delivered the opinion of the court.
General Provisions of the Act.
The act is entitled:
“An act providing a system for the regulation, control, distribution, use and right to the use of water, and for the determination of existing rights thereto within the State of Oregon; providing penalties for its violation and appropriating money for the maintenance thereof, and declaring an emergency.”
Section 1 declares:
“Subject to existing rights, all waters within the state may he appropriated for beneficial use, as herein provided, and not otherwise; but nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to take away or impair the vested right of any person, firm, corporation, or association, to any water.”
The legislature of 1913 (Laws 1913, p. 273) amended this section by adding that the provisions of the act do not apply to Multnomah Creek, Multnomah County, nor to the waters of the Columbia River, beginning at a point known as Big Eddy at The Dalles, and extend • ing to a point 10 miles above the Celilo Falls. The act divides the state into two water divisions; provides for the election of a state engineer, and a superin*603tendent for each division; authorizes the creation of the necessary number of water districts and the appointment of a water-master for each district. It states that the superintendent shall have general control over the water-masters of the several districts within his division, execute laws relative to the distribution of water, perform such other functions as shall be assigned to him, and have authority to make such reasonable regulations to secure the equal and fair distribution of water in accordance with the determined rights as may be needed in his division, not inconsistent with the laws of the state. His actions are subject to appeal to the board of control, which is composed of the state engineer and two division super-, intendents, who, under such regulations as may he prescribed by law, are given supervision over the application, distribution and division of the waters of the state, and the several officers concerned therewith. The decisions of the board are subject to revision and confirmation by the courts. "Whenever a petition signed by one or more users of water on a stream is filed with the board of control, requesting the determination of the relative rights of the various claimants to the waters of such stream, it is made the duty of the board, if upon investigation it finds the facts and conditions such as to justify, to make'a determination of such rights and to fix a time for the beginning of the taking of testimony and the making of such examinations as will enable it to determine the rights of the various claimants. In case suit is brought in any of the Circuit Courts of the state for the adjudication of the right to the use of the water, it may, in the discretion of the court, be transferred to the board for consideration, as provided by the act. In case the board concludes to proceed with the determination of *604the rights of various claimants to water on any stream, it is required to give notice by publication of tbe date when tbe state engineer will begin investigating tbe flow of tbe stream and tbe ditches diverting water therefrom, and tbe time and place where tbe division superintendent will begin tbe taking of testimony. Service of such notice is required to be made by registered mail on each person, firm or corporation claiming a right to use any of tbe water of tbe stream, or owning or being in possession of lands bordering on or having access thereto, in so far as they can reasonably be ascertained, which notice must be mailed at least 30 days prior to tbe date of tbe making of the investigation and tbe taking of testimony. With each notice sent by registered mail, a blank form is required, on which tbe claimant or owner is required to state in writing tbe particulars necessary for tbe determination of bis rights to tbe water to which be lays claim, including bis name and address, tbe nature of tbe right or use on which tbe claim is based, tbe time of its initiation or tbe commencement of such use. If distributing works are required, tbe date of tbe beginning and completion of tbe construction and enlargements must be stated, tbe dimensions of tbe ditch, tbe date when water was first used for irrigation or for beneficial purposes, and, if used for irrigation, tbe amount of land reclaimed first and subsequent years with tbe dates of reclamation, tbe amount and general location of tbe land such ditch is intended to irrigate, tbe character of tbe soil, tbe kinds of crops cultivated, and such other facts as will show compliance with the laws in acquiring' tbe right. This statement is required to be verified. Any claimant served with notice who fails to appear and submit proof of this claim as required shall be barred from subsequently assert*605ing any rights theretofore acquired. At the time fixed in the notice, the state engineer or his assistant is to make an examination of the stream and the works diverting water therefrom, measure the discharge of the stream, the carrying capacity of the various ditches and canals, an approximate measurement of the land irrigated or susceptible of irrigation from the various ditches and canals, and such other data and information as may be essential to the proper understanding of the relative rights of the parties interested. These observations and measurements are to be reduced to writing and made a matter of record in the office of the state engineer. It shall he his duty to make or cause to be made a map or plat showing with substantial accuracy the course of the stream, the location of each ditch or canal diverting water therefrom, and the legal subdivisions of lands which have been irrigated, or which are susceptible of irrigation from the ditches and canals already constructed. At the date named in the notice, the division superintendent is required to begin taking testimony and continue the same until completion. He shall give notice by registered mail to the various claimants that at a time and place named all the evidence will be opened for inspection for a specified length of time by the various claimants and owners.
Any claimant desiring to contest any of the rights of any person, firm, corporation or association which has submitted its evidence may, within five days after the expiration of the time fixed in the notice for the public inspection of the evidence, notify the superintendent in writing of the grounds of his proposed contest, and the superintendent is thereupon required to fix a time for the hearing of such contest before him, and to notify the interested parties, which notice and *606the return thereof shall be made in the same manner as summonses are served in civil actions in the Circuit Courts. He may adjourn the hearing from time to time, and is authorized to issue subpoenas to compel witnesses to attend and testify in such matters, the evidence to be confined to the subjects enumerated in the notice of contest. After the evidence has all been taken the superintendent is required to transmit the same to the office of the board of control. As soon as practicable after the necessary data have been compiled by the state engineer and the evidence filed, it is made the duty of the board to cause to be entered of record in its office findings of fact and an order determining and establishing the several rights to the waters of the stream. The original evidence and certified copies of the observations, measurements and maps, of record in the state engineer’s office, together with a copy of the determination and findings certified to by the secretary of the board, shall be filed with the clerk of the Circuit Court wherein the determination is to be heard, and a certified copy of such order of determination and findings shall be filed with the county clerk in every county on which the stream or any portion of a tributary is situated. The board shall thereupon procure an order from the court fixing a time at which the matter shall be heard. A certified copy of the order shall be forwarded to the secretary of the board, and he shall immediately send a notice of such hearing by registered mail to each claimant or owner who has appeared in the proceeding. Proof of the service of such notice shall be made and filed with the Circuit Court by such secretary. The determination of the board shall be in full force and effect, unless stayed by the giving of a bond as provided in the act. Section 26 provides that after *607filing the evidence and order in the Circuit Court the proceeding shall he as nearly as may be like that in a suit in equity, except that it may be heard and decided and a decree entered in vacation. At any time prior to the hearing provided for by Section 6648, L. O. L., as amended in 1913, any person may file exceptions to the findings and order of the board, but if none are filed, the court is to enter a decree affirming the determination of the board. If exceptions are filed, the court at a fixed time shall hear all parties, and the board of control may appear on behalf of the State of Oregon, either by a member of such board or by the Attorney General. A copy of the exceptions shall be served upon each claimant who is an adverse party.
All parties are entitled to be heard by counsel on the consideration of the exceptions to the findings. The court may, if necessary, remand the matter for further evidence or consideration by the board. Immediately upon the' entering of a decree by the Circuit Court, the clerk is required to transmit a copy thereof to the board of control, and it is the duty of the state, engineer to forthwith issue the necessary instructions to the water superintendent and master for its enforcement.
"Within six months of the date of the decree, or, if appealed from, within six months from the decision of the Supreme Court, the board of control, or any party interested, may apply to the Circuit Court for a rehearing. The determination of the board of control as confirmed or modified by the court is made conclusive as to all prior rights and the rights of all existing claimants upon the stream or body of water, lawfully embraced in such determination. It is made the duty of the secretary of the board to issue to each person, corporation or association represented in such *608determination a certificate, signed by the president of the board and attested under seal by the secretary, setting forth his or its rights as so determined, and such certificate is entitled to record in the office of the county clerk of the proper county.
Eastern Oregon Land Company, Appellant.
This company is a California corporation, and the owner of a large amount of land in the watershed of Willow Creek, a description of which is set forth in this appellant’s claim. The main channel of Willow Creek passes through about 7,000 acres of these lands, particularly described in the record, all of which the Eastern Oregon Land Company alleges to be riparian to the stream.
Willow Creek is a perennial stream with well-defined bed and banks, wholly within Malheur County. It has its source in the spur of the Blue Mountains, flows in a southeasterly direction, and empties its waters into the Malheur River at a point near Yale, Oregon. Its entire flow is almost exclusively from melting snow, and its quantity and duration are dependent upon the extent of the snowfall, the time, and the degree of temperature prevailing while the snows are melting. The drainage district of the stream is perceptibly divided into two valleys, which for convenience are called “Upper Willow Creek” and “Lower Willow Creek.” For 30 years or more the stream has usually gone dry in Lower Willow Creek by the 15th of June, varying from year to year. Parts of Willow Creek go dry by the middle of July of each year, but at certain places there is a small flow during the greater part of the year by reason of springs and the rising of water in the bed of the creek. A canyon with precipitous sides about eight or nine *609miles in length separates the two valleys of Willow Creek.
The Eastern Oregon Land Company claims an appropriation by means of a ditch constructed in the year 1882 by one Albert "Wilson for the irrigation of about 80 acres in section 27, township 15 south, range 39 east, W. M.; an appropriation by virtue of a ditch constructed in 1887, known as the “Company Ditch,” from Phipps Creek, a tributary of Willow Creek, for the irrigation of 47 acres in section 31; an appropriation through the company ditch in 1883 for 9% acres in section 33; and also an appropriation by dams and ditches constructed by one T. J. Brosnan in 1887 for 80 acres in Section- 23. These tracts of land, it is claimed, are separate and distinct from the other land of the company. This company also claims the right to have irrigated by natural overflow certain tracts of land particularly described in the record, aggregating 370 acres.
