Opinion by
Mr. Justice Eakin.The principal questions involved in this ease are: (1) Is the defendant company liable to plaintiffs either as a stockholder for dividends received upon its stock, or by reason of having caused the liquidation of the defendant bank and having taken over its assets? (2) Is it necessary that the plaintiffs procure a lien upon the property before they have a standing in equity to sue defendant company? (3) Are plaintiffs barred by the statute of limitations? That is, is this a concurrent, equitable proceeding to which the statute applies? (4) If the statute applies, does it begin to run from the date of plaintiffs’ judgments, or from the date defendant company received the property?
1. We think it sufficiently appears from the pleadings and proof that the defendant Wells, Fargo & Co. was the real purchaser of the 1,000 shares of stock in the defendant bank purchased in 1894 in the name of persons connected with defendant company, and also of the increase of the capital stock of the *496defendant company in that year, viz., 2,500 shares. The evidence relating to these matters was particularly within the control of defendant company. The account books of the defendant bank were called for by plaintiffs, being in defendant company’s control and most of them without the state at the time of the trial, and the defendant company did not attempt to -dispute the facts disclosed by the testimony produced by plaintiffs in relation to the ownership of the stock. Defendants’ principal witness stated that, after the purchase of, said thousand shares of stock in defendant bank, the management of the defendant bank and of the defendant company were identical. As stated by' defendant company’s counsel in his testimony at the trial, the good faith of defendant company in all these matters is questioned by the complaint and proof, and in an equity proceeding questioning the integrity of the transfer the defendant company cannot ignore the allegations and proof offered by the plaintiffs, and hold back proof, oral or record, that is exclusively within its control, without leaving the inference that such proof would be unfavorable to it. It is said in Helms v. Green, 105 N. C. 251 (11 S. E. 470: 18 Am. St. Rep. 893) : “The fact that it is exclusively within the power of persons so nearly related (as the defendant in this case and his father-in-law * *) to explain every suspicious circumstance, if they did act in good faith, and the neglect to do so * * is to be considered as due to inability to show that their conduct was consistent with an honest purpose; * * and where the parties to it withhold testimony that is exclusively within their power to produce, and that would remove all uncertainty, if believed, as to its character, the law puts the interpretation upon such conduct most unfavorable to the suppressing party, as it does in all cases where a party purposely or negligently fails to furnish evidence under his control and not accessible to his adversary.” To the same effect are Wharton, Evidence, § 1266, et seq.; Knight v. Capito, 23 W. Va. 639; Glenn v. Glenn, 17 Iowa, 498; Shapira v. Paletz, 59 S. W. (Term. Oh. App.) 774; Chattanooga R. & C. R. Co. v. Evans, 66 Fed. 809 (14 C. C. A. 116); Mace v Boberis, 97 Wis. 199 (72 N. W. 866).
*497The defendant bank’s officers were out of the state at the time of the trial of this suit. Plaintiff sought to obtain the books of the defendant bank, and called as a witness defendant company’s attornejr, who had also been the attorney for the defendant bank, for the purpose of establishing the facts in relation to the ownership of the stock in defendant bank, and the transfer of the assets of defendant bank to the defendant company, the purchase of the remnant of the bank’s property, and payment of dividends therefrom. Defendant company refused to produce the books or to disclose anything in relation to these matters, and, even if the plaintiffs did not use due diligence to secure the hank books, yet, if the facts in relation to these matters were not as plaintiffs claimed, it was within the power of defendant company to produce the books and witnesses to show the truth; and it was to their interest to do so, and the law puts the interpretation upon such conduct most unfavorable to defendant company when it purposely or negligently fails to furnish evidence under its control and not accessible to its adversary.
