1. Waiving certain questions as to the mode of procedure adopted by the claimants, we are of the opinion that the executors were not legally bound to redeem from the foreclosure sale, and that the will only passed to the claimants the legal title to the tract in question, subject to the mortgage.
As between decedent and the legatees, the land constituted the primary fund out of which the mortgagees could secure the satisfaction of the debt. The question as to whether the agreement by the assignee to assume and pay off the mortgage rendered him personally liable to the mortgagees, in ease they might elect to waive their mortgage and sue upon decedent’s covenant with the mortgagors to pay the mortgage, is not controlling; the law being that in cases of this character the rule that the personalty is the primary fund, out of which the liens upon devised property must be satisfied, is reversed as between the executors and devisees, where devised property is *250encumbered by a lien not created by tbe testator, tbe property itself becomes the primary fund out of which the lien must be satisfied. This is stated clearly by Chancellor Kent in Cumberland v. Codrington, 3 Johns. Ch., 229, 257 (8 Am. Dec. 492), from which we hereinafter quote.
2. It is needless to say that the assumption of the mortgage by decedent imposed no greater liability upon him, in respect to the mortgage itself, than that imposed upon his grantors. The bringing of a suit by the mortgagees against .decedent and his grantors to foreclose the mortgage, during the lifetime of decedent, constituted an election of remedies on the part of the complainants in that suit, and they were thereafter precluded from any action against anybody upon the promissory notes given in connection with the mortgage: Wright v. Wimberly, 94 Or. 1 (184 Pac. 740).
■ While the authorities are not entirely uniform, we are of the opinion that the clause in the will of deceased, providing that his just debts should first be paid, cannot be held to apply to the lien created by his grantors upon the land in question. The leading case on this subject is Cumberland v. Codrington, 3 Johns. Ch. 229, 257 (8 Am. Dec. 492), decided by Chancellor Kent, his opinion being a veritable mine of logic and precedent on this subject.
The distinction between those cases, where a man gives a note and mortgage to secure a debt which he has •himself contracted, and those where he purchases land already mortgaged and merely assumes the mortgage is clearly drawn. We quote from the Chancellor’s opinion:
‘ ‘ The question in these latter cases seems to be, not merely whether the purchaser has rendered himself liable at law to a suit by the creditor, but which es*251tate is to be deemed the primary fund, and which only the auxiliary. When a man gives a bond and mortgage for a debt of his own contracting, the mortgage is understood to be merely a collateral security for the personal obligation. But when a man purchases, or has devised to him, land with an encumbrance on it, he becomes a debtor only in respect to the land; and if he promises to pay it, it is a promise rather on account of the land, which continues, notwithstanding, in many cases to be the primary fund. The same equity which in other cases makes the personal estate contribute to ease the land, as between the real and personal representatives, will here make the land relieve the personal estates. There is good sense and justice in this principle; and I feel the force of the doctrine, that it requires very strong and decided proof of intention, before the Court can undertake to shift the natural course and order of obligation between the two estates. We have already witnessed the tenacity with which the Court adheres to the natural order of the funds, when a stranger comes in and takes the encumbered land; and the books are full of cases, on the other hand, which subject the personal estates primarily, and as the ‘natural fund,’ to the payment of debts originally contracted by the party, and even though the debt should be created by mortgage, without either bond or covenant. * *
“The mere covenant with the vendor to pay the mortgage debt does not shift the charge from the fund primarily liable. Most of the cases do not give that effect even to a covenant with the mortgagee. * *
“This series of cases, which I have thus examined, shows very conclusively, that by the English equity system, as it has been declared received for the last thirty or forty years, the purchase of the equity of redemption, in this case, by Sir W. P., with a covenant of indemnity to Williamson, the mortgagor, against the mortgage debt, did not make the debt his own, so as to render his personal assets the pri*252mary fund to pay it. The cases all agree that no covenant with the mortgagor is sufficient for that purpose. There must be a direct communication and contract with the mortgagee; and even that is not enough unless the dealing with the mortgagee be of such a nature as to afford decided evidence of an intention to shift the primary obligation from the real and personal fund.”