The Eastern Oregon Land Company derived its title to all the lands within the watershed of Willow Creek, with the exception of sections 16 and 36 acquired from the state, through The Dalles Military Road Company, under the act of Congress approved February 25, 1867, and the act of the legislative assembly of the State of Oregon approved October 20, 1868. The original granting act of Congress was a grant in praesenti, the title to such land having passed out of the government by the granting act itself. The title to said lands passed from the State of Oregon to The Dalles Military Road Company, then to Edward Martin, and from his heirs to the Eastern Oregon Land Company, which purchased the lands in 1884.
1. The appellants, the Eastern Oregon Land Com*610pany and the Lower Willow Creek Water Users’ Association, joining in their brief, contend: (1) That the act of 1909, known as the "Water Code,” is in violation of Section 1, Article VII, of the state Constitution; (2) that it undertakes to vest judidial power in a tribunal and officers not recognized by the Constitution. It is evident that in the enactment of the Water Code, the state being interested in providing a system for the regulation of the use of the water and for the determination of existing rights thereby exercised the police power of the state in order to provide a complete system of state control, in the regulation of the diversion and use of the water, and a means for having a record made of the rights to the same, for much the same purpose as records of title to real estate are provided: Cookinham v. Lewis, 58 Or. 484, 498 (114 Pac. 88, 115 Pac. 342); Wattles v. Baker County, 59 Or. 255, 261 (117 Pac. 417); In re Silvies River (D. C.), 199 Fed. 495; Montezuma Canal Co. v. Smithville Canal Co., 218 U. S. 317 (54 L. Ed. 1074, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 67); Farm Investment Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110 (61 Pac. 258, 87 Am. St. Rep. 918, 50 L. R. A. 747); Farmers’ Independent Ditch Co. v. Agricultural Ditch Co., 22 Colo. 513 (45 Pac. 444, 55 Am. St. Rep. 149); Hoge v. Eaton (C. C.), 135 Fed. 411. The statute prescribing the duties to be performed by the water board and its members in their respective official capacities in a determination of water rights does not confer judicial powers or duties upon the board or such officers in any sense as indicated by the Constitution. Their duties are executive or administrative in their nature. In proceedings under the statute the board is not authorized to make determinations which are final in character. Their findings and orders are prima facie final and binding *611until changed in some proper proceeding. The findings of the board are advisory rather than authoritative. It is only when the courts of the state have obtained jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the persons interested and rendered a decree in the matter determining such rights that, strictly speaking, an adjudication or final determination is made. It might be said that the duties of the water board are quasi judicial in their character. Such duties may be devolved by law on boards whose principal duties are administrative. As said in Reetz v. Michigan, 188 U. S. 505, 507 (47 L. Ed. 563, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 390, 391):
“Indeed, it not infrequently happens that a full discharge of their duties compels boards, or officers of a purely ministerial character, to consider and determine questions of a legal nature. Due process is not necessarily judicial process.”
Many executive officers, even those commonly known as purely administrative officers, act judicially in the performance of their official duties, and in so doing do not exercise judicial powers as the words are commonly used and as they are used in the organic act in conferring judicial powers upon specified tribunals: State v. Corvallis & E. R. R., 59 Or. 450 (117 Pac. 980); Patterson v. N. T. Co., 170 Ill. App. 501, 511; People v. Hasbrouck, 11 Utah, 291 (39 Pac. 918). In Washington the public utilities act was held not to confer judicial or legislative powers upon administrative officers: State v. Superior Court, 67 Wash. 37 (120 Pac. 861, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 78). In Wisconsin the industrial commission was held to be an administrative body, the court saying:
“It is an administrative body or arm of the government, which in the course of its administration of a *612law is empowered to ascertain, some questions of fact and apply the existing law thereto, and in so doing acts quasi judicially; hut it is not thereby vested with judicial power in the constitutional sense”: Borgnis v. Folk Co., 147 Wis. 358 (133 N. W. 219, 37 L. R. A. (N. S.) 489).
See Stettler v. O’Hara, 69 Or. 519 (139 Pac. 743). The duties of the board of control are similar to those of a referee appointed by the court, The powers and duties of the three principal divisions of the state government, legislative, executive and judicial, are necessarily sometimes blended to a 'limited extent. The preservation of lines between them is the fundamental idea in the organic act, and the continuance of regulated liberty depends on maintaining these boundaries:. Willoughby on the Constitution, Vol. 2, §742; Biggs v. McBride, 17 Or. 640, 648 (21 Pac. 878, 5 L. R. A. 115). Delegation of powers to boards or commissions has generally been sustained by the courts throughout the country: Oregon R. & N. Co. v. Campbell (C. C.), 173 Fed. 957; Portland Ry., L. & P. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 56 Or. 468 (105 Pac. 709, 109 Pac. 273).
The separation of the powers, both state and national, has not been complete. The practical necessities of efficient government prevent a complete defined division. It has been necessary to vest in each department certain powers which primarily should not belong to it. Courts establish rules of practice to govern procedure therein, and thereby in a certain sense exercise legislative functions; they appoint officers, in reality executive acts. Courts have no hesitation-in performing ministerial acts if such are incidental to the exercise of their proper judicial functions. Legislation of recent years creating commissions for *613various purposes such as regulating rates of public utilities is a familiar instance of the overlapping of governmental functions. In many respects these acts provide for the performance of duties by administrative boards judicial in their nature or quasi judicial.
Unless the suit is first commenced in court and the cause referred to the board under Section 6635, L. O. L., the proceedings before the board are not initiated by the filing of a complaint or pleading setting up the rights claimed. A mere request is made by one or more water users upon a stream. The board is required to make an investigation to ascertain whether or not the conditions ■ justify proceeding. In order to obtain injunctive relief or to exercise the right of eminent domain, resort must be had to the courts. In a proceeding before the board, provision is made for an impartial examination and measurement of the water in a stream, of the ditches and canals, and of the land susceptible of irrigation, and for the gathering of other essential data by the state engineer, including the preparation of maps, all to be made a matter of record in the office of the state engineer, as a foundation for such hearing and to facilitate a proper understanding-of the rights of the parties interested. Under the old procedure such information was often omitted. "When measurements were made by the various parties to a suit they were nearly always made by different methods and were conflicting. The other evidence in regard thereto, being mere estimates, rendered a determination extremely difficult for the court and of questionable accuracy and value when made. To accelerate the development of the state, to promote peace and good order, to minimize the danger of vexatious controversies wherein the shovel was often used as an instrument of warfare, and to provide a convenient *614way for the adjustment and recording of the rights of the various claimants to the use of the water of a stream or other source of supply at a reasonable expense, the state enacted the law of 1909, thereby to a limited extent calling into requisition its police power. By proceeding in accordance with the statute, when the matter is presented to the court for judicial action, it is in an intelligible form. The water board and state may then be represented by counsel. Liberal provision is made for all interested parties to be notified and heard.
In the proceeding under consideration we are not to pass upon the right of any parties except those whom the record shows to have been duly served with process or to have appeared in the proceeding: Leffingwell v. Lane County, 64 Or. 144, 151 (129 Pac. 538). About 93 persons and corporations have submitted their claims for adjudication. Mr. Justice Bean uses the following language in the case of In re Silvies River (D. O.), 199 Fed. 501:
“Now the preliminary proceedings before the state board of control, in taking testimony and making findings of fact concerning the rights of the various claimants to the waters of a given stream, are, in my judgment, not judicial, but rather administrative.”
2, 3. Presumptions are in favor of the validity of the act. A fair construction will give nearly all of its provisions force and effect. That a construction which will tend to such an attainment should be given a statute is a well-settled principle of law.
Article III, Section 1, of the Constitution is as follows:
“The powers of the government shall be divided into three separate departments — the legislative, the executive, including the administrative, and the judicial; *615and no person charged with official duties under one of these departments shall exercise any of the functions of another, except as in this Constitution expressly provided.”
Article VII, Section 1, of the Constitution, as amended November 8,1910 (Laws 1911, p. 7), provides in part that:
“The judicial power of the state shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such other courts as may from time to time be created by law.”
The statute in question does not contravene either of these sections of our organic law.
The law of 1909 has been recognized by this court as having force in the following cases: Cookinham v. Lewis, 58 Or. 484 (114 Pac. 88, 115 Pac. 342); Wattles v. Baker County, 59 Or. 255 (117 Pac. 417); Pacific Livestock Co. v. Davis, 60 Or. 258 (119 Pac. 147); Pringle Falls Electric P. Co. v. Patterson, 65 Or. 474 (128 Pac. 820, 132 Pac. 527); Claypool v. O’Neill, 65 Or. 511 (133 Pac. 349); In re Schollmeyer, 69 Or. 210 (138 Pac. 211). The statute has also been given effect in several cases by the United States Court for the District of Oregon.
4. It is next urged by these two appellants that the act is in violation of Article IV, Section 20, requiring that:
“Every act shall embrace hut one subject, and matters properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title.”
