State ex rel. Juvenile Department v. Cochell

VAN HOOMISSEN, J.,

concurring in part and dissenting in part.

The majority states that the issue is whether a 13-year-old child was in custody for Miranda purposes at the time he was questioned. That frames the issue too narrowly.

Miranda speaks not only to questioning when a person is in actual custody, but also to questioning when a person is in any significant way deprived of his freedom by police action. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436, 444, 447-48, 86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966); see also State v. Roberti, 293 Or 59, 644 P2d 1104, 293 Or 236, 646 P2d 1341 (1982). The state has the burden of proof on that question. State v. Wheeler, 43 Or App 875, 880, 604 P2d 449 (1979).

About 4:30 p.m., on August 17, 1981, the police were notified that there had been a burglary at a residence, *339during which a. 22 pistol had been stolen. Deputy Cornforth investigated that burglary. About the same time, Detective Boutwell was assigned to investigate what had been described to him by police sources as being “a criminal negligent homicide or at least a murder.” When Boutwell arrived at the scene of the shooting, he was not yet aware of the burglary. He was informed by other officers that a juvenile had been shot, that the wound would probably be fatal, that Jesse Cochell was responsible for the shooting and that it was being investigated as accidental “or maybe a criminal shooting.”

Within minutes, Boutwell found Jesse in a nearby apartment, “crying, hysterical [and] upset.” Arlene Wilson, a witness to the shooting, testified that, immediately after the shooting, Jesse was “in shock” and that he appeared “terrified.” Boutwell remained in the apartment while fire department personnel tried to comfort Jesse. After about 15 minutes, Boutwell engaged him in a conversation about the shooting. Before questioning him, Boutwell did not advise him of his Miranda rights or that he was not required to answer Boutwell’s questions; nor did he advise him that he was not under arrest or that he was free to leave the apartment. No parent or friend was with Jesse at the time.

In response to Boutwell’s interrogation, Jesse admitted the shooting. He also stated that he had found the gun in a plastic bag and that it went off accidentally as he was showing it to the victim. Boutwell asked Jesse where he had found the gun. He stated that he had found it in some bushes. Boutwell asked if he would show him exactly where he had found the gun. Boutwell and Jesse then drove to a place where he said that he had found the gun. Boutwell testified that at that point Jesse was a focal suspect in his investigation but that it was not yet a criminal investigation.

Boutwell searched the area. He could not find a plastic bag or other evidence to corroborate the story. Boutwell testified that he did not believe what Jesse had told him. He then returned with Jesse to the scene of the shooting where he instructed him “to remain seated in the patrol unit of Deputy Cornforth.” Boutwell testified that he *340did that “to separate [Jesse] from his parents and other people that were concerned around there.” Boutwell then went inside and talked to the officers investigating the shooting. By then he had determined that Jesse was a suspect in either a burglary or theft. He then returned outside and advised him of his Miranda rights. Jesse then admitted burglarizing the residence and the theft of the gun. Boutwell transported him to the juvenile detention facility, and he was subsequently named in a delinquency petition. ORS 419.476(1)(a).

Jesse challenges the admissibility of his statements made both before he was advised of his Miranda rights and those made after the warnings. I conclude that Jesse was in custody and that his statements made before the Miranda warnings were given were therefore inadmissible.

In State v. Paz, 31 Or App 851, 572 P2d 1036 (1977), rev den 282 Or 189 (1978), we said that, in making determinations of whether a defendant was “in custody” for the purposes of Miranda, we have looked to at least three specific circumstances surrounding a defendant’s interrogation:

“First * * * whether the defendant could have left the scene of the interrogation voluntarily. * * *
“Second * * * whether the defendant was questioned by the police as a suspect or merely as a witness. * * *
“Finally * * * whether a defendant freely and voluntarily accompanied police to the place of his questioning. * * *” 31 Or App at 860.

Here, the first Paz factor clearly favors Jesse. Would a reasonable person in his position conclude that he was free to leave?1 The trial judge did not think so. Boutwell testified:

“MR. HARRIS: Had the child asked you for permission to walk home and had you asked him no questions you would not have let him go, would you have? Because of this killing?
*341“DETECTIVE BOUTWELL: I only wanted from him, was a statement from him as to what he knew of or his involvement.
“MR. HARRIS: Well, despite what you wanted from him, he was not free to leave because he was the focal suspect, correct?
“DETECTIVE BOUTWELL: He was free to walk away any time.
“MR. HARRIS: I find that to be totally uncreditable.
“THE COURT: Well, I agree with you, but the officer has a right to stop somebody and get a statement before they go, but that does not make them * * * that does not make it custodial.” (Emphasis supplied.)

