concurring.
While I agree with the majority that we should AFFIRM the decision of the district court, I write separately to clarify the apparent conflict between Minichello v. United States Industries, Inc., 756 F.2d 26 (6th Cir.1985) and Teal v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 728 F.2d 799 (6th Cir.1984), which bear upon the issues in this case.
As an initial matter, however, I am in agreement with the majority’s interpretation of Tennessee law. Cooper v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville & Davidson County, 628 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tenn.Ct.App.1981) clearly holds that the owner of property owes no duty of care to the employees of an independent contractor hired to perform inherently dangerous work on the owner’s property.1 Because plaintiffs cannot recover on a *479claim of negligence unless they establish that defendants owed Ellis a duty of care, plaintiffs argue alternatively that statutory work place safety standards supplement the common law. Plaintiffs specifically rely on 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(l)-(2) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and its Tennessee counterpart, TOSHA, which is located at Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-3-105(1) — (2). Plaintiffs contend that Chase violated the safety standards set forth in these statutes and that, under Tennessee law, such a violation establishes per se negligence.
Like the majority, I believe the district court correctly held that OSHA does not create a private right of action against employers in favor of covered employees. E.g., Russell v. Bartley, 494 F.2d 334, 335-36 (6th Cir.1974) (per curiam); see also Jeter v. St. Regis Paper Co., 507 F.2d 973, 976-77 (5th Cir.1975). To the extent plaintiffs seek to hold defendants liable under federal law, they cannot succeed. As I understand plaintiffs’ argument, however, they do not contend that OSHA creates a private right of action. Rather, plaintiffs argue that, under Tennessee law, violations of state or federal safety standards constitute negligence per se and preclude the grant of summary judgment. In other words, plaintiffs assert that a violation of the OSHA and TOSHA standards does not create a federal cause of action but merely establishes duty and breach for a common law negligence claim. Tennessee law seems to provide that a violation of federal or state safety standards may constitute per se negligence if the person injured as a result of the violation is a member of the class of persons the statute or regulation was intended to protect. See, e.g., Bellamy v. Federal Express Corp., 749 S.W.2d 31, 35 (Tenn.1988); Traylor v. Coburn, 597 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tenn.Ct.App.1980). To prove negligence per se, plaintiff must show 1) that defendants violated a statutory safety standard, and 2) that plaintiff was within the class of persons the safety standard sought to protect.2 Plaintiffs alleged in their complaint that Chase violated OSHA and TO-SHA standards. Defendants did not rebut these allegations as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e) but challenged instead the legal rationale for plaintiffs’ claim. Instead of denying that they failed to comply with OSHA regulations or that they had an obligation to do so, defendants denied that they had an obligation to comply with OSHA regulations for the benefit of Ellis. In essence, defendants argued that, since Ellis was not their employee, he was not within the class of persons protected by the OSHA regulations.
We have indicated approval of the use of an employer’s violation of OSHA standards as a basis for a finding of negligence per se under state law. E.g., Wren v. Sullivan Elec., Inc., 797 F.2d 323, 325-27 (6th Cir.1986); Angel v. United States, 775 F.2d 132, 144 (6th Cir.1985); Teal v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 728 F.2d 799, 802-805 (6th Cir.1984).3 In Teal, DuPont hired a contractor to dismantle and remove hydraulic barriers from one its Tennessee plants. Teal, 728 F.2d at 801. The plaintiff, an employee of the independent contractor, injured himself when he fell seventeen feet from a ladder located in DuPont’s plant. Id. At trial of the plaintiffs diversity action against DuPont, the district court refused to instruct the jury that, under Tennessee law, DuPont was per se negligent if it found DuPont violated OSHA regulations with regard to the placement of the ladder. Id.
On appeal, this court noted that Tennessee law establishes that a breach of a duty of care imposed by statute or regulation may be negligence per se, if the party harmed by the breach is within the class of persons the statute or regulation was intended to protect. Id. at 802 (citing Traylor, 597 S.W.2d at 322). Consequently, the first question the Teal court addressed was whether OSHA imposed *480a duty of care on DuPont. Teal explained that Congress imposed two distinct duties on employers under OSHA. OSHA § 664(a) provides as follows:
Duties of employers and employees
(a) Each employer—
(1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees;
(2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this chapter.
