked by my associates, is plain. The rules of law do not allow specific facts to affect the credibility of a witness, to be proven against a witness by others, and as Campbell, J., said, ‘ ‘ unless the remedy is found in cross-examination it is practically of no account;” or as Grover, J., said: “This shows that upon a cross-examination inquiries are proper as to facts not competent to be proved in any other way. ” The rules which apply to relevant inquiries can have no pertinency to collateral matter not intended to affect the merits.
Again, in the opinion, in order to make its views more clear and the absurdity of allowing such evidence more apparent, a case is supposed of the State trying to prove in a direct way that a considerable number of its good citizens had contributed money for the purpose of throwing their force with the jury against the prisoner, or vice versa, to excite sympathy for the defendant, and it is asked, could such facts be proven. In the first place, the question assumes that such evidence is for the purpose of exerting this or that influence upon the jury, when the only object of the kind of evidence under consideration is to affect the force or value of testimony, and has nothing to do with the merits. The inquiry is to what extent, within the proper discretion of the court, a witness on cross-examination may be inquired of upon collateral mat*453ters for the purpose of enabling the jury to properly estimate the value of his testimony, and whether there has been an abuse of such discretion upon the facts as disclosed-by this record. Neither the State nor the defendant can make direct proof of this kind, and the case su pposed is not susceptible of legal demonstration in that way.
But let us try the illustrations in the domain of the law where such questions are permissible, and as occurred in this case, and see the result of the answers.
Suppose a number of good citizens should contribute to aid the prosecution, and on cross-examination of one of them, by counsel for the defendant, he should admit that fact, and also name the others who had likewise contributed, and upon conviction does any one suppose the defendant would have any standing upon appeal? His counsel elicited the answers, and they would be conclusive upon him, to say nothing of other objections; or vice versa, the, good brethren had contributed to aid the defense, and on cross-examination the State’s attorney developed like facts from a witness for the defendant, does any one suppose, upon conviction and appeal, he could plead that he was injured and prejudiced by the revelation. The difficulty lies in treating the question under consideration as matter tending to touch -guilt or innocence, and not as collateral matter to be regulated by the proper discretion of the court. Our difference, then, is radical and not susceptible of compromise.
To my mind, the extent to which collateral evidence may -be received or rejected is addressed to the proper discretion of the trial court, and in view of its efficiency to test fairness and reliability, and to enable the jury to distinguish the honest man from the rogue on the witness stand, the trend of judicial thought has been to extend rather than limit such discretion, and not to regard' it as subject to review except in cases of manifest injustice or abuse. As a matter of fact, it was as natural and to be expected that the defendant’s friends, though gamblers, should contribute -to aid him, when on trial for his life, as *454other men have done when some one of their friends have been in a like crisis; nor will the common sense of men, whether in the jury box or out of it, attach any more importance to the one than the other, or be guilty of the injustice of drawing different inferences, because of the giver, or any inferences or detriment or prejudice or hostility to the defendant. The purpose of such testimony, and the sense and the duty of the jury, combine to forbid it. To these considerations add and apply the facts as disclosed by this record, and for this court, then to review and reverse this case, because the prosecution was allowed to go into this collateral matter, which in no possible way could affect the merits, will make a precedent which, if adhered to, must seriously impair the power of trial courts to administer justice and to enforce the just penalties of violated law. It is not so much the present case, but the future consequences, I would avoid.
For these reasons, much as I regret to differ with my brethren, I am compelled to dissent.