2. Plaintiffs produced as witnesses men who were officers of defendant bank up to the time of its- liquidation, and who were officers of defendant company’s bank, as successor of defendant bank, from whose testimony and other circumstances proven the conclusion is irresistible that defendant company furnished the money for the purchase of the 1,000 shares of stock in January, 1894, and the 2,500 shares in March of that year, and dictated the policy of defendant hank, and was the real owner of such stock. At the time of the transfer the officers and stockholders of defendant bank and defendant company consisted largely of the same individuals and the case calls for a disclosure of matters exclusively within defendant company’s knowledge or control relating to the transaction; and we feel justified in holding that defendant company was the real owner of the 4,000 shares of the stock of the defendant bank during all the time after the purchase until the liquidation of the defendant bank (1 Cook, Corporations, § 253; National Foundry & Pipe Works v. Oconto *498Water Co., D. C., 68 Fed. 1006), and had full knowledge of the defendant bank’s affairs, its assets and liabilities, and its relations to plaintiffs. At the time of the liquidation of the defendant bank, which was brought about by the defendant company, said company took over the assets of the bank as owner, with the purpose to, and did, continue the same business in the same building and upon the same assets, but in its own name. It claims to have paid value for all it received from the bank, but that seemed to be true only in the sense that it paid it with the property of the bank in assuming to pay the bank’s depositors from its assets. It claims to have purchased the remnant of the assets left after taking over the business in 1897, and that the bank declared a dividend to the stockholders from the price paid, but the purchase and the payment of dividends seem to have been merely a transaction of book entries. The situation, then, is that defendant company did not take the assets of defendant bank, either in what it absorbed in October, 1897, or claims to have purchased in July, 1898, in the due course of business, nor is it an innocent purchaser, but absorbed the defendant bank for the purpose of continuing the business in its own name, and so dealt with said propertjq charged with full notice of the liability of the1 assets of the defendant bank for its debts, and took the same cum onere.
3. In 10 Cyc. 1265, under the heading, “Selling Out to New Corporations,” it is stated: “It is not necessary to say that a corporation cannot sell or in any way alien its property, to the prejudice of its creditors, so as to hinder, delay or defraud them in the collection of other debts owing by it; and in general, whenever a conveyance is made by a corporation under such circumstances as would .characterize it as a fraud upon creditors if made by an individual, it will be set aside in equity at the suit of such creditors, or other appropriate relief will be accorded them. * * Where one corporation transfers all its assets to another corporation, and thus practically ceases to exist, without having paid its debts, the purchasing corporation takes the property subject to an equitable lien or charge in favor of the *499creditors of the selling corporation. This is a necessary extension of the doctrine that the assets of a corporation are a trust fund for its creditors. Such being the quality which equity annexes to them, when the corporation elects to go out of existence, to dispossess itself of them, and to transfer to another corporation, equity follows the trust fund into the hands, of the new taker, and charges the property in the hands of such taker with the debts of the transferrer. In other words, the corporation receiving the assets is charged in equity, as a trustee in respect of such property, with the payment of the debts of the antecedent corporation. And, while the right to follow a trust fund into the hands of a third party depends upon the answer to the inquiry whether such third party took it with knowledge of the trust, the case being one where the trustee who transferred it to him had a power of disposition, yet in such a case as we are supposing, where one corporation transfers all its assets to another, not in the ordinary course of business, the very circumstances of the case imply full knowledge on the part of the transferee of all the facts necessary to charge the property in his hands with the debts of the transferrer.” It is not necessary that a fraudulent intent or want of consideration be disclosed. The property is a fund that the law sets apart or charges with a lien in favor of creditors. The debtor corporation cannot dispose of it or incumber it to the prejudice of the creditors, and such a grantee with notice takes it subject to such equitable lien. The above text is supported by many cases, viz.: National Bank v. Texas Invest. Co. 74 Tex. 437 (12 S. W. 101); Sanger v. Upton, 91. U. S. 60 (23 L. Ed. 220) ; Bartlett v. Brew, 57 N. Y. 589; Railroad Co. v. Howard, 74 U. S. (7 Wall.) 409 (19 L. Ed. 117) ; Kendall v. Stokes, 44 U S. (3 How.) 87 (11 L. Ed. 506); Clapp v. Peterson, 104 Ill. 30; Chicago, etc., Railway Co. v. Chicago Bank, 134 U. S. 76 (10 Sup. Ct. 550: 33 L. Ed. 900); Vance v. McNabb Coal, etc., Co. 92 Tenn. 47 (20 S. W. 424); Hibernia Ins. Co. v. St. Louis & N. O. Transp. Co. (C. C.), 13 Fed. 516; Harrison v. Union Pac. Ry. Co. (C. C.), 13 Eed. 524; Brum v. Merchants’ Mut. Ins. Co. (C. C.), 16 Fed. 143.
