Dissenting.
This is an action brought by the plaintiff, an attorney at Washington, D. C., to recover a contingent fee of 20 per cent of the amount of a claim allowed by Congress to the defendant.
The defendant’s claim against the government arose out of an overlap between the grant of land to the Northern Pacific Railroad (forfeited) and the grant to the State of Oregon, afterward transferred to The Dalles Military Road Company, for the construction of a wagon-road from The Dalles to Canyon City, Oregon.
The grant to the Northern Pacific Railroad for a branch line down the Columbia River to Portland, was made in 1864, and gave the Northern Pacific Company the alternate or odd section for 40 miles on each side of the proposed road.
Three years afterward, in 1867, Congress made another grant to the State of Oregon, which was afterward transferred to The Dalles Military Road Company, of a strip three sections in width on each side of a proposed wagon road where the land ¿‘had not been otherwise disposed of.”
The lands in question, and out of which Barzee’s claim arose, were within the limits of both grants.
These lands were at one time withdrawn from set*373tlement by the government, as part of the Northern Pacific land grant. The branch line down the Columbia Eiver, however, was never constructed. On September 29, 1890, Congress forfeited the same and the lands covered thereby were restored to entry.
The Land Department took the view that the lands within the overlap were “disposed of” by the grant to the Northern Pacific Eailroad, and therefore did not pass to The Dalles Military Eoad Company, under its later grant, and that, when the Northern Pacific grant was forfeited, these lands became subject to entry under the homestead and other laws.
This position was contested by "the successors of The Dalles Military Eoad Company, who claimed that no rights had vested in the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company at the time of their grant in 1867, and that they therefore took the same. There was a long-continued litigation in relation to the matter, which finally reached the Supreme Court of the United States. While this suit was pending settlers were filing upon the lands in the United States land office, and their filings were being accepted by the government.
Finally, in the case of Wilcox v. Eastern Oregon Land Co., 176 U. S. 50 (44 L. Ed. 368, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 269, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes), submitted November 15, 1897, but not decided until January 8, 1900, the Supreme Court held that the map of the general line of the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company which had been filed with the department in 1865, did not amount to a definite location, and that, therefore, the land was still subject to disposition by the government at the time of the grant to the State of Oregon in 1867, and passed *374by said grant to tbe State of Oregon and afterward to the Military Eoad Company and its successors.
In the meantime, Barzee and many other settlers had settled upqn their respective tracts and improved the same.
After their filings were canceled, they made the claim that the government should reimburse them for these improvements. In 1904 Congress ordered an investigation of these claims, and T. B. Neuhausen, an agent of the government, was sent out by the department to make such investigation. He made a careful and detailed investigation and filed his report about October 15, 1904, showing the details of each man’s claim and the value of the improvements placed upon the land.
Up to this time the plaintiff does not claim to have had anything to do with the matter.
However, in 1908 or 1909, he claims to have made a written contract with these settlers, including the defendant Barzee.
The contract, as claimed by the plaintiff, was substantially as follows:
“The said party of the first part hereby employs the said party of the second part to prosecute before the Interior Department, the Congress of the United States, and if necessary, the United States Court of Claims, his claim against the Government for damages to him by reason of the annulment or cancellation of his patent issued by the Government, covering certain land in- the state of Oregon, including damages by reason of the loss of the land and the loss of the improvements. In consideration 'for the said second party’s professional services on this claim, the first party agrees to pay said second party the sum of twenty per cent (20%) of the amount recovered from the Government. Said sum to be due and payable within thirty days after the first party *375receives warrant or draft from the Government covering the amount allowed him by Congress or the Court of Claims.
“The second party hereby contracts and agrees to prosecute said claim before Congress, and, _ if necessary, the Court of Claims, promptly and diligently, and with all reasonable expedition, and without further compensation than the amount specified to be paid him in the first section of this agreement, after the allowance of said claim and the issue of the warrant or draft to the first party.”
The terms of this contract were clearly broad enough to cover either legitimate or illegitimate and lobbying services.
Thereafter the plaintiff continued to perform services in the matter of expediting these claims before the different Congresses. Numerous bills were introduced and some of them passed the House and some passed the Senate, but none of them passed both houses and became laws until the 64th Congress in 1916.
