after making the foregoing statement of the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
It is contended by plaintiff’s counsel that, by giving to the statute providing for the marking and counting of ballots cast at a general election the liberal construction to which it is entitled, an inspection of the twenty-five ballots which were rejected shows that the several electors who cast them intended thereby to vote for Van Winkle, and hence the court erred in refusing to count them for him.
A general statement of the provisions of the Australian Ballot Law, so far as applicable to the facts involved, is deemed essential to a clear understanding of the questions presented for consideration. An act of the legislative assembly approved February 13, 1891 (Laws, 1891, p. 8), appears in Hill’s Ann. Laws, at p. 1169 et seq., and provides that the white official ballot shall have printed thereon in bold-faced type the words, “Mark between the number and name of each candidate or answer voted for.” The ballots shall be printed so as to give each elector a clear opportunity to designate his choice of candidates by making a mark to the left of the name of the candidate he wishes to vote for : Section 49, as amended by the act approved February 23,1895 (Laws, *4691895, p. 68). The elector shall prepare his ballot by-marking immediately to the left of the name of the candidate of his choice for each office to be filled, or by writing in the name of the person he wishes to vote for, which shall be done with an indelible “copying” pencil, or with pen and ink : Section 59, as amended by the act of February 23, 1895. If an elector, by accident or mistake, spoils his ballot, so he cannot conveniently vote the same, he may, on returning said spoiled ballot, receive another in place thereof : Section 62. The county clerk is required to provide for each election precinct in his county two ballot boxes, one of which shall be marked “General,” and the other “State and District,” respectively: Section 59. If a majority of the judges of election are satisfied the elector is legally qualified to vote in that precinct only for “State” officers, the chairman shall immediately write with pen and ink upon the back of the ballot the word “State,” and sign his (the chairman’s) initials thereto. If the elector is qualified to vote for district officers also, the chairman shall write as aforesaid the words “State and District. ’’ In either such case the ballot shall then be deposited in the box marked “State and District:” Section 61. In the canvass of votes, any ballot from which it is impossible to determine the elector’s choice for any of the officers shall be void, and shall not be counted : Section 27. Any ballot from which it is possible to determine the elector’s choice for a part of the officers shall be counted for such part. The judges shall disregard misspelling or abbreviation of the names of candidates for office, if it can be ascertained from such ballot for whom it was intended : Section 29. Any elector who shall place any distinguishing mark upon his ballot, whereby the same may be identified, upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $200 : Section 67.
*4701. If the provisions of the statute relative to marking ballots are mandatory, no error was committed in rejecting the twenty-five ballots complained of; but plaintiff’s counsel argue that it can be ascertained from an inspection of the ballots for whom the elector intended to vote, and that the provision in relation to the counting of the votes cast renders the method of marking the ballots directory only, and hence they should have been counted for plaintiff. Under the provisions of section 49 of the act prior to its amendment, the elector was required to express his preference for the candidates whose names were printed on the official ballot by canceling or marking out the names of those who were not his choice; and it is claimed that the original method induced the electors to express their choice for plaintiff by marking out, or by placing a cross or other mark to the right or left of, the names of all other candidates for that office, and that the original mode of marking ballots, under the very liberal rule prescribed in section 29, should be controlling in determining the elector’s choice as evidenced by the marks upon most of- the ballots rejected. Every elector who performs the act of voting is presumed to know the law of his state applicable to the exercise of the right of suffrage ; and, if he fails to comply with its provisions, his mistake or ignorance deprives him of the benefit to be derived from the practice of such right. This being so, his right to have his choice declared as he intended must depend upon his compliance with the law applicable thereto in force on the day of the election While the Australian ballot system is designed to purify elections by securing to the voter the prerogative of freely and privately selecting the candidates of his own choice, the law is also well calculated to promote the cause of general education, by compelling the masses to learn to read and write as a *471condition precedent to the exercise of the right of suffrage, and to punish the illiterate by compelling them to admit their ignorance in public by asking aid in the preparation of their ballots. To give effect to this latter-purpose of the law, which is almost as important as its primary object, the statute should receive a reasonably strict construction.