Other cases to the same effect are McLenahan v. McLenahan, 18 N. J. Eq. 101; Hetzel v. Hetzel, 74 N. J. Eq. 770 (71 Atl. 755); Gould v. Winthrop, 5 R. I. 319; Hunt, Petitioner, 19 R. I. 139 (32 Atl. 204, 61 Am. St. Rep. 743); Creesy v. Willis, 159 Mass. 249 (34 N. E. 265); M’Learn v. M’Lellan, 35 U. S. (10 Pet.) 624 (9 L. Ed. 559, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes).
Nor does a general direction in the will that “all just debts shall be first paid” in itself take the case out of this rule in regard to mortgages not created by the deceased: Hetzel v. Hetzel, 74 N. J. Eq. 770 (71 Atl. 755); Meyer v. Cahen, 111 N. Y. 270 (18 N. E. 852). Such a provision in a will creates no new obligation on the executor; such payments being required by law in any event. Concerning this provision in a will, Mr. Justice Peckham, in Meyer v. Cahen, 111 N. Y. 270 (18 N. E. 852), remarks:
“The fact that the testator in the first clause of his will directed the payment of his debts as soon after his decease as could conveniently be done we do not regard as material. Such clause is usually a purely formal one, and works no change in the disposition of the testator’s property. The statutes provide that all debts and funeral expenses shall be paid first, and a direction in the will to do what the law requires to be done can throw no material light upon the meaning of the will.”
And Cooper, C., In re Porter’s Estate, 138 Cal. 618 (72 Pac. 173), observes:
*253“Some stress is laid upon the direction in the first clause of the will to ‘pay all my just debts,’ but in this case we attach little importance to the words used in the formal manner in which they are used. They are much like the formal, meaningless terms of endearment and pious phrases printed in the formal part of blanks for making wills.”
There is then nothing to indicate in express terms, or by necessary implication, that the testator expected that anything but the usual or, as Chancellor Kent terms it, the “natural” course would be pursued with reference to this encumbrance assumed by brm, in case of his death before it should be discharged, which course, as shown by the same learned authority, would be to treat the encumbered land as the primary fund out of which the encumbrance should be extinguished.
We have here no data as to the value or extent of the testator’s estate. For aught disclosed by the record a redemption by the executors might exhaust the personalty and leave the widow penniless. It may be that the estate was so valuable that the sum necessary to redeem would be only a small part of the total worth of the estate; we do not know, and cannot ascertain from the record. We can only surmise from the fact that the testator in his lifetime was unable or unwilling to discharge the mortgage, and that his other property was inadequate for that purpose, without material impairment of his finances. It seems quite as probable that decedent intended that his sons should be burdened with any encumbrance that might remain upon the land as that it was his intent the widow should discharge it from the residue of the estate, to her possible impoverishment.
As the plaintiffs have not appeared by guardian in this proceeding, we are justified in assuming that *254they are not mere children, but grown-up men, and possibly as capable of bearing the burden of redeeming this property as the widow, and this might well have been in the contemplation of the testator when he made his will.
Plausible arguments may be deduced in favor of plaintiffs’ position from the authorities cited by counsel, but .most of them may be easily distinguished by the fact that the encumbrances were such as the deceased in his lifetime had created, or had so obligated himself that some privity existed between him and the mortgagee, of a higher nature than any disclosed in the case at bar.
Thus in Turner v. Laird, 68 Conn. 198 (35 Atl. 1124), excerpts from which are quoted in appellants’ brief, the mortgage in question had been placed upon the land by the testator to secure his own debt.
The same condition obtained in Hayward v. Hayward, 199 Mass. 340 (85 N. E. 158). The court in its opinion does not allude to or criticise the opinion in Creesy v. Willis, 159 Mass. 249 (34 N. E. 265), so it may be said that as to mortgages assumed but not created by the testator, the rule in that case is still adhered to in Massachusetts.
In Wilts v. Wilts, 151 Iowa, 149 (130 N. W. 906), the encumbrance was one created by the testator. The same condition existed in the case of Brown v. Baron, 162 Mass. 56 (37 N. E. 772, 44 Am. St. Rep. 331), and in Hennegar v. Deadrick (Tenn. Ch. App.), 54 S. W. 138. So it will be seen that none of these cases is in point in the present contention.