*500In Blair v. St. Louis, H. & K. R. Co. (C. C.), 22 Fed. 38, Mr. Justice Treat says: “Was not, however, the respondent’s demand now judicially ascertained one of the obligations assumed? Such seems to be a fair construction of the terms of said conveyance; but, if not so, the general principle must control, viz., that a grantee of corporate assets, as in this case, takes cum onere, that it must, under the facts disclosed, be treated as the successor of the prior corporation charged with a trust as to assets received.” This suit was instituted to establish the superiority of this equitable lien over a subsequent mortgage given by the transferee'eompany, and it is held superior if the mortgagee took with notice of the plaintiff’s claim. The authorities seem to be uniform to the effect that the assets of the corporation are subject to an equitable lien in favor of the creditors, and that such creditors may follow such assets or the proceeds thereof into whose ever hands they can trace them and subject them to such debts, except as against a bona fide purchaser for value. And, where a corporation transfers all its assets to another corporation with a view of going out of business, and' nothing is left with which to pay its debts, such transferee is charged with notice by the very circumstances of the transaction, and takes the same cum onere. Such a case cannot be considered a sale in the due course of business, even though based on a valuable consideration, as it operates as a fraud against the creditors.
4. Counsel for defendant claims, and some cases cited in his brief hold, that the remedy of plaintiffs is only pro rata against the stockholders, but many of these cases are based upon the .remedy in the right of the corporation by a receiver or a creditor for the amount of unpaid capital stock, or upon the liability of the shareholder beyond the par value of his stock under the United States national bank statute, such as the case of United States v. Knox, 102 U. S. 422 (26 L. Ed. 216), and Terry v. Tubman, 92 U. S. 156 (23 L. Ed. 537). But none of these cases are applicable upon the right of the creditor to follow the assets of the bank as such. Where a person, whether *501a stockholder or not, receives the assets of a corporation upon the liquidation of the corporation, whether insolvent or not, if it leaves the corporation without assets with which it can be made to respond to its creditors and the suit is to reach the assets as such or their value, undoubtedly such person should •be required to respond to the full amount of the assets so received. In Hatch v. Dana., 101 U. S. 213 (25 L. Ed. 885), Mr. Justice Strong, distinguishing Pollard v. Bailey, 87 U. S. (20 Wall), 520 (22 L. Ed. 376), and Terry v. Tubman, 92 U. S. 156 (23 L. Ed. 537), concludes: “We hold, therefore, that the complainant was under no obligation to make all the stockholders of the bank defendants in his bill. It was not his duty to marshal the assets of the bank, or to adjust the equities between the corporators. In all that he had no interest. The appellants may have had such an interest, and, if so, it was quite in their power to secure its protection.” To the same effect are Clapp v. Peterson, 104 Ill. 30; Bartlett v. Drew, 57 N. Y. 589; Marsh v. Burroughs, 1 Woods, 463 (Eed. Cas. No. 9,112). It is clear from these authorities that, where the proceeding is in the nature of a creditors’ suit to follow the assets of the insolvent corporation in the creditor’s own right to have his debt satisfied out of particular property, as said in Bartlett v. Drew, 57 N. Y. 589, “it is quite immaterial that the defendant is a stockholder.” It is the business of the stockholders to adjust the equities between themselves; but, if defendant company has property of the bank or its proceeds which is liable for the payment of its debts, and is taken with knowledge of that fact, then it is liable in such a suit as this.