While there is a conflict of judicial utterance upon the question as to whether, in the absence of a statute rendering a ballot void which is not marked in the prescribed manner, we believe the better reason supports the rule that the provisions of the act, so far as they relate to the space in which the marking should be done, should be construed as mandatory: McCrary, Elec. (4 ed.), § 720; Attorney-General v. McQuade, 94 Mich. 439 (53 N. W. 944); Attorney-General v. May, 99 Mich. 538 (58 N. W. 483); Whittam v. Zahorik, 91 Iowa, 23 (57 Am. St. Rep. 317, 59 N. W. 57); Parvin v. Wimberg, 130 Ind. 561 (30 Am. St. Rep. 254, 15 L. R. A. 771, 30 N. E. 790); Bechtel v. Albin, 134 Ind. 193 (33 N. E. 967); Sego v. Stoddard, 136 Ired. 297 (22 L. R. A. 468, 36 N. E. 204); Curran v. Clayton, 86 Me. 42 (29 Atl. 930); People v. Board of Canvassers of Onondaga Co., 129 N. Y. 395 (14 L. R. A. 624, 29 N. E. 327). In Bechtel v. Albin, 134 Ind. 193 (33 N. E. 967), Mr. Justice Hackney, in construing a similar statute of Indiana, says: “That the legislature intended a strict observance of the rule so provided is further shown in the provision that if, in an attempted compliance, the voter, by accident or mistake, spoils, defaces, or mutilates his ballot, he can have another. ’ ’
2. True, the statute reads : “Any ballot from which it is possible to determine the elector’s choice for a part of the officers shall be counted for such part, but the remainder of the ballot from which it is impossible to *472determine the elector’s choice shall be void as to such defective part, and such defective part shall not be counted:” Section 29. ' This clause, however, must be construed in the light of the provisions relating to marking the ballot for the particular candidate of the elector’s choice. The voter, under the present act, manifests his selection by a mark, and not by the absence of one; hence it would seem that, notwithstanding the law prescribed that the mark should be made immediately to the left of the name of the candidate voted for, the vote should be counted if the mark was made anywhere in the space occupied by the name of the candidate of the elector’s choice, so long as it did not obliterate such name. If a voter were to write on his ballot, “I hereby vote for each republican candidate on this official ballot,” no intelligent person could possibly mistake his intention as thus expressed; but it is not to be supposed, under the very liberal provisions of section 29, that such a ballot would be counted for any candidate of that party, because the Australian Ballot Law requires of the voter a comparison of the integrity, morality, and fitness of the various candidates of each party for the offices to be filled, and a conclusion thereon that the particular candidates whom the elector selects fill the measure of these several necessary requirements. In view of these rules, we will examine the ballots which were rejected by the court.
3. It will be remembered that ballot No. 1 contains to the left of Crabtree’s name a single downward slanting stroke of the pencil, made from left to right, over which a waving or curved line is made with the pencil, and also contains an “X” to the left of Van Winkle’s name. The statute has not prescribed the character of the mark which an elector should make as indicative of his choice of candidates ; .and, this being so, the ballot in question *473is as well marked for Crabtree as for Van Winkle ; and hence no error was committed in rejecting it. Ballot No. 10 has a slanting pencil line, made with a downward stroke, from right to left, which is placed to the left of Marks’ name, and also has an “X” placed to the left of Van Winkle’s name ; and, being like ballot No. 1 in respect to the mode of marking, it was properly rejected.
4. Ballots numbered, respectively, 2,3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, and 25, contain no marks whatever in the space occupied by Van Winkle’s name, and hence no error was committed in rejecting them.
5. Ballots numbered 4, 9, 16, 21, 23, and 24, having pencil lines drawn through the names of all the other candidates except Van Winkle’s, were not admissible in evidence as tending to prove plaintiff’s right to the office ; and no error was committed in refusing to count them.
6. In ballot No. 11 the point at which the lines of the “X” cross each other appears to be situated above the printed line which separate's the names of Marks and Van Winkle. The mark on this ballot plainly illustrates the rule, as the writer understands it, for determining the elector’s choice, as prescribed in section 29, when any doubt exists in that respect. It shows that the person who cast it voted for every Prohibition candidate but one whose name appeared upon the official ballot. Experience demonstrates that the average voter is more of a partisan than a patriot; or rather, perhaps, his bias unconsciously leads him to conclude that true patriotism at the polls is evidenced by an expression of his choice for each of the candidates nominated by the party of which he is a member, and that the persons so named by his party are, to his mind, superior in intelligence, in probity, and in business capacity, to any other candidates nominated by opposing parties for the offices to be filled *474at the election. Those officers who are called upon to determine the result of the election from an inspection of the ballots cast thereat, must necessarily consider this peculiar trait of human character, whenever any doubt exists in relation to the expression of the elector’s choice' of candidates for office. . Invoking this rule, and considering that the center of the “X” is situated above the printed line separating the names of Marks and Van Winkle, we think it is possible to determine from an inspection of the ballot that the elector who cast it chose Marks, the Prohibition candidate, for the office of county clerk; and, this being so, no error was committed in refusing to count ballot No. 11 for plaintiff.