Mr. Sinnott, whose home was in the immediate vicinity of these lands, became a member of that Congress and succeeded in obtaining the passage of a bill recompensing some of these settlers, including the defendant, in a sum amounting in the aggregate to about $90,000. This act of Congress contained the following provision:
“Provided; that no agent, attorney, firm of attorneys, or any person engaged heretofore or hereafter in preparing, presenting or prosecuting this claim * * shall receive or retain for * * prosecuting such claim, or for any act whatsoever in connection therewith, an amount greater than five per cent of the amount allowed under this bill, to the person for whom he has acted as such agent or attorney”: 64 Congress, Vol. 39, p. 1355.
*376The services, which plaintiff claims to have performed under the contract, were largely in the nature of personal solicitation of individual congressmen, and the organizing of influence and' pressure to be brought to bear upon them in order to induce favorable consideration of the measure allowing the claim. The plaintiff, however, claims to have also appeared-before committees and before the department at different times between 1908. and 1916 in an effort to induce favorable consideration.
The cause was tried before the court and a jury, and at the end of plaintiff’s case the defendant moved for a nonsuit and dismissal, on the ground that the contract was a lobbying contract, and that the services performed for the plaintiff thereunder, according to his testimony, were lobbying services, for which the plaintiff could not be permitted to recover. The court granted the motion for a nonsuit, and from the order granting the same the plaintiff appeals.
The sole question on this appeal is whether or not, on his own showing, the services rendered by the plaintiff under the contract, or a portion thereof, were of such a nature as to render the contract void, as against public policy and prevent the enforcement of the same.
It seems to be entirely settled that where a party contracts for a contingent fee to secure the passage of a measure in Congress, or any legislative body, and in pursuance of such contract attempts to secure its passage by private solicitation of individual congressmen or legislators, or by bringing influence to bear upon them, the contract is rendered void and will not be enforced by the courts: Sweeney v. McLeod, 15 Or. 330 (15 Pac. 275); Hyland v. Hassam *377Paving Co., 74 Or. 1 (144 Pac. 1160, Ann. Cas. 1916E, 941, L. R. A. 1915C, 823); Trist v. Child, 88 U. S. (21 Wall.) 441 (22 L. Ed. 623, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Clippinger v. Hepbaugh, 5 Watts & S. (Pa.) 315 (40 Am. Dec. 519); Harris v. Roofs, 10 Barb. (N. Y.) 489; Rose v. Truax, 21 Barb. (N. Y.) 361; Marshall v. Baltimore & O. R. R. Co., 16 How. 314 (14 L. Ed. 953, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes).
In Sweeney v. McLeod, 15 Or. 330 (15 Pac. 275), there was a contract for services before the legislature. The court had been asked by the defendant to instruct the jury,
“That if it was the understanding between the plaintiff and defendants that plaintiff should attend at the session of the legislature, and there privately importune, converse with, and persuade members of the legislature in the interests of the defendants, against any measures pending before the legislature, - antagonistic to the taking of salmon fish, by means of fish wheels, he cannot recover.”
The refusal of this instruction was held error and Mr. Justice Stbahan, delivering the opinion of the court, said:
“A person may without doubt be employed to conduct an application to the legislature as well as to conduct a suit at law, and may contract for and receive pay for his services in preparing and presenting a petition, or other documents, in collecting evidence, in making a statement or exposition of facts, or in preparing or making an oral or written argument; provided all these are used, or designed to be used, either before the legislature itself, or some committee thereof as a body; but he cannot with propriety be employed to exert his personal influence, whether it be great or little, with individual members, or to labor privately in any form with *378them out. of the legislative halls in favor of qr against any fact-or subject of legislation.”
And again, quoting from Clippinger v. Hepbaugh, 5 Watts & S. (Pa.) 315 (40 Am. Dec. 519):
“It matters not that nothing improper was done or expected to be done by the plaintiff. It is enough that such is the tendency of the contract that it is contrary to sound morality and public policy, leading necessarily, in the hands of designing and corrupt men, to the use of an extraneous, secret influence over an important branch of the government.”