5. Counsel for defendant insist that plaintiffs have no standing in equity without first bringing themselves in privity with the property sought to be reached by this suit by attachment or judgment lien, but we think the authorities he cites in support of his position are inapplicable here. 12 Cyc. 19, cited by him, makes the distinction thus: “There are two classes of the cases where a creditor is permitted to come into .equity for relief after he has obtained a judgment at law: the one class where *502his judgment or execution has given him a lien; * * the other class where he comes into equity to obtain satisfaction of his debt out of property of the debtor which cannot be reached at law. In the latter ease, * * the relief depends upon the creditor having exhausted his remedies at law.” The authorities cited by defendant come with the first class above, and the ease at bar in the second. Our own court also recognizes this dis-. tinetion. In Dawson v. Coffey, 12 Or. 513, 519 (8 Pac. 838), Mr. Justice Waldo says: “But, if you wish to reach equitable assets, or other things not subject to execution at law, you must show that you have exhausted your remedies at law.” In Fleischner v. Bank of McMinnville, 36 Or. 553, 562 (60 Pac. 603), Mr. Justice Bean cites this case with approval in support of the statement: “It is settled that before a creditor can maintain a bill to set aside the fraudulent conveyances of his debtor he must either establish his claim by judgment, or acquire a lien by attachment.” See, also, Multnomah Street Ry. Co. v. Harris, 13 Or. 198 (9 Pac. 402); Saibin v. Anderson, 31 Or. 487 (49 Pac. 870); Wyatt v. Wyatt, 31 Or. 531 (49 Pac. 855). Therefore plaintiffs have done all the law requires of them, and all that they could do by reducing their claims to judgments and having executions returned nulla bona.
6. Defendant invokes the statute of limitations of six years (B. & C. Comp. § 6), claiming that it commences to run from the date defendant company obtained the property of the defendant bank. Plaintiffs rely upon two answers to this plea of the statute: (1) That this is a pure equity, and therefore the statute does not apply; (2) that, if the statute does apply, it 'does not begin to run until they have a cause of suit against the defendant, viz., obtain judgment and return of execution nulla bona. The particular purpose of this suit or the relief sought is not such as might be the subject of an action at law, but since the property of the corporation is a primary fund, from which creditors are to be paid, and which plaintiffs seek to reach, and has been placed .beyond the reach of legal process, whether by fraudulent or fair dealing, is immaterial, it is in effect a fraud *503against creditors: Powell v. Oregonian Ry. Co. (C. C.), 38 Fed. 187. But defendant company claims that the statute rims in its favor upon its liability to defendant bank from the date that it received the assets, and that the plaintiffs are seeking to be subrogated to the rights of the defendant bank, and, the remedy being concurrent, plaintiffs are also barred, as held in Hawkins v. Donnerberg, 40 Or. 97 (66 Pac. 691, 908). But plaintiffs are not seeking to be subrogated to the rights of the corporation. The corporation by a corporate act went into liquidation and turned over its assets to defendant company and wound up its affairs, and has no officers or directors within the state, and has practically ceased to exist: Walser v. Seligman (C. C.), 13 Fed. 417; Harrison v. Union Pac. Ry. Co. (C. C.), 13 Fed. 525. Every director must be a stockholder and reside in the district; and when he becomes disqualified, he thereby vacates his place: Rev. Stat. U. S. §5146 (5 Fed. Stat. Ann. 104: U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3463). In Graham v. Railroad Co. 102 U. S. 148, 161 (26 L. Ed. 106), it is held: “When a corporation becomes insolvent, it is so far civilly dead that its property may be administered as a trust fund.” As between themselves, the bank has no claim upon defendant company. It owes the bank nothing, nor did it commit any wrong against the bank, and this suit is not upon the theory of subrogation, and we conclude that plaintiffs’ remedy here is not concurrent with the remedy at law in favor of defendant bank.