7. It would appear from an inspection of ballot No. 12 that the elector who cast it had voted for Van Winkle by making an “X” immediately to the left of- his name, but, for some unexplained reason,'changed his mind; and, to make his intention perfectly plain to the judges of election, he drew two pencil lines through Van Winkle’s name. No error, in our judgment, was committed by the court in rejecting ballot No. 12.
8. It is contended by plaintiff’s counsel that the court erred in permitting PI. B. Boyle and J. F. Gross to testify that they voted for Van Winkle for the office of county clerk, and in deducting from the number of votes which he received the two so claimed to have been cast by them. The primary object of the Australian Ballot Law is to protect the elector from intimidation, to accomplish which the secrecy of the ballot must be preserved ; and, therefore, if he be a qualified voter, he cannot be compelled to testify for whom he voted at any election. It is generally held, however, that this rule cannot be invoked to shield a person who is not a legal voter. The wisdom of such a conclusion might not at first seem apparent, for it may be assumed that, if a person voted *475at an election when he knew he was not entitled to exercise the right of suffrage, he must have been prompted to do so from some unworthy motive ; and, if he would intentionally violate the law in the first instance, it might reasonably be inferred that he could be induced, when the result of the election was very close, to testify that he had voted for a candidate whom he desired to see defeated, when, in fact, he had voted for the candidate’s opponent; and thus, instead of correcting the wrong, he would be permitted to relieve the candidate of his original choice from a hostile vote. Such would probably be the result if the person so voting knowingly intended to violate the law; but every man is presumed to be innocent until he is proven to be guilty, and, indulging this presumption, Boyle, though not a citizen of the United States, nor having made any declaration of his intention to become such, may have believed that his father was naturalized before he attained his majority, and, upon becoming of age, he thereby became a legal voter. So, too, it may have been that Gross, being ignorant of the election law, voted for county officers in Crawfordsville Precinct, of which he was not a resident, honestly thinking he had a legal right to do so. If Boyle and Gross entertained the belief that might be attributed to them, their ballots, though illegal, were not superinduced by moral turpitude ; and under such circumstances it is reasonable to suppose that they would testify truthfully concerning their choice for county clerk, and hence they ought to be permitted to correct the error which they inadvertently committed. That the majority of men are honest must be conceded; and, such being the case, the greatest good may be expected to result from permitting persons who have voted illegally to testify concerning the candidates for whom they cast their ballots, notwithstanding that in *476some instances the opposite result may follow. “There can be no doubt,” says Mr. Justice Strahan, in State ex rel. v. Kraft, 18 Or. 550 (23 Pac. 663), “that one important object of the system of voting by ballot is secrecy, so that the voter may freely exercise his choice, uninfluenced by power, station, or the conditions by which he is surrounded; but this protection extends to the lawful voter only, and not to the spurious. It is the lawful voter around whom the law throws its protection, and not to him who assumes to exercise the sacred prerogative of a voter without being duly qualified.” In support of the rule here announced, see McCrary, Elect. (4 ed.) , § 490 et seq.; People v. Pease, 84 Am. Dec. 242, and notes at p. 269. The illegality of the ballots cast by Boyle and Gross having been established, the court committed no error in requiring them to testify concerning the persons for whom they attempted to vote, or in deducting from the votes cast for Van Winkle the ballots so given him by these witnesses.
9. We now come to the consideration of the ballots that were counted by the court as having been cast for the defendant. Prom what has already been said, it is apparent that ballots numbered 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 were properly counted as having been polled for Crab-tree.