The case of The Home v. Selling, 91 Or. 428, 440 (179 Pac. 261), is not in point here. In that case Jacobs and wife executed a note for $40,000 in favor of the plaintiff, and gave a mortgage to secure the *255note and the installments of interest thereon, when they should become due, the mortgage containing a covenant to pay the sums so secured. Thereafter Jacobs and wife sold the mortgaged land to Emanuel May, who, as part of the purchase price, assumed to pay the mortgage, his covenant being as follows:
“The grantee herein, in part consideration for this conveyance, assumes payment of the $40,000, unpaid balance of the first of said mortgages, and the interest accrued and to accrue thereon.”
Afterwards May conveyed to the Emanuel May Investment Co. by deed with a covenant against encumbrances, except, among others, the mortgage of $40,000, which “as part of the purchase price” was assumed by the grantee.
The Home Company, the original mortgagee, brought an action at law against May and his grantee to recover an installment of unpaid interest, setting up the facts as above, and claiming $300 as attorneys ’ fees upon a stipulation in the note providing for the recovery of attorneys’ fees in case action or suit should be brought to recover thereon.
Following Miles v. Miles, 6 Or. 266 (25 Am. Rep. 522), and a number of other cases in this jurisdiction, this court held that the covenant of May and his grantees to assume and pay the mortgage created such a privity between them and the original mortgagor that he was entitled to bring a personal action thereon, and upheld the action for the $3,000 accrued interest, but disallowed the attorneys’ fees, Mr. Justice Burnett observing:
“No allusion is made to the note or any of its incidentals. The agreement is to pay the mortgage, and the action at law against the present defendant is really upon that stipulation.”
*256So here, the covenant of decedent was a personal one to pay the mortgage, and the mortgagee conld possibly have brought action, upon that covenant, even though it was a purchase money mortgage. But this fact has no bearing upon the relation between the decedent and his devisees in respect to the provisions of his will, and does not militate against the rule announced by Chancellor Kent that, as betioeen the executor and the devisee, the mortgaged land, in the absence of an express declaration to the contrary, constitutes the primary fund for the payment of such assumed lien.
On principle, it is difficult to differentiate this case from one where the purchaser of mortgaged property has entered into an agreement with the mortgagor to save him harmless and protect him from the payment of the mortgage debt. On authority as enunciated from time to time in this state, there arose a double incidental liability. The principal liability was that to protect the decedent’s grantors from the consequences of their dealings with their mortgagees, if these should ever see fit to waive their security and bring action on the debt secured. From decedent’s transaction with the mortgagors there arose (according to Miles v. Miles, 62 Or. 266 (25 Am. Rep. 522), a contingent personal liability to the mortgagors to pay off the mortgage in case the mortgagees should see fit to demand it of them personally instead of relying on the land.
In Miles v. Miles, 6 Or. 266 (25 Am. Rep. 522), the writer, as an attorney in the case, contended for what he considered the logical common-law rule, that the assumption of the mortgage by a subsequent purchaser did not of itself create any such privity between the mortgagee and the subsequent purchaser, *257as would give a personal right of action against such purchaser; but the contrary doctrine has been so firmly established in this jurisdiction that it is now beyond discussion, and such merely contingent and remote liabilities can hardly be construed into “just debts” within the meaning of a general clause of a will directing the payment of such.
Take this case, where the obligation of deceased was to assume and pay a purchase-money mortgage, which is not shown to contain any covenants for the payment of the debt, it would seem that such agreement would not rise higher than a mere undertaking or assurance that the debt should be extinguished by the sale of the land, and that, so far as the mortgagee and the decedent were concerned, the latter was only collaterally liable, the land being thereby the primary fund. Whether this be true or not, the case there presented is one radically different from the case at bar, where there was no attempt by the mortgagees to hold decedent personally, and where the foreclosure and sale of the land had completely satisfied the terms of - the covenant to assume and pay the lien.
It is but fair to say that the case of Thompson v. Thompson, 4 Ohio St. 333, appears to sustain appellants’ contention; but it stands alone, and is opposed to the weight of authority, and, so far as our investigation extends, it is contrary to every authority, both English and American, and ought not to be followed, and particularly here where, in the testator’s lifetime, the mortgagees had taken such a course of action as discharged the testator from any legal liability to indemnify his grantors in any event.
The decree of the Circuit Court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Burnett, Benson and Harris, JJ., concur.*258Former opinion sustained April 5, 1901.