Mother appeals from a judgment terminating her parental rights to her youngest child, L. We review the record de novo, ORS 419A.200(6)(b), and affirm.
Before reviewing the facts in detail, we begin with this overview. This case involves the youngest of mother’s three daughters, L, whom mother adopted in February 2005 at the age of 20 months. (Her two older daughters, R and E, are the children of her first and second marriages, respectively; she has stipulated to termination of her parental rights as to R and, as of the time of trial in this matter, E was living with her father and was not involved in this proceeding.) Not long after adopting L, mother’s mental health began to deteriorate; mother has been diagnosed with major depression and borderline personality disorder, each of which can lead to suicidal ideation. In March 2006, when L was not quite three years old, the Department of Human Services (DHS) became involved because of referrals concerning mother’s possible suicide attempts.
While L and her older sisters were in mother’s care, mother’s conduct repeatedly exposed them to situations that indicated that mother was not safe. Although mother made some effort to shield them from her suicide attempts and self-harming behavior, they were exposed to that conduct by witnessing police responses to her reports of her suicidal ideation and by seeing marks of self-inflicted cuts on her legs. The children have been out of mother’s care since June 2006. While out of mother’s care, R was accidentally exposed to one apparent suicide attempt, and R and E were recklessly or deliberately exposed to another during a scheduled visit.
Mother was hospitalized because of suicidal ideation or suicide attempts on five occasions in 2006. In 2006 and 2007, mother participated—to varying degrees—in services, including a parenting class, individual therapy, a dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program, and an alcohol detoxification program. Although mother was not hospitalized for suicidal ideation or attempts in 2007, she continued to harm herself and to experience suicidal ideation, and she was unable to maintain a stable living situation.
*622In 2008, in the months before the termination trial, mother made two suicide attempts, resulting in a hospitalization. Later, mother gambled away most of her paycheck and then made a sufficiently serious expression of suicidal ideation to merit a police response.
Meanwhile, L has been out of mother’s care for two years. Although L generally is well adjusted, in part because of the stability of her longstanding relationship with her foster parents, she is anxious and needs a lot of reassurance. L is at a heightened risk of harm because of multiple disruptions that she already has experienced in her short life and because of a history of mental illness in her biological family. Despite enjoying visits with mother, L feels anxious about mother’s safety. If returned to mother, L would be at significant risk of mimicking mother’s self-harming behaviors and experiencing guilt and depression as a result of her inability to save mother. We conclude that mother’s continuing suicide attempts and her struggle with mental illness pose a serious risk of emotional harm to L; that L cannot return to mother within a reasonable time, given that L needs permanency now and mother still lacks control over her self-destructive behaviors; and that being freed for adoption is in L’s best interests.
We turn to a more detailed examination of the facts. Mother’s self-harming and suicidal conduct was more extensive, and L and her sisters were exposed to that conduct or its aftermath more frequently than the dissent suggests. Although the dissent finds our recital of the facts “a litany of mother’s character flaws, psychological problems, and bad conduct,” 229 Or App at 642 (Schuman, J., dissenting), this evidence is highly pertinent to whether mother has the ability to control her behaviors and prioritize her children’s needs so as to provide a secure home for L.
L was born in June 2003. When she was a few months old, DHS removed L from her biological parents’ home. After a couple of weeks in medical foster care, L was placed with her paternal great-aunt. While L was in that placement, mother provided daycare for L. L’s great-aunt experienced health problems that created difficulty in caring *623for L, so mother became L’s foster parent in January 2004 and adopted L in February 2005.
Mother had some history of mental health issues.1 When she was 16 years old, she inflicted cuts on her legs for a brief period. At age 18, she was hospitalized for suicidal feelings. After that, mother was not hospitalized again until 2006, when she was 37 years old.
During those intervening years, mother’s life was sometimes chaotic, but the record does not suggest that she was an unfit parent. In 2005, however, her mental health began to deteriorate. Mother began therapy in November because she was upset about a letter from her own mother, which mother felt was an expression of abandonment. The letter “started her on [a] path” of anxiety and depression, according to her therapist, Dr. Dykstra, “but after that it was the depression itself [that] * * * was the primary force.” Dykstra, who continued providing therapy to mother throughout this case, initially diagnosed her with major depression. Borderline personality disorder was later added to her diagnosis.