It is not essential that the legislative title to an act shall specify with particularity all the different provisions of the act. It is sufficient if the general subject of the act is contained in the title and is a fair index to the legislation proposed, and if all the provisions of the act are germane to such subject and do *616not relate to matters wholly foreign thereto: Clemmensen v. Peterson, 35 Or. 47 (56 Pac. 1015); Spaulding Logging Co. v. Independence Imp. Co., 42 Or. 394 (71 Pac. 132).
5. The title to the act set ont above is sufficiently broad to embrace within the terms of the act any provision which the legislature had the power to enact relating to a system for the regulation, control, distribution, use and right to the use of water, and for a determination of rights thereto: State v. Shaw, 22 Or. 288 (29 Pac. 1028); State v. Portland Gen. Elec. Co., 52 Or. 502 (95 Pac. 722, 98 Pac. 160); Escott v. Crescent Coal & Nav. Co., 56 Or. 190 (106 Pac. 452). As we view it, the signification and not the validity of the main provisions of the act is the chief question.
6, 7. It is claimed, also, that the act is in contravention of the constitutional provision that no person shall he deprived of his property without due process of law. This indispensable constitutional safeguard should be carefully applied and never infringed upon. If any clause of the act in question is not in consonance therewith, its effect should be eliminated, or else it should, if consistent, be given an application in conformity with the letter and spirit of the organic law. The first section of the act declares that nothing therein contained shall he so construed as to take away or impair the vested right of anyone to any water; and Section 70, subdivision 1, is to the same effect. Any appropriation of water under the provisions of the act is thereby made subject .to such condition. In the absence of such legislative announcement the lawmakers have no power to destroy such a right. The main purpose of the law is to protect water rights and to promote the utilization of the same. The right to the use of water is a valuable property right *617guaranteed to every citizen. It cannot be arbitrarily nor unreasonably interfered with by tbe legislative department of the state.
8. Water rights, like all other rights, are subject to such reasonable regulations as are essential to the general welfare, peace and good order of the citizens of the state, to the end that the use of water by one, however absolute and unqualified his right thereto, shall not be injurious to the equal enjoyment of others entitled to the equal privilege of using water from the same source, nor injurious to the rights of the public: State v. Muller, 48 Or. 252 (85 Pac. 855, 120 Am. St. Rep. 88, 11 Ann. Cas. 88); Muller v. Oregon, 208 U. S. 412 (56 L. Ed. 834, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 324); Commonwealth v. Alger, 7 Cush. (Mass.) 53, 84.
“It is within the undoubted power of state legislatures to pass recording acts by which the elder grantee shall be postponed to a younger, if the prior deed is not recorded within the limited time”: Jackson ex dem. Hart v. Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280, 7 L. Ed. 679; Farm Invest. Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110 (61 Pac. 258, 87 Am. St. Rep. 918, 50 L. R. A. 747); White v. Farmers’ High Line Carnal & Reservoir Co., 22 Colo. 191 (43 Pac. 1028, 31 L. R. A. 828).
9. The requirements of the statute that water users upon due notice shall take measures for the ascertainment, certifying and recording of their water rights are not arbitrary, unreasonable nor unduly burdensome. The main provisions of the law should be enforced. They are salutary and in the inter'st of an orderly regulation of the use of water to be made by skilled officers who have peculiar knowledge in that line.
10-12. The objections to the process are evidently directed to that part of Section 34 referring to persons *618who are interested in the water of a stream upon which an investigation and determination are made, upon whom no service of notice is had. Section 33 in effect declares a decree of the court confirming a determination of the board to be conclusive as to claimants lawfully embraced in the determination. This declaration precludes making such decree or order of determination binding and conclusive upon any except those upon whom service of notice has been made pursuant to the statute. Section 34 states that it is the duty of all claimants when such proceedings are instituted to submit proof of their claims. The latter part of this section, particularly referring to interested parties who have not been served with notice, provides that such parties who had no knowledge or notice of the pendency of the proceedings may intervene upon equitable terms at any time within one year, or be precluded from having their rights adjudicated in such proceeding; that is, the words “any such claimant” who fails to submit proof of his claim and is barred and estopped from subsequently asserting any prior rights refer to “existing claimants upon the stream or other body of water lawfully embraced in the determination,” including only those who have been duly served with process. Such construction renders each clause of these two sections efficacious. The statute requires notice of the time of the investigation of a stream by the state engineer, and of the time and place of taking proof of claims to water, service to be made by publication and registered mail 30 days prior to the examination of the stream or the taking of the testimony, and notice by registered mail of the time and place of the' inspection of the evidence, and the county in which the determination will be heard by the Circuit Court. The statute also requires a notice of *619contest, stating and verifying the grounds therefor, to be given by anyone interested desiring to contest any of the rights of those who have submitted their evidence to the superintendent. That officer is directed to notify the contestant and contestee of the time and place of the hearing. This notice must be served and a return thereof made in the same manner as a summons is served and returned in the Circuit Courts; therefore a copy of the notice of contest must lie served upon the contestee with the notice of the hearing, thus informing the party of the basis of the contest. Under the amendment of 1913, notice of the time and place of the hearing of the determination by the Circuit Court must be given by the secretary of the board by registered mail to all claimants who have appeared. The law provides that the proceedings in the courts shall be as nearly as may be like those in a suit in equity. Ample provision is made in the law for a notice to all interested parties, and that they may be duly heard in court. It is not necessary that notice be given of each step in the proceedings.
13. It is objected that the law does not require the superintendent to sign the notice, but we do not so construe the statute. An unsigned notice is not a notice within the purview of the act.
14. Section 12 requires that the notice of examination of the stream and of taking testimony shall be published—
“in two issues of one or more newspapers having general circulation in the counties in which such stream is situated, the last publication. of said notice to be at least thirty days prior to the beginning of taking testimony by said division superintendent, or for the measurement of the stream by the state engineer, or his assistant. The superintendent taking such testimony shall have the power to adjourn the taking of *620testimony from time to time and from place to place, to suit the convenience of those interested.”
Exception is taken for the reason that the newspaper in which the publication is made is not required to be printed in the county. Section 57, L. O. L., providing for the publication of a summons does not make such requirement. The substance of this last-named section has been in force ever since the code was adopted. It is the publication of the notice that is essential. The place where the printing is done is not a matter of importance.
15. The word “publish” is defined as “to make public; to make known to people in general * * ”: Webster’s Dictionary. “To issue * * to put into circulation”: 7 Words and Phrases, 5847.
16. It would seem that the notice by registered mail should be sent to the person’s postoffice address, as far as the same could be reasonably ascertained, in order to be a compliance with the statute in this respect. Our established practice in the courts aids in construing this law. The manner of service of process is regulated by statute.
17. It is within the province of the legislature to say that registered mail may be used as a means of conveying a notice, when publication is also required, and especially where in case of dispute a notice of contest is required to be served and returned the same as a summons in an action in the courts: Farm Investment Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110 (61 Pac. 258, 87 Am. St. Rep. 918, 50 L. R. A. 747); Tyler v. Judges, etc., 175 Mass. 71 (55 N. E. 812, 51 L. R. A. 433); Town of Hinckley v. Kettle River Co., 70 Minn. 105 (72 N. W. 835). The act is not inimical to the organic law in respect to due process.
*62118. In addition to the amount allowed it, the Eastern Oregon Land Company claims the right to the water of Willow Creek for the purpose of overflowing and irrigating 292.02 acres. It is shown by the testimony of an engineer that this land is comparatively level and susceptible of irrigation in ordinary seasons by means of overflow, without any particular exertion on the part of the company. It was carefully surveyed and is described in the testimony. The overflow of these lands is analogous to a crude manner of irrigation much the same as the method adopted by other irrigators on this stream system at an early day, when they cut ditches and allowed the water to flow into the sloughs and low places and subirrigate their lands. It is unimportant how difficult or with what ease water can be appropriated for irrigation. It is tantamount to a beneficial use and is a valuable right which should not be ignored. Subject to the general provision hereinafter made for an increase during the flood season, and subject to the rights since acquired by adverse user and the like, and antagonistic thereto, the company should equitably be allowed the usual amount, 3.65 second-feet (date of relative priority 1867), from the waters of Willow Creek for the irrigation of the following lands: 45.60 acres in the north quarter of the north quarter of section 23, 88.68 acres in section 5, 36 acres in section 13, 41 acres in section 25, all in township 16 south, range 43 east, W. M., and 80.74 acres in section 15, township 17 south, range 44 east, W. M. This is a reasonable use of the water for the irrigation of such lands. We deem the conditions as to these lands, as shown by the evidence, to be exceptional, and believe the right of all will in this manner be conserved. This may entail the expense of installing measuring devices and slight incon*622venience of trivial consequence, to which question we have already alluded. The methods relied upon hy the Eastern Oregon Land Company in the use of water, as well as similar use made hy other irrigators in former years, is wasteful. It is often permitted as a privilege and not as a right, while it can he exercised without injury to anyone: Hough v. Porter, 51 Or. 318 (95 Pac. 732, 98 Pac. 1083, 102 Pac. 728). The laws of the state and public policy alike demand that all waters available for irrigation purposes must be conserved and used in a manner that will permit of the highest development of the agricultural and other resources of the state. The best methods for the application of water to the land should be used. No person should be allowed more water than is necessary when applied by a proper system; this, in order that a larg-er area may be made productive by the extended application of such water. All the rights adjudicated in these proceedings are subject to this rule.