And again:
“When there is a single contract, and the services contracted for and rendered are partially those of an attorney, and partially those of a lobbyist, and blended together as part and parcel of a single employment, the entire contract is vitiated. That which is bad destroys that which is good and they perish together. ”
This opinion is squarely in point. There, as here, the lobbyist was working to further the honest interests of the defendant before the legislature, and there was just as much reason to believe the ultimate purpose was a good one, there, as here; and there, as here, the action of the legislative body was favorable to the claim advocated. The only difference is, here the claim of the defendant was affirmative, and there it was negative. There can be no distinction in that regard, and it seems perfectly clear that the above case is controlling, unless it is to be overruled.
In Hyland v. Hassam Paving Co., 74 Or. 1 (144 Pac. 1160, Ann. Cas. 1916E, 941, L. R. A. 19150, 823), there was a contract to pay a commission of 3 per cent on all contracts secured from the city council of the City of Portland. The opinion was by Mr. *379Justice Ramsey, who collated the authorities upon the subject at great length, and reached the conclusion that the contract was void, although the contract did not call for any improper services or private solicitation, and there seems to have been no evidence that there was anything of that Mnd. The court quoted with approval from Weed v. Black, 9 D. C. (2 MacArthur) 268 (29 Am. Rep. 618), as follows :
“If the terms of the contract be broad enough to cover services of any kind, whether secret or open, honest or dishonest, the law pronounces a ban upon the paper itself. Nor will honest services substantially performed sanctify an unlawful contract.”
It is strongly urged on behalf of the plaintiff and appellant, that the same rules do not apply to proceedings before Congress, as before a city council or a state legislature, but there does not seem room for any such a distinction and none seems to be recognized by the authorities.
Indeed, in the case of Trist v. Child, 88 U. S. (21 Wall.) 441 (22 L. Ed. 623, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes), already cited from the court of the United' States, the contract was almost exactly like the present one and was for services in the matter of presenting a claim against the government, growing out of a treaty; and the matter was presented before. Congress in much the same way as was the claim in this case.
The court, after setting forth that an agreement for purely professional services, like drawing petitions and appearing publicly before committees, would be enforceable, said:
“But such services are separated by a broad line of demarcation from personal solicitation, and the *380other means and appliances which the correspondence shows were resorted to in this case. There is no reason to believe that they involved anything corrupt or different from what is usually practiced by all paid lobbyists in the prosecution of their business.
_ “The foundation of a republic is the virtue of its citizens. They are at once sovereigns and subjects. As the foundation is undermined, the structure is weakened. When it is destroyed the fabric must fall. Such is the voice of universal history. I Mont. Sp. L., 17. The theory of our government is, that all public stations are trusts, and that those clothed with them are to be animated in the discharge of their duties solely by considerations of, right, justice and the public good. They are never to descend to a lower plane. But there is a correlative duty resting’ upon the citizen. In his intercourse with those in authority, whether executive or legislative, touching the performance of their functions, he is bound to exhibit truth, frankness and integrity. Any departure from the line of rectitude in such cases, is not only bad in morals, but involves a public wrong. * *
“The agreement in the present case was for the sale of the influence and exertions of the lobby agent to bring about the passage of a law for the payment of a private claim, without reference to its merits, by means which, if not corrupt, were illegitimate, and considered in connection with the pecuniary interest of the agent at stake, contrary to the plainest principles of public policy. No one has a right, in such circumstances, to put himself in a position of temptation to do what is regarded as so pernicious in its character. The law forbids the inchoate step, and puts the seal of its reprobation upon the undertaking.
“If any of the great corporations of the country were to hire adventurers who make market of themselves in this way, to procure the passage of a general law with a view to the promotion of their pri*381vate interests, the moral sense of every right minded man would instinctively denounce the employer and employed as steeped in corruption, and the employment as infamous.