10. Ballot No. 28 is marked immediately to the left of Crabtree’s name with a heavy line, made by a downward stroke of the pencil, from right to left, and extending from a point above the printed line beneath the words “Por County Clerk,” to a point below the printed line beneath Crabtree’s name. This heavy line is bisected near the middle of space 70 by a light line, made by a downward stroke of the pencil, from left to right, extending from about the same point above to about the middle of space 71. Joined to the left of this light line *477is a heavier line, made by a downward stroke of the pencil, from left to right, commencing at about the same point above the printed line, beneath the words “For County Clerk,” and terminating at a point where the heavy and light lines hereinbefore described intersect each other. Beneath this juncture, and joined to the light line, appear two other heavier lines, made to the right by a slightly downward or nearly horizontal stroke of the pencil, from left to right, the first being in space 70, and the second in space 71, extending from the lower point of the light line about one-sixteenth of an inch to a point in the first initial preceding Lange’s name. This ballot, with but one exception, not considering the office of clerk, was cast for the People’s-Democratic-Silver Be-publican candidates, which fact, being considered in connection with the fact that the several lines are so united as to constitute but one mark, leads us to conclude that it is possible to determine that defendant was the elector’s choice for the office of county clerk, and that no error was committed by the trial court in counting this vote for Crabtree.
11. In ballot No. 34 the elector wrote “G. Bradley” in the space appropriated to the candidates for the office of constable, between and just a little below the printed name “W. W. Sanders” and the word “Democratic.” It is insisted by plaintiff’s counsel that the name so written on this ballot constitutes a distinguishing mark,.and, this being so, the court erred in counting it as a vote for any purpose. Section 49 of the election law, so far as it relates to the arrangement of the ballot, reads : “There shall be left at the end of the list of candidates for each different office blank spaces in which the elector may write the name of any person not printed on the ballot, for whom he desires to vote as candidate for such office.” Section 59 provides that the elector, upon receiving a *478white ballot, shall forthwith retire to one of the compartments provided for that purpose, and there prepare his ballot, by marking the same, etc., “or by writing in the name of the person he wishes to vote for.” It is evident that the elector, intending to avail himself of these provisions of the law, attempted to write the name of his choice for constable in the proper place, but, by mistake, inserted it in the space reserved for that of W.W. Sanders. It is possible that the name so written might afford the means of identifying the person who cast the ballot; but, since the elector had the right to express his preference by writing on the ballot the name of the candidate of his choice for the office of constable, we cannot think that his vote should be rendered void because it was written three-sixteenths of an inch above the line set apart for that purpose ; and hence the court committed no error in admitting said ballot in evidence, or in counting the vote for defendant.
12. Ballot No. 36 has the following words indorsed thereon: “State, county & D'is’ct.” It is maintained by plaintiff’s counsel that, inasmuch as the person who cast this ballot did not vote for any candidates for the office of justice of the peace or constable, the indorsement in question shows that the elector was not. a resident of the precinct in which he voted, and hence he had no right to vote for county officers, but having done so, the court erred in permitting the ballot to be offered in evidence, and in counting it as a vote for defendant. If it be admitted that the elector who cast this ballot was not a resident of the precinct in which he voted, he had no right to vote for county officers, for the organic law on that subject declares : ‘ ‘All qualified electors shall vote in the election precinct in the county where they may reside for county officers, and in any county in the state for state officers, or in any county of a congressional *479district in which such electors may reside for members of congress Const. Or. Art. 2, § 17. The ballot of any elector who is entitled to vote for state, county, and district officers should be placed -by the judges of election in the box marked “General” (Election Law, § 60); but, inasmuch as the bill of exceptions does not show that the ballot in question was placed in the ballot box marked “State and District,” the elector ought not to lose his right to vote for county officers because of such indorsement ; and hence no error was committed in receiving said ballot in evidence, or in counting it as a vote cast for defendant.
13. In ballot No. 35, in a blank space immediately below the names of the candidates for “Attorney General,” appear the letters “O K,” written with an indelible pencil; and it is contended by plaintiff’s counsel that these letters constitute a distinguishing mark, by which the ballot might be identified, thereby rendering it inadmissible in evidence, and, this being so, the court erred in counting the vote for defendant. Section 67 of the election law prescribes a punishment for the elector who “places a distinguishing mark upon his ballot whereby the same may be identified;” but the law nowhere, in positive terms, provides that a ballot so marked shall be rendered void. If it should be held, however, that a ballot which had been marked by the elector in such a manner as to render its identification certain was not void, because the statute had not, in positive terms, so prescribed, the effect would necessarily be the destruction of the secrecy óf the ballot which the Australian system was designed to promote; for, by the use of a few letters of the alphabet or other characters, such a permutation could be arranged by those who would corrupt the purity of the ballot as would accommodate many thousand voters, thereby identifying the person *480who cast each ballot so marked, and evidencing the performance of an illegal agreement to thwart the purposes of the law.