19. In support of its claim the company contends that the law of riparian rights recognized in this state at the time the appellants ’ land passed out of the government should govern their rights, and cannot be affected by appropriations made subsequent to that time except as such appropriation rights- have become vested by consent, purchase or adverse user.
The common-law rule as to a riparian owner is stated by Chancellor Kent (3 Kent’s Commentaries, § 439) as follows:
“Every proprietor of lands on the banks of a river has naturally an equal right to the use of the water which flows in the stream adjacent to his lands, as it was wont to run (currere solebat) without diminution or alteration. No proprietor has a right to use the *623water, to the prejudice of other proprietors, above or below him, unless he has a prior right to divert it, or a title to some exclusive enjoyment. He has no property in the water itself, but a simple usufruct, while it passes along, ‘Aqua currit et debet currere ut currere solebat’ is the language of the law. Though he may use the water while it runs over his land as an incident to the land, he cannot unreasonably detain it, or give it another direction, and he must return it to its ordinary channel when it leaves his estate.”
This rule prevails in the State of Oregon only to a limited extent. The old rule of “continuous flow” has been changed by custom and crystallized into express law by .statute. It is stated in effect in United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co., 174 U. S. 690, 702 (43 L. Ed. 1136, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 770), that this rule obtains in those states in the United States which have simply adopted the common law It is also true undoubtedly that a state may change its common-law rule as to every stream within its dominion and permit the appropriation of the flowing waters for such purposes as it deems wise. In the absence of the consent of Congress this authority is limited: (1) So that the state cannot destroy the right of the United States to water necessary for beneficial uses for government property; and (2) it is limited by the superior power of the general government to prevent interference with the navigation of navigable streams.
In 1891 the legislature of this state passed an act (Laws 1891, p. 52) declaring that the use of the waters of the lakes and running streams of the State of Oregon for general rental, sale or distribution, for purposes of irrigation, for household and domestic consumption and watering livestock upon dry land of the state is a public use and the right to collect rents or compensation for such use of the water is a franchise, and *624granting to corporations organized for such purposes the right to appropriate water and condemn the rights of riparian proprietors upon the lake or stream from which such appropriation is made. This right to condemn has been exercised: Umatilla Irr. Co. v. Barnhart, 22 Or. 389 (30 Pac. 37).
By act of Congress, July 26, 1866, Chapter 262, 14 Stat. 253, Section 9, (§ 2339, R. S. U. S., 7 Fed. Stats. Ann. 1090, 1093, U. S. Comp. Stats. 1913, § 4647), whenever rights to the use of water for mining, agricultural, manufacturing or other purposes have vested and accrued by priority of possession and are acknowledged by local customs, laws, and decisions of courts, the same are recognized and protected. This act established no new right. The practical construction of this statute has been that as long as the land belonged to the United States the water flowing over the same was subject to appropriation for any of the purposes named when such appropriation was recognized by the local customs, laws or decisions of the courts; but if the water was not so appropriated, it was not subject to appropriation after the land over which it flowed became private property: Davis v. Chamberlain, 51 Or. 304, 315 (98 Pac. 154); Broder v. Water Co., 101 U. S. 274 (25 L. Ed. 790); Rio Grande Western R. R. Co. v. Telluride P. & T. Co., 16 Utah, 125, 137 (51 Pac. 146); Benton v. Johncox, 17 Wash. 277, 287 (49 Pac. 495, 61 Am. St. Rep. 912, 39 L. R. A. 107); Sturr v. Beck, 133 U. S. 541 (33 L. Ed. 761, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 350).
20. By act of March 3, 1877, Chapter 107, 19 Stat. 377, known as the Desert Land Act, 6 Fed. Stat. Ann. 392 (U. S. Comp. Stats. 1913, §§ 4674-4680), it was ■ provided in part as follows:
*625“That the right to the use of water by the person so conducting the same, on or to any tract of desert land of 640 acres, shall depend upon bona fide prior appropriation; and such right shall not exceed the amount of water actually appropriated, and necessarily used for the purpose of irrigation and reclamation; and all surplus water over and above such actual appropriation and use, together with the water of all lakes, rivers and other sources of water supply upon the public lands and not navigable, shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation, mining and manufacturing purposes subject to existing rig’hts.”
Title to the land of the Eastern Oregon Land Company passed from the government prior to this act; therefore its rights are not affected thereby: Hough v. Porter, 51 Or. 318 (95 Pac. 732, 98 Pac. 1083, 102 Pac. 728).
21. It is said by Mr. Judge Bean, in the case of Eastern Oregon L. Co. v. Willow River Land & Irr. Co., decided by the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Oregon, November 10, 1910, 187 Fed. 466:
“The general doctrine of riparian rights is too firmly established in this state to be shaken now by judicial decision. It is useless to cite authorities. The riparian proprietor is entitled to the ordinary * * flow of a stream as long as it is of any beneficial use to him, and this'may, under some circumstances, include flood or overflow waters * * to be anticipated during ordinary seasons.”
Pacific Livestock Co. v. Davis, 60 Or. 258 (119 Pac. 147), was a case in which the conditions and the location of the land were very much like those in the case at bar. A riparian proprietor cannot lay claim to the undiminished flow of a stream without actual use *626simply because it adds beauty to tbe outlook: 4 Kinney, Irr., § 1975. A riparian owner’s right to water for irrigation is limited to the amount of water needed and used, so tbat, to determine tbat fact, tbe amount of land irrigated, tbe character of tbe soil, and tbe amount of water needed per acre must be known: Hedges v. Biddle, 63 Or. 257 (127 Pac. 548).
22. In Jones v. Conn, 39 Or. 30 (64 Pac. 855, 65 Pac. 1068, 87 Am. St. Rep. 634, 54 L. R. A. 630), it was held in a controversy between riparian proprietors upon a natural watercourse, tbat a riparian proprietor has a right to tbe use and enjoyment of tbe water tbat naturally flows past or through bis land, subject to tbe right of other riparian owners to a reasonable use thereof for domestic, agricultural and manufacturing purposes, provided tbat tbe upper proprietor does not appropriate enough to substantially injure tbe common right which each proprietor has. Tbe nature and extent of tbe right of a riparian proprietor to tbe water of a stream for irrigation cannot be measured by any definite or fixed rule, nor can tbe amount of water which be is entitled to use for tbat purpose ordinarily be definitely determined; it being necessarily a varying quantity, depending upon tbe use by other proprietors and whether its use by him will be an injury to them. The doctrine of prior appropriation and riparian rights is not so antagonistic tbat they may not exist in tbe same locality. A settler on a non-navigable stream has tbe election either to rely upon bis rights as riparian proprietor or to make an appropriation of tbe water and claim as an appropriator, but be cannot do both: Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 277, 300 (95 Pac. 200, 97 Pac. 539); Crawford v. Hathaway, 60 Neb. 754 (84 N. W. 271); Crawford v. Hathaway, 61 Neb. 317 (85 N. W. 303); Crawford v. Hatha*627way, 67 Neb. 325 (93 N. W. 781, 108 Am. St. Rep. 647, 60 L. R. A. 889).
23. Every riparian, proprietor is entitled, as against other riparian proprietors, to a reasonable use of the water of a non-navigable stream flowing through his land, and after the natural wants of all have been supplied he may make a reasonable use of the surplus for irrigation purposes when he can do so without infringing upon the corresponding rights of the other proprietors : Jones v. Conn, 39 Or. 30 (64 Pac. 855, 65 Pac. 1068, 87 Am. St. Rep. 634, 54 L. R. A. 630). See, also, Little Walla Walla Irr. Co. v. Finis Irr. Co., 62 Or. 348 (124 Pac. 666, 125 Pac. 270); Sherred v. Baker, 63 Or. 28 (125 Pac. 826). It was held in Caviness v. La Grande, 60 Or. 410, 421 (119 Pac. 731, 735), that:
“In the very nature of things, a court cannot fix in advance by its decree what quantity of water will be reasonable in the future for the use of a riparian proprietor claiming the duty of water in that character. ’ ’
Our statute was copied largely from the statute of Wyoming, though the Constitution of that state differs from ours in that riparian rights have never been recognized.
24. In the arid and semi-arid lands of the west the early home-builders first settled upon the streams and other bodies of water. The rights of such people to a reasonable use and benefit of the water flowing over their lands which they have appropriated or used for a beneficial purpose should be carefully considered and not abrogated. Those obtaining title to land take the same subject to the laws then prevailing and defining the appurtenances thereto. When such rights have become vested, they cannot be taken away by legislative enactment nor judicial decree. Like all property they are subject to reasonable regulation. In this pro*628ceeding the Eastern Oregon Land Company should be awarded no additional use of water, not having shown that it has ever applied to a beneficial purpose any of the water of such stream in excess of the amounts above specified, or that it desired or intended to do so, and not having shown what part of its other land is susceptible of irrigation: Section 6595, subd. 2, L. O. L.
25. It is contended that the water board proceeded irregularly and exercised its functions erroneously in not requiring evidence in support of the statement of claims submitted under Section 14, and that this was sanctioned by the trial court. The board was not governed entirely by such statements. The maps, plats and records of the investigation made by the state engineer in the matter under consideration are prima facie evidence; therefore there was some evidence in regard to such claims before the board. It would seem that if any error in this respect was committed, it was cured by the subsequent taking of over 1,800 typewritten pages of testimony in the proceeding. Otherwise, if any party has not been fully heard, he should make proper application for such hearing.