It is inconceivable to me that Boutwell would have let Jesse leave the area before he had completed his investigation. The record shows that at the time Boutwell questioned him, Jesse was a ward of the juvenile court on probation to the juvenile department for theft. It defies common sense to conclude that, under these circumstances, he would have believed that he was free to leave.

The second Paz factor also favors Jesse. There is no argument on this point: Boutwell testified that he was questioned as a suspect.

The third Paz factor, whether a person freely and voluntarily accompanied the police to the place of his questioning, does not appear to be relevant here. Boutwell found Jesse in an apartment near the scene of the shooting. The record does not disclose whose apartment it was or why he was there. Suffice it to say that Boutwell came to the apartment and that Jesse never left Boutwell’s custody thereafter until he was delivered to the juvenile detention facility.

The authorities cited by the majority are distinguishable, and they do not support the majority’s conclusion. In Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 US 492, 97 S Ct 711, 50 L Ed 2d 714 (1977), the defendant, an adult parolee, came voluntarily to a police station where he was immediately informed that he was not under arrest. After thirty minutes, he left the police station without hindrance. Furthermore, in quoting from Mathiason, the majority has omitted *342from its quotation the following language found in the same paragraph:

“ * * * Miranda warnings are required only where there has been such a restriction on a person’s freedom as to render him ‘in custody.’ It was that sort of coercive environment to which Miranda by its terms was made applicable, and to which it is limited.” 429 US at 495. (Emphasis in original.)

In State v. Fields, 291 Or 872, 635 P2d 376 (1981), the defendant, an adult probationer, was requested by his probation officer to accompany him to the probation office where he was questioned by the police. Before questioning the defendant, the police made it clear to him that he was not under arrest and that he was not required to answer any questions. In State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Sanders, 56 Or App 724, 728, 643 P2d 384 (1982), we held that the police “had sufficient reason to stop [the child] and make a reasonable inquiry” pursuant to ORS 131.615(1)2 and ORS 419.710.3 The state does not rely on those statutes. here.

I would conclude that Jesse was significantly-deprived of his freedom by police action at the time he was initially interrogated by Detective Boutwell. He was “in custody” for Miranda purposes. State v. Paz, supra. Therefore, his pre-Miranda statements to detective Boutwell should not have been received in evidence.

Even if the pre-Miranda statements were inadmissible, that fact is not dispositive of the question whether *343statements made after the giving of the warnings must be suppressed. The state does not rely on any of three commonly advanced exceptions to the exclusionary rule — the independent source, inevitable discovery or attenuation doctrines. In light of the totality of the circumstances, however, I would conclude that Jesse’s post-Miranda statements are likewise inadmissible. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 US 471, 83 S Ct 407, 9 L Ed 2d 441 (1963); United States v. Bayer, 331 US 532, 67 S Ct 1394, 91 L Ed 1654 (1947); State v. Jones, 248 Or 428, 431-32, 435 P2d 317 (1967).

Having concluded that all of Jesse’s statements should have been suppressed, I would then find on de novo review4 that there was insufficient evidence to sustain the state’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and would therefore reverse.5

I concur as to the theft finding and the remand for reconsideration of disposition.

Is the test what a reasonable “person” would have believed or what a reasonable 13-year-old would have believed? I would hold that not even a reasonable adult would have believed that he was free to leave under the circumstances here.

ORS 131.615(1) provides:

“A peace officer who reasonably suspects that a person has committed a crime may stop the person and, after informing the person that he is a peace officer, make a reasonable inquiry.”

ORS 419.710 provides:

“No minor shall be in or upon any street, highway, park, alley or other public place between the hours of 12 midnight and 4 a.m. of the following morning, unless:
“(1) Such minor is accompanied by a parent, guardian or other person 18 years of age or over and authorized by the parent or by law to have care and custody of the minor;
“(2) Such minor is then engaged in a lawful pursuit or activity which requires his presence in such public places during the hours specified in this section; or
“(3) The minor is emancipated pursuant to ORS 109.550 to 109.565.”

The propriety of de novo review, ORS 419.561(4), in juvenile delinquency cases is debatable.

That the state has failed to establish jurisdiction on the basis of the burglary does not mean that the juvenile court could not find jurisdiction on some other basis and pursuant to a new petition. See, e.g., ORS 419.476(1) (b) (beyond control of parents); ORS 419.476(1)(c) (behavior, condition or circumstances); ORS 419.476(1)(e) (care, guidance and protection necessary for well-being); ORS 419.476(1)(f) (runaway). The record also indicates that Jesse was on probation to the Juvenile Department for theft. After finding that it has jurisdiction on any basis, the juvenile court would be empowered to enter an appropriate dispositional order, thus meeting the needs of the child, family and society.