delivered the opinion of the court:
'1. A careful examination of the question has satisfied us that the decree, so far as the first cause of suit is concerned, should be affirmed. The contract of the defendant, S. K. Thomas, to give his father a home and support upon the land, as a part of the consideration for the conveyance, was a personal obligation, to be performed by him alone, and could not be assigned, without the consent *255of the father, so as to substitute some other person in his place. The principal consideration for the deed to the son was the support and maintenance of the plaintiff upon the farm during his old age, by one of his own flesh and blood, and not by a stranger. His object was to have his son reside with and take care of him during the remainder of his life, on the premises conveyed. This was the motive which prompted him to make the conveyance, and the condition upon which it was accepted. The sale of the land by the son puts it out of his power to comply with the condition upon which he was to receive the title, and utterly defeats the object sought by plaintiff in making the conveyance, and therefore works a forfeiture of the estate. Any other rule would destroy the very purpose of the grant, and render the grantor dependent for his support and maintenance upon the pleasure and convenience of successive assignees, whether agreeable to him or not. Nothing can be more effectual, in securing the faithful performance of a contract of this kind, than the right of the parent to revest the entire estate in himself upon a breach by the son, in putting himself in a^ position where he is unable to comply with his contract. The rule which holds the child to a strict performance of his part of the contract, and gives the parent the right to recall the gift if he fails, is founded upon obvious principles of justice and right, and is the only rule, it seems to us, which will preserve the rights of a parent who enters into a contract of the character now under consideration. The books abound in illustrations of the distressing family discords and lawsuits which seem almost invariably to spring from a disregard of the advice of the son of Sirach: “ Give not thy son and wife, thy brother and friend, power over thee while thou livest, and give not thy goods to another, lest it repent thee, and thou entreat for the same again. As long as thou livest and hast breath in thee, give not thyself over to ally. For better it is that thy *256children should seek to thee, than that thou shouldst stand to their courtesy. In all thy works keep to thyself the pre-eminence, leave not a stain in thine honor. At the time when thou shalt end thy days and finish thy life, distribute thine inheritance”: Ecclesiasticus, xxxiii: 19-23. And the courts have always been zealous in demanding and requiring a strict performance by the child, and to that end have held that the duty to support the parent under a contract of this kind is a personal one, and cannot be transferred to a third person without the consent of the parent, and an attempt to do so gives the parent the right to revest the entire estate in himself.
In Clinton v. Flye, 10 Me. 292, (which was a writ of entry brought against the defendant as assignee of one Roundy), a contract had been made by the plaintiff and Roundy, by which it was agreed that Roundy should support and maintain his father and mother and an idiotic brother during their natural lives, for which the plaintiff agreed to give him the use and occupancy of a certain farm during the lives of the father and mother, and at their death to give him a deed to the land. It was held that the contract was a personal trust, unassignable, and the plaintiff recovered the land from Roundy’s grantee, the court saying: “ If the contract is held assignable, they (the persons to be supported) are liable to be transferred, at the convenience and pleasure of successive assignees, whether they possess, or not, the temper and qualites which would enable them satisfactorily to fulfill the trust.” So, also, in Flanders v. Lamphear, 9 N. H. 201, the plaintiffs gave a deed to their son, and he gave back a mortgage conditioned for the support of the grantors during their natural lives, and to pay sundry debts of the father.. Subsequently, the son conveyed the premises to a third person, and they were again transferred so that Lamphear, the defendant, had them by mesne conveyance from the son. The plaintiffs then brought a writ of entry agaii st *257Lamphear, and it was decided that it could be maintained unless it could be shown the conveyance of the son was made with the consent of the plaintiffs. In Eastman v. Batchelder, 36 N. H. 141, Batchelder gave a deed of his real estate to Trasker, his son-in-law, upon the condition and consideration that he and his wife should be supported on the premises during their lives by Trasker, the object being to have their daughter and her husband reside with and take care of them in their old age. On a bill in the nature of a suit to redeem, and to be let into possession, brought by the purchaser of Trasker’s right at an administrator’s sale of his estate, it was held that, although he offered to perform the conditions of the contract, the suit could not be maintained, because the contract for the support of Batchelder was personal to Trasker, and could not be performed by his assignee, and that neither Trasker nor the administrator of his estate could transfer the premises and his responsibilities, nor could his creditors, before his decease, have deprived him of the land, and retained it against Batchelder. To the same effect are Bryant v. Erskine, 55 Me. 153; Bethlehem v. Annis, 40 N. H. 34; Jones, Mortgages, §§ 388, 392; Daniels v. Eisenlord, 10 Mich. 454.