26. The board of control in its order of determination fixed two limitations on the amount of water to which an appropriator should be entitled, namely, a continuous flow of not to exceed one eightieth of a second-foot for each acre of land or an amount equal thereto distributed under the rotation system. The Circuit Court eliminated the provision limiting each appropriator to one eightieth of a cubic foot per second, and left but one limitation of three acre-feet per acre during the irrigating season. "We recognize the great difficulty in establishing the duty of water. Willow Creek is a perennial stream, and as soon as the *629spring floods are over the creek is dry and there is not sufficient water to irrigate any large body of land without storage. The time of these floods varies according to the time of the spring thaws of each season. In order to irrigate the lands during the time such water is running, it is necessary to have a sufficient head of water to saturate each parcel quickly. The water board found that three acre-feet of water is sufficient with which to irrigate one acre of land during any irrigating season; that a flow of one eightieth of a second-foot for a period of four months will supply such an amount. It is shown by the evidence that during a considerable portion of such four months there is but very little water in the creek for irrigation purposes, and in order that a proper use may be made of the water during the so-called flood season, we deem it necessary to allow a larger amount to be used during such time. In order to properly regulate the use of the water of this stream it is necessary to place some restriction upon the amount to be used at any one time; therefore, for the lands to be irrigated as provided for in these proceedings, the amount of water is limited to a continuous flow not to exceed one fortieth of a second-foot for each acre of land during the irrigating season until the first day of May of each year, and thereafter during the remainder of the irrigating season the amount of water is limited to a continuous flow of not to exceed one eightieth of a second-foot for each acre of land, not to exceed three acre-feet per acre during any irrigating season. The provision made by the board of control for a rotation system is approved.
27. It is urged that the irrigation season should not commence until water is actually required for the growing crops, that is, that irrigation should not be *630allowed except when crops are being grown upon the land. We cannot accede to this contention. While irrigation is for the purpose of growing and maturing crops, trees, grasses, etc., yet such use is the ultimate purpose of watering the land when the water can be obtained, even though it' be prior to the growth of the crops, or what is usually called winter irrigation. It has long been the custom of the people residing upon the stream system to irrigate their lands preparatory to raising crops thereon during the season of high water, or the so-called flood season. So long as the water is used without unnecessary waste thereof, the people should not be deprived of this right.
28. In finding No. 22 there appears to be a clerical error in the description of a barrel siphon of the Willow River Land & Irrigation Company. It is described as carrying 50 second-feet of water from the canal to Reservoir No. 1. This is corrected to read 200 second-feet. The water board found that the Willow River Land & Irrigation Company was entitled to a priority as of 1873 to the water used in what is known as the “Company Ditch.” The Circuit Court changed this date of priority to 1877. The record shows that the ditch was commenced late in the fall of 1872, was constructed about halfway down in 1873, and extended and completed in 1877. This appellant asks that the doctrine of relation be applied. In the adjudication of water rights this doctrine has frequently been applied by this court. In Whited v. Cavin, 55 Or. 98 (105 Pac. 396), this court said:
“Arrangements were made in 1883, whereby the plaintiffs joined in the enlargement and extension of the ditch begun by Whited in 1881, and the work of enlarging and extending it, to cover their lands, was diligently prosecuted until its completion, which was *631accomplished within four years from the commencement thereof. This, we believe, in view of the difficulties encountered in its construction, and other circumstances disclosed by the record, was within a reasonable time. * * It is well settled in this state that, under such circumstances, plaintiffs ’ rights relate back to the commencement of their work in 1883. * * ”
See, also, Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, 30 Or. 59 (45 Pac. 472, 60 Am. St. Rep. 777); 2 Kinney on Irr. & Water Rights (2 ed.), Section 744. It is not questioned but that the work was prosecuted with reasonable diligence, taking into consideration the surrounding conditions at that time. The priority for this ditch as fixed by the water board as of 1873 is approved.
Willow Biver Land & Irrigation Company.
This company is the owner of what is known as the “Willow Biver Project,” consisting of reservoirs for storing and conserving the waters of Willow Creek and its tributaries and an extensive system of canals and distributing ditches, together with several thousand acres of land, representing an expenditure of approximately $2,000,000 in land and irrigation system. The system is substantially completed. It was constructed for the purpose of extending the use of the waters appropriated to the reclamation of large tracts of arid lands not heretofore irrigated. The company is now enlarging and extending a large reservoir generally known as the “Upper Beservoir,” or “Beservoir No. 3.” The dam and outlet is constructed across the main channel of Willow Creek, and from the dam the reservoir extends in a northwesterly direction on either side of the creek, covering an area of more than 1,200 acres and having a storage capacity, when *632fully completed, of approximately 57,000 acre-feet. From this reservoir the waters will be discharged into the main channel of Willow Creek and carried to what is commonly known as “Reservoir No. 2,” the dam of which is 'constructed across the main channel of Willow Creek at which point the waters stored in reservoir No. 3, and other waters flowing in the creek, are diverted to a canal running in a southeasterly direction from the dam on the westerly side of Willow Creek, with a capacity of 200 cubic feet per second. This canal, which continues in a southerly and southeasterly direction, divides into two branches, one of which is known as the “High Line Canal” with a carrying capacity of 50 cubic feet per second, and the other, known as the “Low Line Canal,” continues in a southerly direction, with a capacity of 200 cubic feet per second to a reservoir known as “Pole Creek Reservoir.” The works consist of flumes, siphons, canals, numerous laterals and service ditches for the purpose of distributing the waters to about 20,000 acres of land. This company has also constructed ditches and canals diverting the waters of Black Creek and Pole Creek. It also has a canal carrying the water from its Low Line canal to the head of what is commonly known as the “Lockett” or “Company Ditch.”
29. The Eastern Oregon Land Company and the Lower Willow Creek Water Users’ Association object to the sufficiency of the notice of appropriation by the Willow River Land & Irrigation Company, upon which the latter bases its rights to a considerable extent. In August, 1910, an amended notice was filed perfecting the former. Similar objections to this notice were urged before the United States courts for the district of Oregon in Eastern Oregon Land Co. v. Willow River Land & Irr. Co. (C. C.), 187 Fed. 466, and in the *633same case on appeal before the Circuit Court of Appeals, 204 Fed. 516 (122 C. C. A. 636). The notice was held sufficient. It specifies the point of diversion, which it is claimed is not sufficiently specific, as the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 27, when it should have been the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of that section. The map in evidence shows that the only portion of section 27 crossed or approached by the creek is the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter, and that the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of that section is nearly a half mile from the creek. This clearly indicates a clerical error. In the absence of any intervening right which had been prejudiced on account of such a defect we hold the notice to be sufficient.
30. It is also contended that the Willow Eiver Land & Irrigation Company failed to comply with Section 6529, L. O. L., requiring a map to be filed, and that the general route of the ditch or canal as described in the notice was not followed in the construction of the canal. Subdivision 7 of Section 6595, L. O. L., provides :
“And where appropriations of water heretofore attempted have been undertaken in good faith, and the work of construction or improvement thereunder has been in good faith commenced and diligently prosecuted, such appropriations shall not be set aside or avoided, in proceedings under this act, because of any irregularity or insufficiency of the notice by law, or in the manner of posting, recording or publication thereof.”
The informalities in the proceedings taken to appropriate the water of Willow Creek by the Willow Eiver Land & Irrigation Company under the old law were *634cured by tbe subdivision set forth above. We think it is shown by the testimony that the appropriations of water made by this company were undertaken in good faith, arid that construction was commenced and diligently prosecuted. It is undisputed that the company expended about $1,200,000 on the irrigation system. The law of 1891, under which the proceedings by the Willow River Land & Irrigation Company were commenced, provides that the notice shall contain a general description of the course of the ditch or canal or flume, and that a map shall be filed showing the general route. This statute does not require the corporation in its notice of appropriation to fix upon a precise line upon which to construct its ditch or canal, but requires only a general description. It appears that changes were made on account of the grades in the line of the ditch. It, however, follows the general direction contained in the notice which is a substantial compliance with the statute. Such notices are liberally construed: Osgood v. Water & Min. Co., 56 Cal. 571, 579. We fail to find that any other appropriation or location of a ditch has been made which conflicts-with those in question, or that any intervening rights have been prejudiced in any way by a deviation in the line of canal from that mentioned in the notice.
31. The Willow River Land & Irrigation Company appeals and assigns as error the decree of the Circuit Court that an appropriator cannot, during the irrigation season, store water under his appropriation for beneficial use later in the season. The water board found and ordered:
“That in all cases where water is stored by any claimant herein, said water shall be taken at any season of the year for said storage according to the dates of relative priority, as herein set forth. * # ”
*635We approve this finding, and it should he carried into effect. The Circuit Court decreed:
“After the irrigating season begins, it appears from the evidence that all of the natural flow of Willow Creek is demanded for irrigation of premises of the respective claimants of the water of said stream for irrigation; therefore the entire flow of Willow Creek after the irrigation season opens shall he used for irrigation purposes until the amount to which each user is entitled has been supplied according to his priority. Any surplus amount over the combined needs of the water users from this stream for irrigation during the irrigation season may be stored as surplus water.”
