Harrison v. Pacific Ry. & Nav. Co.

Mr. Justice Burnett

delivered the opinion of the court.

The contention of the defendant is that the Circuit Court erred in the following particulars: (1) It did not grant a continuance; (2) it permitted biased jurors to sit in the trial; (3) it permitted immaterial and prejudicial testimony to be introduced; and (4) it gave erroneous instructions as to the measure of damages and as to what might be considered in determining the amount thereof.

1, 2. The action was commenced April 4, 1912, and brought to trial April 24, 1913, having been set on the 18th of that month. One contention of the defendant was that it owned a controlling interest in the tidelands in front of the premises of the plaintiff, and that consequently he had no access to the navigable waters of Tillamook Bay for the-purpose of marketing his timber. It appears that the defendant deraigned title to those tide-lands through certain administrator’s deeds in estates settled in the adjoining county of Clatsop. These conveyances were of record in Tillamook County. The postponement of the trial was for the purpose of obtaining exemplifications of the probate records of Clatsop County to establish the authority for the execution of the administrator’s deeds. The deeds themselves were offered and received in evidence at the trial, and there was no apparent contention against their efficacy as muniments of defendant’s title. For all that appears in the record there was no dispute at the trial about defendant’s ownership of the tidelands. The question involved appears to have been one of law as to the rights of the plaintiff as owner of the adjoining upland to navigate the waters of the bay when the tide should cover the defendant’s lands described in the administrator’s deeds. The matter of postponement of the trial is within the sound discretion of the trial court: Lew v. Lucas, 37 Or. 208 (61 Pac. 344); Linn County v. Morris, 40 Or. 415 (67 Pac. 295). In the absence of any contest over the title of the defendant to the tide-lands mentioned, we cannot say that the Circuit Court abused its discretion in denying the postponement.

3. The alleged bias of the jurors of which the defendant complains consisted in the fact that the plaintiff was the president and principal owner of a bank in Tillamook, which was patronized by at least nine of the jurors who sat in the trial of the case. They were either depositors in the bank or owed it small sums of money, and all declared in substance, on voir dire, that the indirect relation they sustained to the plaintiff by virtue of their business dealings with the bank with which he was connected would not influence them in their decision of the case. This feature was elaborated by the examination of the jurors in question and over the objection of the defendant the court accepted them for the trial of the cause. In such a case the particular cause of challenge defined in Section 121, L. O. L., is:

“For the existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror, in reference to the action, or to either party, which satisfies the trier, in the exercise of a sound discretion, that he cannot try the issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the party challenging, and which is known in this Code as actual bias.”

We cannot say as a matter of law that the relationship described above disqualified the jurors. The propriety of such men acting in that capacity is a question of fact to be determined by the trial court from all the evidence, and unless an abuse of discretion clearly appears, we cannot overturn its conclusion. The men themselves were before the court. The judge observed them and under such circumstances was far more capable of determining whether they would act impartially than we who only see the paper record: State v. Armstrong, 43 Or. 207 (73 Pac. 1022); State v. Megorden, 49 Or. 259 (88 Pac. 306, 14 Ann. Cas. 130); State v. Caseday, 58 Or. 429 (115 Pac. 287); State v. Humphrey, 63 Or. 540 (128 Pac. 824).

4. The bill of exceptions proper in this case contains no statement whatever of the testimony adduced. It is true there is attached to the bill of exceptions as an exhibit what is characterized as containing all the evidence and a complete record and history of all that transpired at the trial of the cause. This, however, is no part of the bill of exceptions, and if it were, could not be considered for any purpose except that of determining the correctness of the decision of the court of a motion for a nonsuit or for a directed verdict: National Council v. McGinn, 70 Or. 457 (138 Pac. 493).

The assignments of error in the instructions may be classified under two heads: (1) Conceding that the defendant was seised of the tide-lands in Tillamook Bay, and that the plaintiff owned the uplands bordering thereon, the court erred in allowing the jury to consider, as an element of damage, that the plaintiff was deprived of access to those tidal waters by the building of the defendant’s road; (2) in permitting the jury to consider as an element of damage, not only the actual value of the land occupied by the defendant’s road, but also the effect upon the remaining land based upon the greater difficulty in marketing the plaintiff’s standing timber.

5. Whatever rights a party may acquire to tidelands, they are subject to the jus publicum, which includes the rights of navigation and fishery in the waters, which alternately cover and uncover the lands twice in 24 hours: Bowlby v. Shively, 22 Or. 410 (30 Pac. 154); Corvallis & Eastern Ry. v. Benson, 61 Or. 359 (121 Pac. 418).

6. The tidal waters in any arm of the sea constitute nature’s highway, and the situation presented is analogous to one where a public county road should be laid out and established over the defendant’s upland. Under such circumstances, if it did any act to prevent the plaintiff’s lawful access to such a highway, it would be an element of damage. Here, in a certain sense, was a highway over the defendant’s land, at least during such time as the water would permit the flotation of logs. If the plaintiff could obtain access to that water for such purposes, the deprivation of that right would constitute an element of damage if caused by the construction of the defendant’s road. Besides all this, if it were possible for access to be obtained to the tide-lands for logging purposes by purchase or otherwise, any act of the defendant which would render such access impossible would of course tend to depreciate the value of the land upon which the timber grew, and which would be the subject of logging operations. In other words, the mere proximity of land to tide water is an enhancement of value not possessed by land at some inaccessible point in the distant interior. If, therefore, this adjacency to navigation is seriously im-. paired or practically destroyed so as to make plaintiff’s lands substantially as inaccessible as the interior land, that fact ought to be submitted to the jury with others illustrating the situation, and considered in estimating the damage resulting from the acts of the defendant.

7. It is well settled that in estimating the damages accruing to a land owner from the exercise of right of eminent domain by a railway company the owner of the fee is entitled to recover, not only the fair value of the land actually taken, but also for the injury to the remainder of the same tract. It is apparently without dispute that the principal value of the plaintiff’s land consists in the marketable timber growing thereon. Anything, therefore, which would destroy the market value of that timber would be an element of damage, and the court was cléarly within the bound of the law in submitting that feature to the jury: Sharp v. United States, 191 U. S. 341 (48 L. Ed. 211, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 114); Haggard v. School Dist., 113 Iowa, 486 (85 N. W. 777); Kansas City S. B. R. Co. v. Norcross, 137 Mo. 415 (38 S. W. 299); Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. v. George, 145 Mo. 38 (47 S. W. 11); Tri-State T. & T. Co. v. Cosgriff, 19 N. D. 771 (124 N. W. 75, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1171); Chattahoochee Valley R. Co. v. Bass, 9 Ga. App. 83 (70 S. E. 683); Stuttgart & R. B. R. Co. v. Kocourek, 101 Ark. 47 (141 S. W. 511); Hauge v. La Crosse & S. E. Ry. Co., 148 Wis. 288 (134 N. W. 368); Baker v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 236 Pa. 479 (84 Atl. 959); Flemister v. Central Georgia P. Co., 140 Ga. 511 (79 S. E. 148); Louisville & N. R. Co. v. White Villa Club, 155 Ky. 452 (159 S. W. 983).

Finding no error, the judgment is affirmed.

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice Moore, Mr. Justice Eamsey and Mr. Justice Bean concur.