“If the instances were numerous, open and tolerated, they would be regarded as measuring the decay of the public morals and the degeneracy of the times. No prophetic spirit would be needed to foretell the consequences near at hand. The same thing in lesser legislation, if not so prolific of alarming evils, is not less vicious in itself, nor less to be condemned. The vital principle of both is the same. The evils of the latter are of sufficient magnitude to invite the most serious consideration. The prohibition of the law rests upon a solid foundation. A private bill is apt to attract little attention. It involves no great public interest, and usually fails to excite much discussion. Not unfrequently the facts aré whispered to those whose duty it is to investigate, vouched for by them, and the passage of the measure is thus secured. If the agent is truthful, and conceals nothing, all is well. If he uses nefarious means with success,' the spring head and the stream of legislation are polluted. To legalize the traffic of such service, would open a door at which fraud and falsehood would not fail to enter, and make themselves felt at every accessible point. It would invite their presence and offer them a premium. If the tempted agent be corrupt himself, and disposed to corrupt others, the transition requires but a single step. He has the means in his hands, with every facility and a stróng incentive to use them. The widespread suspicion which prevails, and charges openly made and hardly denied, lead to the conclusion that such events are not of rare occurrence. Where the avarice of the agent is inflamed by the hope of a reward contingent upon success, and to be graduated by a percentage upon the amount appropriated, the danger of tampering in its worst form is greatly increased.
*382“It is by reason of these things that the law is as it is upon the subject. It will not allow either party to be led into temptation where the thing to be guarded against is so deleterious to private morals and so injurious to the public welfare. In expressing these views, we follow the lead of reason and authority.
“We are aware of no case in English or American jurisprudence like the one here under consideration, where the agreement has not been adjudged to be illegal and void. We have said that for professional services in this connection a just compensation may be recovered. But where they are blended and confused with those which are forbidden, the whole is a unit and indivisible. That which is bad destroys that which is good, and they perish together. Services of the latter character, gratuitously rendered, are not unlawful. The absence of motive to wrong is the foundation of the sanction. The tendency to mischief, if not wanting, is greatly lessened. The taint lies in the stipulation for pay. Where that exists, it affects fatally, in all its parts, the entire body of the contract. In all such cases, potior conditio defendentis. Where there is turpitude, the law will help neither party.
“The. elder agent in this case is represented to have been a lawyer of ability and high character. The appellee is said to be equally worthy. This can make no difference as to the legal principles we have considered, nor in their application to the case in hand. The law is no respecter of persons.”
It seems that the principles of law announced by this court in the Sweeney case are not only supported by the vast weight of authority, but they are salutary and should be upheld and enforced, unless we wish to weaken the protection the law has thrown around legislative bodies, and sanction and judicially approve the army of paid lobbyists around our legis*383lative halls, who are already a disgrace and a menace to our institutions.
It will be a sorry day for our government, or for any democratic government, when the courts encourage^ the employment of such lobbyists working for a contingent recompense, to secure favorable action before a legislative body, by private personal solicitation of the individual members, and bringing to bear the pressure of organized influence upon the legislators.
It will be noted that, in nearly all the cases from which we have quoted, it has been held, that if part of the services rendered under the contract were valid and legitimate, as by the appearance before committees, etc., and part of them were illegitimate and in the nature of personal solicitation and influence, then the whole contract was vitiated and the plaintiff could not recover, at least upon the contract.
It is urged that the dividing line between what is proper and what is improper, should be drawn between “influence’’ on the one hand and “persuasion” on the other, without regard to the privacy or secrecy of the so-called persuasion. It seems difficult to find much difference between influence and persuasion. The dictionaries give them as synonymous words. To influence is to persuade and to persuade is to influence. Either one may be entirely honest and either may be corrupt. “Influence” may be derived from the most lofty qualities, and money or other bribery, is sometimes very “persuasive.” If it is meant by the supposed distinction that, if the efforts of the lobbyist are corrupt and in the nature of bribery, then it is “influence,” and, if honest, it is “persuasion,” and that private solicitation *384for a contingent fee is not unlawful unless actually corrupt, then such a distinction seems to find no single authority to support it, and it is in the face of the opinion in the Sweeney case in which it is said:
“It matters not that nothing improper was done or expected tó be done by the plaintiff.”
It would be equally in the face of Trist v. Child, 88 U. S. (21 Wall.) 441 (22 L. Ed. 623, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes), in the Supreme Court of the United States, where it is said:
“The elder agent in this case is represented to have been a lawyer of ability and high character. The appellee (plaintiff) is said to be equally worthy. This can make no difference.”