This appellant complains that the above clause of the decree ignores the priority of right and is in conflict with the order of the board. We doubt if such was the intention of the trial court. In order to carry out the order of the hoard of control, this finding may be changed so as to be in substance as follows: The entire flow of Willow Creek after the irrigation season opens shall be used for irrigation purposes to the extent of the amount to which each user is entitled by a priority of right. Any surplus amount over the combined needs and use of the water users from this stream having a prior right for irrigation during the irrigation season may he stored as surplus water. This is in conformity with Section 6526, L. O. L., which provides that an irrigation company constructing a reservoir—
‘ ‘ shall have the right to take from any running stream in this state and store away any water not needed for immediate use by any person having a superior right thereto.”
32. With this question are raised two others, namely: (1) Can the Willow River Company store during any part of the irrigating season the water to *636which it is. entitled under its early priorities, and use such water later in the same season to irrigate the lands to which the board of control decreed such water? In other words, can an appropriator store water he may not be able to use economically in February or March for use in July and August on the same land? (2) If the company has the right to store any part of the water which is decreed to it under these early rights, can it, with the consent of its water users, apply sufii stored water to the irrigation of any land under its canals, provided the amount so stored out of such appropriations, together with the amount used for direct irrigation under such appropriations without first being stored, does not aggregate more than 3 acre-feet per acre, based on. the acreage to which such water was appurtenant under the decree, or on which such appropriations rest? In the arid states the principle is gaining ground “that the right to use the water for irrigation inheres in the land irrigated,” and is inseparable therefrom or separable only with permission of the water board or like authority: "Wiel on Water Eights (3 ed.), § 282. Indiscriminate changes should not be permitted, nor should a change be allowed which will injure the rights of others: Wiel, § 508. Section 6668, L. O. L., provides in part as follows:
“All water used in this state for irrigation purposes shall remain appurtenant to the land upon which it is used; provided, that if for any reason it should at any time become impracticable to beneficially or economically use water for the irrigation of any land to which the water is appurtenant, said right may be severed from said land, and simultaneously transferred, and become appurtenant to other land, without losing priority of right theretofore established, if such change can be made without detriment to existing *637rights, on the approval of an application of the owner to the board of control.”
It is contended by this appellant that, by the board ordaining that “the priorities herein confirmed confer no right to the nse of the waters of said stream and its tributaries, on the lands other than those specific tracts to which such rights of appropriation are herein set forth as appurtenant,” the statute of 1909 is thereby given such a construction as to divest the appellant of property rights acquired many years before. 2 Kinney on Irrigation & Water Rights, Section 768 (2 ed.), says:
“The owner may change the use of the water to any other beneficial use, so long as the change does not interfere with the vested rights of others. ’ ’
See, also, Seven Lakes Reservoir Co. v. New Loveland & G. Irr. & Land Co., 40 Colo. 382, at page 384 (93 Pac. 485, at page 486, 17 L. R. A. (N. S.) 329). It page 331 of the last-named report, the court said:
“A priority to the use of water is a property right, which is the subject of purchase and sale, and its character and method of use may be changed, provided such change does not injuriously affect the rights of others.”
In Wimer v. Simmons, 27 Or. 1 (39 Pac. 6, 50 Am. St. Rep. 685), Mr. Justice Wolverton said:
“A valid appropriation having once been made of the water of a stream, it becomes a pertinent inquiry whether it is permissible to change the place of its use. Undoubtedly there could be no objection to such change where it does not injuriously affect third parties. * * The doctrine that a prior appropriator for the purposes of irrigation may change the place of its use is recognized by this court in Cole v. Logan, 24 Or. 304, 313 (33 Pac. 568).”
*638It would seem that the main purpose of said portion of Section 6668 is to make provision for preserving the record of water rights which have been adjudicated, and require one changing the use to make an application therefor to the water board. Otherwise the record of adjudicated water rights would become confused and worthless. It is not the purport of this statute to divest anyone of a water right. The same effect should be given to the order of the water board.
It appears that it would be impracticable for the claimant at all times to use the amount of water awarded, by direct irrigation, without losing the benefit of its storage system to that extent. As long as no more water is taken from the stream than the claimant is entitled to at the time, and as it does not appear that it would be to the detriment of other existing rights, the application for such change for the purpose of storage should be approved. As conditions are liable to change, this approval is subject to its being shown to the water board at any time that such storage in any material way interferes with any prior right or injures any vested right: 1 Wiel, Water Rights (3 ed.), §§ 508, 511; Kinney, Irr., § 844.
The decree as to the claim of John Norwood and that of Clarence H. Oxman and Frank C. Oxman, Jr., we find is supported by the evidence, and the same is affirmed.
Appeal op Malheur Irrigation Company, Limited.
33. The claim of this company is based substantially upon the following facts: In March, 1899, under the law then in force, one J. S. Stark filed on water rights in section 30, township 16 south, range 44 east, W. M., at Cow Valley, for storage and irrigation purposes, and also filed on Alkali Basin, Tubb Springs, and on *639various other streams tributary to Willow Creek. He settled in Willow Creek Yalley in 1881, and appears to have been the first to conceive the idea of storing the flood water of Willow Creek for irrigation purposes. With this in view, in 1898 he and his son employed a surveyor and made a preliminary examination of reservoir sites on Willow Creek and at Cow Yalley. In the fall of that year he began actual construction work on the Cove Springs reservoir dam and at the Cow Yalley reservoir site. He continued the work on the system until the spring of 1904, expending about $25,000, when the Malheur Irrigation Company, Limited, was organized and succeeded to his rights and holdings which they now own. The company began operations at once, and in order to build and operate the system worked upon the different parts thereof until the spring of 1905. Cove Springs reservoir was completed with a supply ditch 12 feet wide on the bottom, about three feet deep, and about 3% miles long from Black Creek near which it enters Willow Creek to the reservoir. From the evidence the Circuit Court found the capacity of this reservoir to be 15,000 acre-feet. The company also partially constructed distributing ditches to carry water from the reservoir to lands to he irrigated, one of which is known as the “Mulkey Ditch” which is about 4 feet wide, 2 feet deep, and 8 miles long. The company expended approximately $87,000 on the system, making, with the amount spent by Stark and his associates, the sum of about $112,000. In the spring of 1905 the United States Reclamation Service, contemplating the construction of a project, withdrew a large area of land from entry in this valley, and served notice upon the officers of the company to cease the construction of ditches and reservoirs on government lands. After*640ward, the government apparently abandoned this project and restored the land to entry, bnt suspended final action upon the application for right of way over these lands until the Malheur Irrigation Company should condemn the water right through the lands of the Eastern Oregon Land Company. The latter company protested and resisted such application. Negotiations had theretofore been carried on with the Eastern Oregon Land Company for contemplated rights of way over its land and for the irrigation thereof, bnt were not completed, and in May, 1909, the Eastern Oregon Land Company procured an injunction in the United States Circuit Court for the District of Oregon, prohibiting the Malheur Irrigation Company from crossing its lands. This does not prevent the claimant from obtaining a right of way in the regular manner. The water board found: That during the years 1901, 1902, 190S and 1904, the northwest quarter of section 10, township 17 south, range 44 east, W. M., was irrigated from this system. That during the years 1905 and 1906 the following lands were irrigated: The southeast quarter southeast quarter, section 6, the west half northwest quarter, the southwest quarter, and southwest quarter of southeast quarter of section 8, township 18 south, range 45 east, W. M.; lots 2, 3 and 4, section 30, township 15 south, range 43 east, W. M.; northeast quarter southeast quarter, west half southeast quarter, of section 10, township 17 south, range 14 east, W. M. That during the year 1907 the northeast quarter southeast quarter, and west half southeast quarter, section 10, township 17 south, range 44 east, W. M., and lots 2, 3, and 4 of section 30, township 15 south, range 43 east, W. M., were irrigated.
On or about the 12th day of June, 1905, one P. C. McKinney filed upon the waters of Willow Creek in *641accordance with the law then in force, and the Malheur Irrigation Company, Limited, succeeded to whatever rights were gained thereby. On January 27,-1910, the Malheur Irrigation Company commenced a suit in the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Malheur County to condemn the right of way through the lands of the Eastern Oregon Land Company, which suit has been held in abeyance pending this determination.
The board of control found that:
“Since the year 1907 there has been no work performed upon said irrigation project nor any lands irrigated thereunder; that by reason of said injunction and failure to use the water for more than two years last past and by reason of not having lawful access to said stream to make such appropriation, the Malheur Irrigation Co., Limited, has forfeited and lost any and all rights to the waters of Willow Creek.”
The Circuit Court approved this finding, and the claimant assigns the same as error. The proof shows that the Malheur Irrigation Company has a partially constructed storage reservoir at Cow Valley, consisting of a dam 23 feet high, 115 feet wide on the base, and 12 feet wide on top, and about 600 feet long. It contemplated constructing the reservoir to a height of 50 feet to store the flood waters therein for purposes of irrigation. The proof also shows that the Cove Springs reservoir, consisting of dams and a supply ditch from Black Creek near Willow Creek about 12 feet wide at the bottom and three feet deep, is completed, and that the service ditches leading from the same to Gum Creek, a distance of eight miles, are partially constructed.