29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1) — (2) (emphasis added). According to Teal, § 654(a)(1) imposed on employers a “general” duty to provide a safe work place, while subsection (a)(2) imposed a “specific” duty to comply with the regulations applicable to the employer’s industry under OSHA. Teal, 728 F.2d at 803. Section 654(a)(1) would seem to indicate a duty to employees, not to others.4
Teal concluded that Congress intended the general duty embodied in § 654(a)(1) to operate as a catch all protection of “reasonable care,” which every American employer owed to their employees. Id. at 804. Congress, on the other hand, intended the specific duty of subsection (a)(2) to address identifiable dangers which the Department of Labor anticipated might arise in a given industry. Id. In addition, Teal found that Congress did not limit the protection of the specific duty clause in subsection (a)(2) to the employees of the employer. Id. Rather, Teal concluded that the employer’s obligation to comply with specific OSHA regulations was for “the special benefit of all employees, including the employees of an independent contractor, who perform work at another employer’s workplace.” Id. (emphasis in original). Because plaintiff was within the class of persons which Congress intended to protect by the enactment of § 654(a)(2), and because DuPont’s breach of its regulatory duty constituted negligence per se under Tennessee law, this court reversed the district court. Id. at 805. See also Wren, 797 F.2d at 325-27 (citing Teal and affirming grant of summary judgment to plaintiff because OSHA regulation placed on the defendant a duty of care and, under Tennessee law, defendant’s violation of that duty was negligence per se); Angel, 775 F.2d at 144 (citing Teal and remanding to the district court with instructions to consider whether the government’s violation of the OSHA regulations constituted negligence per se under Ohio law).
The majority distinguishes Teal from the case at bar on the grounds that defendants were not “employers” within the meaning of OSHA and, therefore, had no obligation to comply with OSHA standards. .1 have difficulty distinguishing from the instant case on this basis. In OSHA, Congress expressly defined the term employer to mean “a person engaged in a business affecting commerce who has employees.” 29 U.S.C. § 652(5). The Tennessee General Assembly adopted a similarly broad definition of the term employer as meaning any “person engaged in a business who has one (1) or more employees.” Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-3-103(5). Defendants concede that they are engaged in a business that affects commerce and that they have employees.
The majority has apparently accepted defendants’ contention that OSHA’s standards do not apply to their relationship with Ellis because he was not their employee. Defendants cite several OSHA regulations in support of this proposition. For example, defendants point to 29 C.F.R. § 1926.16(b) which provides that “[b]y contracting for full performance of a contract subject to [§] 107 of the Act, the prime contractor assumes all obligations prescribed as employer obli*481gations under the standards contained in this part, whether or not he subcontracts any part of the work.” Defendants further note that the term employer is defined as any “contractor or subcontractor 'within the meaning of the Act and of this part.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.32(k). According to defendants, these regulations indicate that Congress intended for employers to be exempt from these safety standards when the employer has hired a general contractor to perform the covered employment. Since Chase served as neither prime contractor nor subcontractor, defendants reason that OSHA standards may apply to Nationwide or Raines but not to them.
29 C.F.R. § 1910.12(c) refuses, however, to adopt the definitions of part 1926 upon which defendants rely.5 Part 1926 is entitled “Safety and Health Regulations for Construction” 6 and it has three subparts. Sub-parts A and B provide general definitions and rules of construction, while subpart C provides substantive safety standards for the construction industry. The Department of Labor did not promulgate part 1926 pursuant to OSHA. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.12(c). Rather, part 1926 implements the Construction Safety Act, see 40 U.S.C. §§ 333 et seq., which establishes safety standards for construction projects financed by federal dollars. Id. OSHA, however, sets general safety standards for the private construction industry (■ie., construction work that does not involve federal financing). 29 C.F.R. § 1910.12(c). Section 1910.12(c) indicates that the Department of Labor incorporated into OSHA many of the substantive safety standards set out in subpart C, but declined to incorporate the definitions and rules of construction set forth in subparts A and B. Id. Because defendants’ definition of an “employer” depends on a regulation — § 1926.16(b) — located in sub-part B of part 1926, that definition is not applicable to OSHA. Brock v. Cardinal Indus., Inc., 828 F.2d 373, 377 n. 7 (6th Cir.1987) (“Section 1910.12(e) provides that the regulations in Subpart B of Part 1926 ... are not incorporated as construction safety and health standards under [OSHA].... The OSH Act ... was enacted under the Commerce Clause, and the jurisdictional restrictions of the Construction Safety Act are irrelevant to determining which employers are covered by the OSH Act.”).
Moreover, the majority’s suggestion that defendants were not “employers” because Ellis was not their employee confuses two issues. The first is whether defendants were “employers” that were legally obligated to comply with OSHA; the second is whether defendants’ failure to comply with OSHA violated a duty owed to Ellis. The majority implies that the answer to the second question affects the answer to the first. While we could decide that the employee of an independent contractor cannot hold the employer liable for failing to comply with OSHA regulations — though this would contradict Teal — this is entirely different from holding that the employee of the independent contractor cannot recover because OSHA regulations do not apply at all. I believe that the plain language of OSHA and TOSHA indicate that defendants were “employers” within the meaning of both Acts. As such, they were subject to the safety standards of both Acts. But, the question remains how a violation might affect plaintiffs’ ability to recover civil damages from these defendants.