14. The punishment of the voter would be wholly inadequate to correct the evil which such a method of marking the ballots would necessarily entail; for, if one honest vote were polled in each precinct, it would be extremely difficult to prove in an action that the person charged with illegally marking his ballot was guilty thereof; but, if it be held that the ballot so marked is void, the elector who cast it is punished to some extent by being disfranchised at the election when the illegal ballot was deposited, thereby promoting the secrecy which the law enjoins, and preventing the commission of the offense which public policy condemns. In our judgment, the interest of the state demands that a ballot which has been marked in such a manner as to be identified should be declared void, and that our statute impliedly commands that such an effect should follow an illegal marking of a ballot. In State ex rel. v. Ellis, 111 N. C. 124 (17 L. R. A. 382, 15 S. E. 938), it is held that the inscription “O K” upon the back of ballots is a device which renders them void under an act of the Legislative Assembly of North. Carolina, which prescribes that ballots shall be “without device.” It is quite evident that the ballot in question can be identified by the distinguishing letters ; and, it seeming to be conceded that the elector placed the marks on his ballot, it follows that the court erred in admitting it in evidence, and in counting it as a vote given for defendant.
15. Considering only the errors assigned in the notice of appeal, and refusing to count ballot No. 35 for defendant, the consequence is a determination that each party received an equal number of votes ; but whether this result affirms the judgment because plaintiff should *481show a superior right to 'the office, is not necessary to a decision of the case, for, in an appeal from a judgment given by the court upon the trial of an election contest, the cause is not tried here de novo, but the question presented for review must necessarily be, are the conclusions of law deducible from the findings of fact? The respondent, being satisfied with the judgment appealed from, has not assigned any errors, in the absence of which he cannot be heard to complain ; but, in modifying the court’s conclusions of law so as to work a reversal of or seriously to affect the judgment, the speedy settlement of the issue involved, which seems to be necessitated by the statute (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 2547), demands an examination of the conclusions of law which are not complained of, if to do so would result in an affirmance of the judgment, which must be presumed to be correct. With these introductory remarks, we will examine the findings of fact relative to certain ballots which the court, as a conclusion of law, counted as having been given to plaintiff.
16. On a ballot described in finding of fact number six, the words “voted for” were written with an indelible pencil after the words “J. S. Van Winkle of Linn County; ’ ’ and a mark was also made immediately to the left of said name. Finding of fact number seven describes a ballot which is marked in the same manner, except that it contains no mark to the left of Van Winkle’s name. Finding of fact number eight is as follows : “On a ballot of those cast in West Albany Precinct at said election, a line was drawn, in indelible pencil, through the name ‘E. E. Lange of Linn County, Regular People’s,’ and another line immediately beneath the words ‘J. J. Marks of Linn County, Prohibition,’ and in the space between the words ‘J. S. Van Winkle of Linn County’ *482and the word ‘Republican’ appeared written, in indelible pencil, the word ‘voted;’ there being no other marks or designations on said ballot for the office of county clerk.” These three ballots contain a distinguishing mark by which they might be identified, and, such being the case, they ought not to have been counted for plaintiff. Finding number nine is to the effect that on a ballot cast in West Albany Precinct a pencil line was drawn through the name of each candidate for the office of county clerk, but, in the space below said names, the name of “J. S. Van Winkle” was written. Finding of fact number thirteen is as follows : “On a ballot of those cast at said election in North Brownsville Precinct, there appeared a line, made by indelible pencil, drawn through the name of each Republican candidate on said ticket and the name of the county printed therewith, including the words ‘ J. S. Van Winkle of Linn County;’ there being no other mark of any kind on said ballot for the office of county clerk.” The ballots described in findings of fact numbered nine and thirteen are not marked in the manner prescribed by law, and, such being the case, they ought not to have been counted for plaintiff.
These conclusions do not change the result reached by the trial court, in view of which the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.