34. We are unable to agree with the finding that this company had abandoned its right. The word *642‘ ‘ abandon ’ ’ is held in this connection to mean deserted or forsaken: Dodge v. Marden, 7 Or. 456; Kinney, Irr. (2 ed.), § 1101; Oviatt v. Big Four Min. Co., 39 Or. 118 (65 Pac. 811). The intention of a party is a necessary element in abandonment. It therefore necessarily follows that there can be no abandonment of a right without some action of the will and an intent to abandon: Wimer v. Simmons, 27 Or. 1 (39 Pac. 6, 50 Am. St. Rep. 685); Turner v. Cole, 31 Or. 154 (49 Pac. 971); Waits v. Spencer, 51 Or. 262 (94 Pac. 39); Hough v. Porter, 51 Or. 318, 434 (95 Pac. 732, 98 Pac. 1083, 102 Pac. 728). To constitute an abandonment of water rights there must be a concurrence of the indention to abandon and an actual relinquishment of the property, or a concurrence of act and intent: Hough v. Porter, 51 Or. 318, 434 (95 Pac. 732, 98 Pac. 1083, 102 Pac. 728); 1 Cyc. 4.
35. - The next question is whether or not this claimant has forfeited any right by nonuser. The right to the use of water cannot be deemed forfeited by a nonuser short of the period prescribed by the statute: Dodge v. Marden, 7 Or. 456.
36. It appears that ever since 1907 the Malheur Irrigation Company has been contending for the rights herein claimed. In considering the question of abandonment, the matter of the injunction, the delay caused in obtaining a right of way over government lands and other lands, and litigation in regard to a right of way should be taken into consideration. The cessation of work on the project was not voluntary. It does not appear that there was an intent to abandon: Hough v. Porter, 51 Or. 435 (95 Pac. 732, 98 Pac. 1083, 102 Pac. 728). The company made an application to the state engineer for a permit to appropriate water, but the application has never been acted upon, *643It is in evidence that the officers of this company, in considering Section 66 of the act of 1909, which provides that “it shall also be a misdemeanor to nse, store, or divert any water until after the issuance of the permit to appropriate such waters,” decided that they had no lawful right to proceed until such permit was granted. We think that this claim should be disposed of under the provisions of subdivisions 3 and 5 of Section 70 of the Water Code, the first of which is as follows:
“And where any riparian proprietor, or under authority of any riparian proprietor or his or its predecessor in interest, any person or . corporation shall, at the time this act is filed in the office of the Secretary of State, be engaged in good faith in the construction of works for the application of water to a beneficial use, the right to take and use such water shall be deemed vested in such riparian proprietor; provided, such works shall be completed and said water devoted to a beneficial use within a reasonable time after the passage of this act. The board of control, in the manner hereinafter provided, shall have power and authority to determine the time within which such water shall be devoted to a beneficial use. The right to water shall be limited to the quantity actually applied to a beneficial use within the time so fixed by the board of control.”
Subdivision 5 provides:
“Nor shall the right of any person, association or corporation, to take and use water be impaired or affected by any of the provisions of this act where appropriations have been initiated prior to the filing of this act in the office of the Secretary of State, and such appropriators, their heirs, successors or assigns, shall, in good faith and in compliance with laws existing at the time of filing this act in the office of the Secretary of State, commence the construction of works for the application of the water so appropriated to a *644beneficial nse, and thereafter prosecute such work diligently and continuously to completion, but all such rights shall be adjudicated in the manner provided in this act.”
37. It is well known that irrigation ditches and railroads are frequently constructed prior to the time of obtaining a right of way therefor. A delay caused by litigation and efforts by an irrigation company to obtain a right of way for irrigation ditches and reservoirs is not a ground for forfeiture of its rights: Pringle Falls Power Co. v. Patterson, 65 Or. 474 (128 Pac. 820, 132 Pac. 527). Such proceedings, instead of showing an abandonment, indicate that the company is fighting for the purpose of carrying forward the project. For some time the Malheur Irrigation Company, Limited, acted in harmony with the Eastern Oregon Land Company and expected its assistance. J. S. Stark, the predecessor of the Malheur Irrigation Company and the original promoter of the project, filed upon a water right under the old law, and indicated his good faith in the undertaking by doing substantial work and expending a considerable sum of money, in fact all that he had. The Malheur Irrigation Company succeeded to the rights of Stark and his associates, and was engaged in good faith in the construction of the works for the application of water appropriated to a beneficial use at the time the Water Code was enacted, and is protected by this act of 1909. The work was diligently and continuously prosecuted within the purport of subdivision 5 of Section 70. The right had begn initiated prior to the passage of the act. The amount of water that can be applied to a beneficial use cannot now be definitely determined, therefore this claimant should be allowed a reasonable time for the application of the water appropriated to *645such use. Subdivision 6 of Section 70 directs that in determining such time the board—
“shall grant a reasonable time after the construction of the works, or canal, or ditch, used for the diversion of the water, and in doing so shall take into consideration the cost of the appropriation and application of such water to a beneficial purpose, the good faith of the appropriator, the market for water or power to be supplied, the present demands therefor, and the income or use that may be required to provide fair and reasonable returns upon the investment. Upon making such order the board of control shall direct the state engineer to issue a certificate showing such determination. For good cause shown the board of control may extend the time by granting further certificates. ’ ’
All matters considered, we deem five years from the date of entry of the decree herein in the lower court to be a reasonable time for such purpose; and this is allowed. The Malheur Irrigation Company, Limited, appealed from the decree only in so far as it affects the "Willow Eiver Land & Irrigation Company and the Eastern Oregon Land Company; therefore the decree upon this appeal as to the rights of the Malheur Irrigation Company, Limited, will not change or affect any of the rights of the other claimants.
Claim of T. J. Brosnan.
38. The order of determination of the board of control as confirmed by the Circuit Court in regard to the water rights of T. J. Brosnan is affirmed, except as to the following lands: The record shows that Bros-nan holds under a lease from the Eastern Oregon Land Company for which he was decreed a water right to the north half of the northwest quarter and the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter and the *646northwest quarter of the southeast quarter in section ■ 23, township 17 south, range 44 east, W. M. We deem it unnecessary that an award of this water right should be made to the lessee. Instead, the right should be recorded in the name of the owner of the land, which appears to have been done. This part of the decree in favor of Brosnan as to the land of the Eastern Oregon Land Company will therefore be eliminated.
39. It is contended by the appellant Willow River Land & Irrigation Company et al., that the state engineer’s maps do not show that Mr. Brosnan has applied water to a beneficial use. The controversy in regard to this claim, like many others, arises on account of the manner of irrigating in former years. Mr. F. M. Hammer testified in regard to this claim ip effect that he formerly owned the Brosnan land, and that he had known it since 1864, when one Reaves was in possession; that there was a ditch on the northeast side at that time; that he purchased the place or the improvements in 1870, and was in possession until 1877; that in 1871 he dug a ditch thereon in a northeasterly direction for about one fourth of a mile, and connected with the slough at that point; that he put water into the ditch and threw it out upon the land by means of dams. Mr. Brosnan irrigated the land in a crude way, in vogue at that time, and cut about 150 tons of hay therefrom, which amount has increased so that lately he cuts about 400 tons. The water was used for a beneficial purpose. It is objected by the appellant that Mr. Brosnan, prior to the commencement of these proceedings, did not claim a superior right to the water as against the appropriators above him on the stream, and some witnesses testified to the fact that they did not see any ditch *647on lais premises. This fact is easily explained when we know that a ditch was dug to connect with the slongh, a method approved at that time, and no doubt the part of the ditch that was dug resembled the slough at the time the witnesses described it. Mr. Gr. S. Johnson testified (Test. Bk. A, p. 498) that he bought this land in 1883 or 1884; that he lived there, and that he irrigated it for two or three months during the summer; that in 1885 or 1886 he sold it to Brosnan The claimant T. J. Brosnan testified that he had known the land since 1880; that he bought the place in 1887 and lived on the land from that time until' 1896; that the premises had been irrigated from the waters of Willow Creek every year since 1880; that up to the last two or three years he had had plenty of water, but since that time not sufficient to raise good crops; that the old Reaves ditch had been used in taking water from Willow Creek and distributing it upon these lands; that there is a dam in Willow Creek to divert the water into the Hammer ditch, and that below this there are three other dams used to throw the waters of Willow Creek out upon the premises.
40. While the crude and wasteful manner of irrigating must be replaced by modern, economical methods, yet the ancient means used for applying the water is not a reason for forfeiting the right to a sufficient amount of water to irrigate the land in a proper manner. The excess over the amount necessary for proper irrigation by the claimant should be allowed to be used by someone else. Time and space will not permit a detailed statement of the evidence upon all the material questions. The testimony, like that in many cases in regard to the use of water in early days, is necessarily somewhat indefinite. We think the evi*648deuce supports the findings as to Mr. Brosnan’s claim. The awards made by the findings and decree as to A. S. Field and J. A. Hoskins are also supported by the evidence and are affirmed.
Claim or J. T. Logan.
41. Mr. Logan claims water for 17 acres in the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 13, township 15 south, range 42 east, "W. M. The water board awarded water for that amount, and the decree is modified to conform to the order of the board. The Circuit Court increased the amount of the irrigated area in this tract from 17 to 37 acres. The records shows that Mr. Logan’s mother, Nancy J. Logan, by her statement, claimed 20 acres in this subdivision and was awarded water therefor. There being two awards for the same 20 acres, a correction should be made. The decree as to the remainder of the award to J. T. Logan is affirmed.