*482Teal and its progeny would seem to indicate that Chase owed Ellis a specific duty, under 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(2), to comply with the OSHA regulations at issue in this case. Teal also seems to hold that, under Tennessee law, plaintiffs can use defendants’ alleged failure to comply with the specific OSHA regulations as a means to prove per se negligence. Thus, unless OSHA prohibits the use of these standards to prove per se negligence, Teal would require reversal of summary judgment.
Section 653(b)(4) of OSHA states that “[njothing in this chapter shall be construed ... to enlarge or diminish or affect in any other manner the common law or statutory rights, duties, or liabilities of employers.” 29 U.S.C. § 653(b)(4). This provision does not simply prohibit the creation of a federal right of action; it also prohibits OSHA’s standards from “enlarging” or “affecting” the “common law ... duties, or liabilities of employers.” Id. Accordingly, in Minichello v. United States Industries, Inc., 756 F.2d 26, 29 (6th Cir.1985), we barred the use of OSHA standards to establish a product’s defective condition in a strict liability action. We explained that, “[ijf knowledge of the regulations leads the trier of fact to find a product defective, the effect is to impermissibly alter the civil standard of liability.” Id. We held that “OSHA regulations can never provide a basis for liability because Congress has specified that they should not.” Id. (emphasis added). See also Bailey v.V & O Press Co., 770 F.2d 601, 608-609 (6th Cir.1985).
As a consequence of § 653(b)(4) and Mini-chello, I conclude that plaintiffs’ argument must fail. If a violation of OSHA standards can serve as the predicate for a finding of per se negligence under Tennessee law, then OSHA has certainly “affected” the employer’s common law liability and duty of care. This is a result that OSHA and Minichello prohibit. Other courts have also recognized that allowing OSHA standards to be used to establish a common law or statutory duty of care violates § 653(b)(4). E.g., Albrecht v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 808 F.2d 329, 332-33 (4th Cir.1987); Hebel v. Conrail, Inc., 475 N.E.2d 652, 657-58 (Ind.1985).
For example, in Ries v. National R.R. Passenger Corp., 960 F.2d 1156 (3d Cir.1992), the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that § 653(b)(4) prohibited an employee from using an employer’s violation of OSHA standards to show negligence per se under the Federal Employers Liability Act (FELA). FELA, like Tennessee common law, provides that an employer who violates a worker safety statute is guilty of per se negligence. Kernan v. American Dredging Co., 355 U.S. 426, 432-33, 78 S.Ct. 394, 398, 2 L.Ed.2d 382 (1958). In Ries, the plaintiff argued that the employer was guilty of per se negligence under FELA because it failed to comply with numerous OSHA regulations. Ries, 960 F.2d at 1158. In support of this contention, plaintiff cited Pratico v. Portland Terminal Co., 783 F.2d 255 (1st Cir.1985). Pratico held that using an OSHA violation to establish negligence per se under FELA did not contradict § 653(b)(4) because, in that context, OSHA does not enlarge an employer’s liability; it only defines the existing duty of care. Id. at 265, cited in Ries, 960 F.2d at 1161. Citing our decision in Minichello, the Third Circuit disagreed, noting that “[ijf a violation of an OSHA regulation could constitute negligence per se ... under the FELA, it would be almost axiomatic that the effect would be to ‘enlarge or diminish or affect’ the statutory duty or liability of the employer.” Ries, 960 F.2d at 1162, 1163. The court added that, “[ejven if we agreed with Ries’ argument that imposing negligence per se for an OSHA violation would not ‘enlarge’ employers’ liability, since it merely defines an existing duty, we are hard pressed to say that it would not ‘affect’ liability.” Id. at 1162.
I agree with the Third Circuit’s reasoning, which is based upon Minichello. It strains logic and the English language to suggest that OSHA standards can establish a common law duty of care and still not “affect” an employer’s common law duties or civil liability. The use of OSHA standards in this case would actually “enlarge” defendants’ liability. Tennessee common law precludes imposing liability on an employer for injuries sustained by an employee of an independent contractor who performs an inherently dangerous task on the employer’s property. Cooper, 628 S.W.2d at 33. Therefore, if we allowed plaintiffs to employ OSHA as a vehicle to impose on Chase a duty of care that would otherwise *483not exist, then OSHA would certainly enlarge defendants’ liability under Tennessee law. Thus, based upon Minichello, I believe the district court correctly granted defendants’ summary judgment. -
I find it very difficult to reconcile § 653(b)(4) and Minichello with our decision in Teal. Neither Teal, Angel nor Wren discuss or even cite 29 U.S.C. § 653(b)(4). Likewise, none of these cases cite Minichello or its progeny. Yet, as the Third Circuit persuasively explained in Ries, allowing the use of OSHA standards to establish per se negligence under the common law violates § 653(b)(4). Ries, 960 F.2d at 1162.7 . Accordingly, I believe Minichello controls this case and that Teal and its progeny should be narrowly limited to their facts. Section 653(b)(4) prevents the use of an OSHA violation to establish negligence per se under the common law. I therefore concur in the result to AFFIRM summary judgment.