Indeed, all the authorities unanimously repudiate any claim that there must be any actual attempt at corruption to make a lobbying contract void.
If proof of actual corruption and dishonesty were necessary in any given case, the rule would destroy itself. The mere fact that the solicitation was private and individual would render it so. If the legislator is corrupted, he will not be likely to disclose the fact, and the person who corrupted him will be as little likely to do so. If these contracts were recognized and enforced, it would encourage a great horde of professional lobbyists to hang around the halls of the legislature and of Congress, to bring influence and pressure to bear upon the members whenever large money interests were involved.
The rule inhibiting such contracts is not based upon actual corruption. It is based rather upon the opportunity for corruption; the temptation to corruption; the inducement for corruption. It rests in its insidious character; in its lack of publicity; in, the opportunity for wrongdoing, which such private *385solicitation of the paid lobbyist gives. It is a modified form of the protection which the law throws around the courts, although by no means so complete.
It would not be tolerated for a moment, if a lawyer should go privately to a judge, and solicit thus a favorable decision, or privately argue his case, or arrange with a great number of clients to bring their influence and the influence of their friends to bear upon him, or to organize a system of bombarding him with private letters.
On account of the conditions and necessities of the case, the rule is not entirely so strict as to members of a legislative body. The rule is relaxed, but some of its elements still remain. Some appeals can be made to members of a legislative body, which would not be tolerated as to a judge. But there are still some things, which the law will not countenance or approve even as to legislators. Even the legislator is not always fair game for the lobbyist.
The important elements in determining whether the acts of a paid lobbyist were legal are:
1st. Was his action open and public — as before Congress or a committee — or was it in the nature of a private and secret solicitation of the individual congressman?
2d. Was he acting for a contingent fee?
3d. Did he attempt to organize a pressure to be brought to bear upon members of the legislative body?
If any of these exist, it puts the contract in the doubtful class. If all concur, it is conclusive against the legality of the transaction.
It is true that it has been held by the United States Supreme Court that a contingent fee is not *386always conclusive, against a .lobbying contract, and that such a contingent fee may be legal, if it is solely for ivorh openly performed before a department or a committee. But all the courts, including that high tribunal, agree that the contingent character of the fee has an important bearing in deciding whether a contract for such services is an unlawful lobbying contract or not: Trist v. Child, 88 U. S. (21 Wall.) 441 (22 L. Ed. 623, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes); Clippinger v. Hepbaugh, 5 Watts & S. (Pa.) 315 (40 Am. Dec. 519); Richardson v. Scotts Bluff, 59 Neb. 400 (81 N. W. 309, 80 Am. St. Rep. 682, 48 L. R. A. 294); Bermudez v. Critchfield, 62 Ill. App. 221. The fact of a large contingent fee tends to enhance the temptation and increase the danger, and is therefore one element to be considered.
The only remaining question is, whether or not all or any part of the services performed by the plaintiff in this case come within the prohibited category.
In Trist v. Child, already quoted from, the ground upon which the contract was held void was a letter written by the attorney to his client, in- which he said.
“Please write to your friends to write to any member of Congress. Every vote tells, and a simple request may secure a vote, he not caring anything about it. Get every man you know at work. Even if he knows a page, for a page often gets a vote.”
This was held sufficient to show that the contract was a lobbying contract.
In the case at bar the plaintiff, according to his own testimony, was trying to get the measure-through by personal solicitation of individual con*387gressmen, and by bringing - influence to bear upon them. He says in one place:
“I took the matter up with Senators Bourne, Chamberlain and Lane of Oregon, with Congressman Ellis, Hawley and Sinnott of Oregon, and with a number of other senators and congressmen from the different states.”
At another place:
“I remember especially conferring with Senator Kittridge of South Dakota and Congressmen Burke and Martin of South Dakota, all of them from my state, and all of them influential members of the national legislature.”
At another place:
“When Congressman Sinnott came to Washington I conferred with him about relief for the Sherman County claimants, and both previously and after-wards, urged all my clients to write him and get his assistance, so l believe he was largely stirred to activity by this correspondence which I had caused to be directed to him.”