Claim or Frank O’Neill.
The evidence shows that 150 or 160 acres of 'the land of this claimant have been irrigated by flooding for hay and pasture in much the same manner as the land of other claimants has been irrigated. The board awarded to this claimant water for 144 acres, which order the Circuit Court confirmed. The ward is supported by the evidence and is affirmed.
Claim or W. J. Scott.
42. It is suggested that there is an error in the description of a portion of the land of this claimant, namely, the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 30, township 16 south, range 44 east, the range being given in the decree as 43 east, instead of 44 east. This should be corrected. As we understand *649the record, the court increased the area for which water was allowed in this subdivision, or intended so to do, by adding 10 acres thereto. The testimony of the claimant in regard to this subdivision is as follows (Test. Bk. A, p. 790):
“Q. Are you the owner of the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 30, township 16 south, range 44 east?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. It that 40 irrigated?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. How much of it?
“A. About all of it.
“Q. The state engineer’s survey shows that there are 32 acres irrigated from that 40. State whether or not there is more than 32 acres irrigated in that 40, if you know.
“A. I thought there was; the creek cuts a little, but I didn’t think it cut out so much.”
The record also shows the following (Test. Bk. A, p. 814):
“(Mr. Band.) We will ask at this time that the statement and proof of claimant W. J. Scott be amended so as to include the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 30, township 16 south, range 44 east, W. M., which 40 acres was left out from the statement by inadvertence, and which is shown by this witness to be his land, and the state engineer’s map shows that 32 acres of that land is irrigated by Mr. Scott under his ditch.”
As we understand the purport of this record, by accepting the statement of the engineer’s map, Mr. Scott’s claim as to this subdivision is made for 32 acres in this 40-acre tract. The engineer’s survey of the amount irrigated should outweigh the guess made by the claimant. The decree will therefore be modified so as to award water for 32 acres in the southeast *650quarter of the southwest quarter of section 30, township 16 south, range 44 east, "W. M. The award made by the decree to this claimant in other respects is affirmed.
Claim of D. F. Boggs.
43. This' appellant claims that he should be adjudged a priority for his water right as of 1873, instead of 1882, for the reason that the land and water right were purchased of Patrick Faulkner whose right dated from 1873. It appears from the evidence that Lawrence Faulkner and Patrick Faulkner, who were brothers, made an appropriation and constructed a ditch in 1873. Patrick Faulkner testified, in substance, that the water was first applied on the land sold by him to D. F. Boggs, which was known as the “Donohue land,” in 1881 or 1882, and that he used the water on the Bogg’s homestead for 11 years. It appear that it was sold to Boggs in 1906. This appellant contends that an appropriator is entitled to a reasonable time after a diversion of water in which to carry the water to the place of use and make the actual application for the contemplated useful purpose, citing Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, 30 Or. 59 (45 Pac. 472, 60 Am. St. Rep. 777), and other cases. As will be seen from the evidence referred to, it does not appear that it was contemplated to use the water upon the Donohue land until about 1882. This appears to be a new appropriation, and it is not shown to be a part of the appropriation made by the Faulkners in 1873. Lawrence Faulkner and Patrick Faulkner made an appropriation for their land about 1873, but as we understand the record Patrick Faulkner did not own the Donohue land until several years thereafter, and no appropriation was made for this land until about 1882. *651The finding of the hoard of control and the Circuit Court in this respect is therefore affirmed.
Lower Willow Creek Water Users' Association.
44. This is an Oregon corporation, organized on April 10, 1908, as a co-operative association for the purpose of" storing water. It was organized largely for the purpose of dealing with the Co-operative Christian Federation Trust, which had purchased certain options and water filing of Don Carlos Boyd. On May 10,1906, Don Carlos Boyd filed in the office of the county clerk of Malheur County a notice of water right, claiming 50,000 acre-feet of water, to which water right the Lower Willow Creek Water Users’ Association subsequently acquired title. On July 27, 1909, the association filed with the state engineer its application for a permit to construct two reservoirs, and to store the unappropriated water of Willow Creek. On February 23, 1910, the association filed with the state engineer its application for a permit to appropriate the water. These applications have not yet been acted upon. The association claims that in July, 1908, the preliminary work was begun, including the surveying necessary for its project, but that no actual construction was ever made. The water board and the Circuit Court found in effect that no construction work had ever been done by this company, that no right of way had ever been obtained by it, and that it had no rights to water for adjudication by the board. The previous filing of Don Carlos Boyd, as it passed through the Federation Trust into the hands of the Water Users’ Association, had been permitted to lapse for failure to commence active construction or continue the same with reasonable diligence. As the right of this association could not date earlier than July 27, *6521909, the day of its application for a permit to store the waters, and since the appropriation of the Willow River Land & Irrigation Company of the date of April 7, 1908, has been held valid, and since this appropriation would cover the surplus waters flowing in Willow Creek during each and every season, the refusal of the board to grant the permit of the association was therefore proper and should be sustained. These findings are supported by the evidence and are affirmed.
45. It is urged that the Circuit Court erred in changing the priority of M. Gr. and I. W. Hope from 1905 to 1904 for 18.5 cubic feet per second from Turner Creek for the irrigation of 1,480 acres, and in changing the priority of appellant Willow River Land & Irrigation Company from 1898 to 1904 for two second-feet from Turner Creek through the Dougherty Ditch. The evidence in regard to the date of relative priority of appellant Willow'River Land & Irrigation Company as to the Dougherty right is based on the testimony of Leonard Cole, a witness for that company, who testified, in substance, that Dougherty used water on the land when he first went there; that he does not remember the year, but thinks it was at least 12 years ago. It appears that Dougherty was absent from the land for some time after he first went there. This, probably rendered it difficult for Mr. Cole to remember the date of Dougherty’s settlement. Cole further testified that he thought Dougherty used water out of Poison Grulch and Turner Grulch, with ditches from both streams, but that he only noticed a ditch from Turner Grulch.
It is contended that the certificate of the register of the United States Land Office is proof that Dougherty was in possession of these lands as early as 1902. To this we are not willing to accede. It is a well-known *653fact that an entry or filing in the United States Land Office made for land is not proof of settlement or possession. The evidence of Leonard Cole is indefinite and uncertain as to the date of Dougherty’s possession and appropriation. It appears that Dougherty was away from the land for a considerable time after he made an entry therefor. As to the date of relative priority, I. W. Hope testified, in substance, that he filed a claim for the water of Kern Creek for M. G. Hope and I. W. Hope. It appears that the water board awarded M. G. and I. W. Hope 18.5 cubic feet per second of water for the irrigation of 1,480 acres of land, with the relative priority of 1905, the water to be taken from Turner, Spring Branch, Sheep Corral and Current or Kern Creeks, with the privilege of storage of water from all of said creeks except the first. It appears that the land of the Hope brothers has nearly all been irrigated; that the construction of ditches for this purpose was begun in 1903 and completed in 1904 and 1905; that the water has been applied for the purpose of irrigating grain and alfalfa. There seems to be no question raised but that this appropriation was made in good faith and the water applied for a beneficial purpose. We think the trial court was justified in fixing the date of relative priority as of 1904.
The Willow River Land & Irrigation Company complains that this change in the date will compel it to prorate with the award to Hope brothers for this amount of water from Turner Creek. In the description of this water right the Circuit Court dealt only with the date, and referred to the award as being for the irrigation of 1,480 acres of land from Turner Creek, without mentioning the other streams named above. We do not understand that it was intended that all the water should be taken from Turner Creek. *654It is in evidence that a large part of this land is irrigated from Kern Creek. Only an equitable amount should be required to be taken from Turner Creek, such amount to be apportioned as nearly as may be according to the amount heretofore used from the respective creeks. While the record is not in a condition to enable us to fix the amount definitely, we think the matter can be safely left to the water-master under the direction of the water board.
46. The decree as to the awards to C. T. Locey, J. P. Smith, S. M. Molthan, Ernest Locey, Gr. E. Rutherford, David K. Worsham, Florence E. Woodcock, C. C. Crews, A. J. Howard, N. D. Kelley and Estate of Warren D. Springer is affirmed. Each water right herein awarded, decreed or affirmed is subject to the conditions, changes and modifications suggested in this opinion. The water of the various water users, the rights to which are adjudicated herein, should be measured at the headgate or intake of each water user’s lateral or service ditch.
47. The waters from Burnt River which are deposited in Willow Creek through the Eldorado Ditch near the Morfitt place and afterward used by the Eastern Oregon Land Company should be measured at the place where such waters are usually emptied into Willow Creek, the place of measurement to be changed only by the water-master on authority of the water board.
48. It is apparent that in a proceeding of this kind in describing the various tracts of land, water rights, and dates of priority clerical errors are sure to occur. Some of these were rectified by the trial court, and we’ have endeavored to correct others. It is also quite likely that other mistakes may occur. We deem it essential that all clerical errors be corrected by the board upon *655its original records. This should be done in such a way as to show the correction made, and by what authority. For this purpose and to that extent these proceedings are referred to the water board with authority to correct any clerical errors that may be found within three months from the date of entry of the final decree herein in the lower court.
After a careful examination of the evidence the decree of' the lower court, with the modifications and changes herein suggested, is affirmed; each party to this proceeding to pay his own costs.
Modified and Affirmed.
Further Modified on Rehearing.