. I believe Cooper controls this case, but plaintiffs’ argument is not without some support in the Tennessee decisions. Jones v. City of Dyersburg, 59 Tenn.App. 354, 440 S.W.2d 809, 810 (1967), an earlier case, involved a personal injury action brought against a city power company after an independent contractor's employee was electrocuted by the defendant's power lines. On appeal of a bench verdict for the plaintiff, defendant argued that the trial court erred in overruling its demurrer that it owed no duty of care to the employees of the independent contractor. Id. 440 S.W.2d at 813. The Tennessee Court of Appeals disagreed, holding that the defendant “was under a non-delegable duty to use the highest degree of care to prevent the plaintiff or other persons on its premises from being injured by the electrical current." Id. Nevertheless, the Tennessee Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court because the defendant “was not obligated under its contract nor under its non-delegable duty as a supplier of electricity to supervise the performance of the contract by [the defendant] and its employees so as to prevent the employees [from] being injured by their own negligence.” Id. 440 S.W.2d at 826 (emphasis added). Jones’ result seems inconsistent with the language quoted, since the court allowed the employer to delegate what it held could not be delegated. Yet, in Cooper, the Tennessee Court of Appeals resolved this inconsistency by acknowledging that an employer owes a nondelega-ble duty to the general public to prevent injury as a result of an inherently dangerous activity performed on its property, but that this duty does not extend to the employees of an independent contractor. Cooper, 628 S.W.2d at 32-33.
. Proving negligence per se does not establish liability since a plaintiff must still prove proximate cause and damages in order to recover against a defendant. Bellamy, 749 S.W.2d at 35. A plaintiff who successfully establishes negligence per se, however, has made a sufficient showing to overcome summary judgment. Id.
. Following our Wren decision, the Tennessee Supreme Court also held that a proven violation of OSHA and TOSHA indicates negligence per se under Tennessee common law. Bellamy, 749 S.W.2d at 34-35.
. Teal noted that the plaintiff's complaint alleged only that DuPont did not comply with specific OSHA regulations with regard to the placement of the ladder in DuPont’s plant. Teal, 728 F.2d at 804. Since the plaintiff did not allege that DuPont violated the general duty of care embodied in § 654(a)(1), the court held plaintiff could not rely on the general duty clause. Id. Teal did note that § 654(a)(1) expressly provided that an employer owes this general duty "to his employees" only. Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1)). Since plaintiff was not an employee of DuPont, arguably he was not within the class of persons intended by Congress to be protected by the "general” duty clause. Id. Teal, however, specifically declined to resolve whether Congress enacted the "general” duty provision of subsection (a)(1) solely for the benefit of the employer's employees. Id. at 804 n. 8.
. Section 1910.12(c) states in pertinent part:
(c) Construction Safety Act distinguished. This section adopts as occupational safety and health standards under [OSHA] the standards which are prescribed in Part 1926 of this chapter. Thus, the standards (substantive rules) published in Subpart C and the following sub-parts of Part 1926 of this chapter are applied. This section does not incorporate Subparts A and B of Part 1926 of this chapter. Subparts A and B have pertinence only to ... the Construction Safety Act. For example, the interpretation of the term "subcontractor” in paragraph (c) of § 1926.13 of this chapter is significant in discerning the coverage of the Construction Safety Act and duties thereunder. However, the term "subcontractor” has no significance in the application of [OSHA], which was enacted under the Commerce Clause and which establishes duties for "employers” which are not dependant for their application upon any contractual relationship with the Federal Government or upon any form of Federal financial assistance.
29 C.F.R. § 1910.12(c).
. At the time of the decedent's death, he was painting a television tower. OSHA regulations include "painting and repair" within the definition of construction work. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.12(b).
. The Tennessee Supreme Court in Bellamy followed Wren in holding that a violation of OSHA and TOSHA standards constitutes negligence per se under the common law; however, the Bellamy court acknowledged the inconsistency between Wren and Minichello. Bellamy, 749 S.W.2d at 34 (citing Minichello and commenting that "[a] number of courts have held that such violations constitute no more than evidence of negligence, in view of the expressly declared intention of Congress that OSHA is not designed to affect the civil standard of liability").