It was claimed at the argument that the sale to Delaney was made with the knowledge and acquiescence of the plaintiff, but in our opinion the evidence fails to sustain the contention. Plaintiff testifies that the first knowledge or information that he had of the sale, or contemplated sale, was from Delaney, after the deed had been made, and but a few days before this suit was commenced. The only evidence to the contrary is the testimony of the two de_ fendants who are to be benefitted by the sale, if sustained and their evidence is only to the effect that the contemplated sale was talked over by them in the presence of the plaintiff, and he made no objection thereto; but they do not testify that he was ever consulted about the matter, or *258knew anything about the terms and conditions upon which the sale was to be made, or that he ever agreed or consented that it might be made, and the obligation of his son transferred to Delaney. Upon this evidence the court would not be justified in holding that the transfer was made with his consent.
The second cause of'suit is to enforce a grantor’s lien for the unpaid purchase price of certain land sold and conveyed by plaintiff to the defendants jointly, the consideration for which was evidenced by promissory notes payable to certain of plaintiff’s children, but never delivered by him. The first of these notes matured January 1,1890, and was paid before the commencement of this suit. The second note became due on January 1,1891, and while it was not paid at the commencement of this suit, the evidence shows that defendants made every reasonable effort to pay it, by tendering and offering to pay the same to both the plaintiff and the payee named therein. The other notes were not due at the time this suit was commenced, and hence there was no default on the part of the defendants; and as to this cause of suit the complaint must be dismissed, conceding, but without deciding, that the doctrine of a grantor’s lien prevails in this state.
2. There is also an appeal from the action of the court below on a motion for the retaxation of costs. After issue joined, this cause was referred to a referee for trial, and a stenographer appointed by the court to take the testimony under his direction. The referee charged for seven days’ services in hearing the testimony and arguments of counsel, and one and one half days’ for the examination of the case and the preparation of findings, at twenty dollars per day, making a total of one hundred and seventy dollars, one half of which is alleged to have been actually paid by plaintiff and is included in his cost bill as filed. The stenographer charged for six days’ services in taking testimony at ten dollars per day, and fifteen cents a folio for *259transcribing five hundred folios of testimony, and ten cents a folio for two copies thereof, making a total of one hundred and eighty-five dollars, of which eighty-four dollars and fifty cents is alleged to have been actually paid by plaintiff, and is included in the cost bill. Objections were filed by the defendants to the allowance of sundry items of the cost bill, and particularly to the items for referee’s and stenographer’s fees, which objections were overruled by the clerk. On a motion to retax the costs the court below allowed for the services of the referee forty-two dollars and fifty cents, being one half of his compensation, at the rate of ten dollars per day, and for the stenographer sixty-seven dollars and fifty cents, being one half of his fees as allowed by the court below.
It appears from the objections to the cost bill, and affidavits in support thereof, that the objection to the allowance of the items for referee’s and stenographer’s fees is based upon the fact, as claimed, that the referee was actually engaged only five and one half days in the trial of the cause, and had already exacted from defendants, and required them to pay, sixty-five dollars before he would report their part of the testimony, and that this length of time was made necessary by the fact that the referee permitted and allowed the stenographer to take the testimony on a typewriter, instead of in shorthand, and thus prolonged the hearing, and increased the per diem of both the referee and stenographer largely in excess of what it would otherwise have been; 'and that the stenographer was only entitled to ninety dollars for taking and extending the testimony, and defendants had already paid him seventy dollars, which he demanded before he would allow their testimony to be filed. If these objections are well founded, they certainly should have been sustained. The referee was entitled to his compensation only for the time actually and necessarily spent in the business of the reference, and, having been provided with a stenographer, he *260could not, by resorting to the device of allowing and permitting the testimony to be taken on a typewriter, so increase his or the stenographer’s per diem beyond what it would have been had the evidence been taken in shorthand. Such a practice finds no sanction or authority in the law, is in open and flagrant violation of the rights of the litigants, and ought to receive the prompt and vigorous disapproval of the court. The legitimate costs and disbursements necessarily attending the trial of a cause of this character are burdensome enough to litigants, without being increased by constructive and unauthorized fees. But since there are no findings of fact in the record, as provided in section 557 of the Code, we are unable to determine whether the objections are well founded or not. The law makes it the duty of the trial court, on retaxation of costs, to make findings of fact and law upon each item objected to, and give judgment thereon, from which an appeal may be taken. This seems not to have been done in this case, and for this reason the cause must be remanded with directions to the court below to make such findings and retax the costs.
The decree of the court will therefore be affirmed as to the first cause of suit, reversed and complaint dismissed as to the second, plaintiff to recover his costs and disbursements in this court and in the court below, and the cause remanded with directions to retax the costs in the court below. Modified.