However, the defendant company’s liability is upon a constructive trust to which the statute of limitations will apply in an equity proceeding. And, although the statute of limitations will run against the constructive trust, it commences to run only from the time the cause of action arises; that is, when the party might bring a suit: Story, Equity Jurisprudence, § 1521a. The plaintiffs’ cause of suit did not arise until judgment was obtained against the corporation and its insolvency disclosed. This is the holding of Powell v. Oregonian Ry. Co. 38 Fed. 187, and Chewy v. Lamar, 58 Ga. 541. Defendant cites a great many authorities upon the proposition that the statute of limitations has *504run in defendant company’s favor as to its liability for taking over the property of the bank, or receiving dividends upon its stock in the bank; but these eases are based upon the theory that plaintiffs are seeking to recover dividends wrongfully paid to stockholders, or for relief in the right of the corporation to recover from a stockholder upon his subscription to the stock, or upon his statutory liability. This proceeding is in the nature of a creditors’ bill to reach the assets of an insolvent, fraudulently placed beyond the reach of. legal process: Railroad Co. v. Howard, 74 U. S. (7 Wall.) 409 (19 L. Ed. 117); Vance v. McNabb Coal, etc., Co. 92 Tenn. 47 (20 S. W. 424). The transaction operates as a fraud upon creditors. Where a corporation transfers all its assets to a new corporation without paying or making provision for the payment of its debts, as we have already seen, the new company is, by virtue of the transaction, charged with notice, and, if creditors are delayed or defrauded thereby, it is a constructive fraud against them, and the creditor, after exhausting his remedy at law, may bring a creditors’ suit to reach such assets. In such case the creditor has no standing to bring a creditors’ suit until he has either a lien by judgment or attachment, or has exhausted his legal remedy; and it is held that the statute of limitations does not begin to run until plaintiff’s cause of suit has arisen. It is so held in Rose v. Dunklee, 12 Colo. App. 403 (56 Pac. 347) : “Statutes of limitations can never become operative, as we understand the law, until there is a cause of action to which they may be applied.” Also Angelí on Limitations, § 42, states': “The time limited * * is to be computed from the time at which a writ of entry accrues, and from the time at which a creditor is authorized first to commence a suit.” In Rose v. Dunklee, 12 Colo. App. 403 (56 Pac. 347), it is held that fraud can be discovered only by the judgment and return of execution nulla bona, which discloses that the creditor is insolvent, viz., that there is no property from which the creditor can collect his debt. To the same effect is Fogg v. St. Louis, H. & K. R. Co. (C. C.), 17 Fed. 871, which is a parallel case.
*505In Blackwell v. Hatch, 13 Okl. 169 (73 Pac. 933), the statute provides that the limitation shall not begin to run until the discovery of the fraud, but it is held that, notwithstanding the discovery of the fraud before the return of execution, it does not start the statute running unless under the conditions then existing a creditor’s cause of action accrues, and that the cause accrues on the return of the writ nulla dona. Taylor v. Bowher, 111 U. S. 110 (4 Sup. Ct. 397: 28 L. Ed. 368), in construing the Maine statute, which is similar to our own, holds that the statute begins to run from, the return of the execution. To the same effect are the Maine cases: Corey v. Greene, 51 Me. 114; Howe v. Whitney, 66 Me. 17. The same is held in California in a suit to set aside an assignment for the benefit of the creditors as fraudulent: Watkins v. Wilhoit (Cal. Sup.), 35 Pac. 646; also, Martel v. Somers, 26 Tex. 551; Gates v. Andrews, 37 N. Y. 657 (97 Am. Dec. 764); Washington v. Norwood, 128 Ala. 383 (30 South. 405); Taylor v. Bowker, 111 U. S. 110 (4 Sup. Ct. 397: 28 L. Ed. 368); Rounds v. Green, 29 Minn. 139 (12 N. W. 454); Rogers v. Brown, 61 Mo. 187. Some of these eases are based on statutes providing that the limitation shall run from the discovery of the fraud, but this is the rule independent of the statute.
Therefore we conclude that the transfer by the defendant bank of all its assets to the defendant company without provision for payment of its debts was a constructive fraud against the plaintiffs; that by the very nature of the transaction and defendant company’s relations to the defendant bank it took the assets with notice and cum onere, and in a suit by plaintiffs in the nature of a creditors’ suit to reach the assets or their value in the hands of defendant company the limitation begins to run from the date of return of execution upon plaintiffs’ judgments nulla dona. Therefore there was no error in the decision of the lower court, and the same is affirmed.
Aeeirmed.