At still another place he says:
“I had various claimants bombard their senators and congressmen with letters and also had their friends in other states write different members of Congress tvho might be of assistance.”
And again, at another place, referring to Senators Lane and Chamberlain:
“After having interviewed them jointly on that date and requested them to use their best efforts in furthering the passage of the relief measure.”
Another witness called by plaintiff testified:
“Mr. Herrick got in touch and kept in touch with every person whose influence he deemed might be useful in securing favorable action by congress on these claims.”-
*388If all this did not constitute “lobbying” and the organization and exercise of “influence” upon Congress, then it would seem that we shall have to radically change the accepted meaning of the words.
In short, the endeavors in this case seem to have been of exactly the same nature as those held improper by the Supreme Court of the United States in Trist v. Child, which decision has never been modified or even doubted and is still the law, as declared by that court.
The case of Nutt v. Knutt, 200 U. S. 12 (50 L. Ed. 348, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 216, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes)', which is strongly relied upon by the plaintiff, does not seem to relate at all to the contention here. There the question of the validity of the contract came up in a suit in. equity, and the court below had, of course, to pass upon the facts. The evidence as to whether the plaintiff had made any private or personal solicitations of individual congressmen was in direct conflict, and there was just one witness each way. The plaintiff testified that he had made no such appeal, and the defendant testified that he had. Under these conditions the Mississippi court held that the burden to show such lobbying acts was upon the defendant, and found as a fact that the burden had not been sustained. 83 Miss. 365 (35 South. 686, 102 Am. St. Rep. 452). When the case reached the Supreme Court of the United States, it simply accepted the finding of fact of the court below, without even commenting upon the law, as to this question, at all.
The case of Stanton v. Embrey, cited by plaintiff from 93 U. S. 549 (23 L. Ed. 983, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes), was a case where the services were performed before the Treasury Department, and *389there was no evidence — not even a claim — that there was any private solicitation or lobbying of any kind.
Neither of these cases modify the rule established in. Trist v. Child in the slightest, bnt, on the contrary, both cite the latter case with entire approval.
The quotation from 6 R. C. L., § 137, p. 731, which appears in the opinion of Mr. Justice Bean, should, it seems, be read with Section 138, immediately following, which is as follows:
“The distinction between valid and invalid contracts to further legislation, appears to be that in the former the services or the result thereof are used, or designed to be used, either before the legislature itself or some committee thereof as a body, while in the latter a person is employed to exert his personal influence, whether great or little, with individual members, or to labor privately in any form with them, out of the legislative halls, in favor of or against any act or subject of legislation. There are, it is true, a few cases holding that personal solicitation of the members of the legislature in behalf of a pending bill, does not render the contract of employment invalid when no deception has been practiced, but these cases are so opposed to the great weight of authority that they cannot be considered as changing the general rule. * * As already stated, public policy requires that such a contract should be held void though there is no actual corruption in the particular case. Notwithstanding the fact that the contract does not expressly provide for personal solicitation, it will be declared illegal if it appears that in carrying out the contract it is necessary to resort to “lobbying.” It is enough that such is the tendency of the contract.”
It is apparent, therefore, that in order to uphold the contract in this particular case, and declare it valid as a matter of law, it would be necessary for us to overrule the decisions of this court in Sweeney *390v. McLeod, 15 Or. 330 (15 Pac. 275), and Hyland, v. Hassam Paving Co., 74 Or. 1 (144 Pac. 1160, Ann. Cas. 1916E, 941, L. R. A. 1915C, 823), and to disregard the opinion of tlie Supreme Court of the United States in the Trist case; and the overwhelming weight of authority, as collated by this court in the Hyland case, and by the author of Ruling Case Law as quoted.
It may be that the question as to whether the services were in the nature of influence and private personal solicitation was one of fact for the jury, and in this view the case should be sent back to be submitted to a jury, under proper instructions; but I cannot agree that we should hold as a matter of law that the personal solicitation in this case was not lobbying,' or that we should in any way repudiate the doctrine so carefully declared by this court in Sweeney v. McLeod, 15 Or. 330 (15 Pac. 275).