The symptoms of mother’s borderline personality disorder are, according to Dr. Krechman, a psychologist who evaluated mother’s mental health, “impulsivity, poor decision making, an inability to regulate emotions and affect, and particularly anger, substantial difficulty in relationships, volatility in relationships, suicidal gestures and acting out, self-harm behavior, and chronic feelings of emptiness, serious negative response to any perceived rejection or abandonment.” According to a psychologist who evaluated L, borderline personality disorder is not an absolute barrier to safe parenting, but it affects a parent’s ability to provide a “basic level of day to day consistency and stability”:
“[T]he borderline parent is likely to have times when they’re very good and very on and very involved with the *624child, but other significant periods of time when they’re distant, rageful, and when their own behavioral issues escalate to self-harming behaviors such as drug abuse or gambling or spending sprees or self-harming behavior that the child becomes very confused about[,] emotionally very anxious * * *[.] [A] child will become very careful and walk on egg shells trying to keep the parent from escalating and deteriorating, and not know how but feel very responsible and be hyperattuned to try and say and do things to keep the parent happy or get them back to the stable period of time.”
Mother also suffers from major depressive disorder, a severe form of depression. Krechman explained that a major depressive episode “suggests that there’s some biochemical difficulty that is creating some symptoms * * * and usually the symptoms include things such as * * * feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, sometimes suicidal ideation * * Mother reported episodic depression since adolescence, with 2006 being the most serious period.
As mother’s mental health deteriorated, she cut herself, experienced suicidal ideation, and made suicide attempts. Mother testified that she went to a park two or three nights per week to cut herself. In January 2006, according to treatment records, mother slit her wrists twice. According to R, mother became “careless” about the children’s safety, and she placed more and more responsibility on R, who was 13 or 14, to supervise the younger children. She left R in charge of E, who was eight years old, and L, who was not yet three, about three or four nights per week, while mother went to the library or a park, returning from one to six hours later. Mother began coming home later and later, sometimes not returning until 11:00 p.m.
R found mother’s razors and cutting tools in places where the younger girls could have touched them. Although mother denied that the children saw her cut herself or saw her legs, R explained that mother walked around the home while she was getting dressed, and R “started seeing more and more [cutting marks] like around her thighs mostly.” The marks were in a square with multiple cuts, sometimes bleeding. When R, who was worried, tried to talk to mother, mother said it was none of her business.
*625Although mother apparently did not make calls relating to her suicidal ideation from the family home, emergency responders came to the home in response to such calls. R testified that police came to the home on about five occasions in 2006, while the children were living with her, and that mother was never there when the officers arrived. An officer testified that, over the course of 2006, police made 13 calls to mother’s home to respond to suicide threats or attempts. On the occasions when the officer spoke to mother, she minimized the reports and claimed there was no problem.
On one occasion, mother placed R in the middle of a crisis intervention. Mother was out at 3:00 a.m. L and E were asleep, but R was awake. R heard police officers arrive. When R opened the door,
“then like my whole living room was full of cops and paramedics and asking, ‘Where is [mother]? Where is she?’ And I was like, ‘I don’t know. She’s not answering her phone. I don’t know where she is,’ and then I was on the computer and they were just standing there staring at me, and she finally textfed] me and asked me if they’re gone yet, and I said no. So she said, ‘Okay, call me when they’re gone,’ and I said—I told them that she’s not going to probably be home for awhile, and so they all left except for one officer sat in front of the house and just sat there in his patrol car, and I just kept texting her saying, ‘No, they’re not gone yet, no,’ and she’s like, ‘Okay. I’ll be home when he’s gone.’ So then he finally left and she came home.”
As mother’s mental health deteriorated, she was hospitalized several times. According to mother, on some occasions, she made arrangements for the children’s care before being hospitalized, but once or twice when she was taken to the hospital, R “had called people before I left and they were coming.”
Mother was first hospitalized in early March 2006. A day or two before entering the hospital, mother placed L with Kathy and Michael, who cared for L during mother’s later hospitalizations as well and eventually became L’s foster parents. Mother claimed at the time that she would not do anything to harm herself, because it would negatively affect her children, and attributed earlier calls to a crisis line, which *626resulted in police responding to her home, to “blowing off steam verbally.” During that hospitalization, DHS received referrals but, because mother had arranged for appropriate caregivers, did not remove the children.
Mother was next hospitalized in late May. Before that hospitalization, she took excessive doses of Vicodin on two occasions and once required stitches on her leg because she had cut so deeply. Mother was hospitalized after she took eight to 10 Vicodin and four or five Ativan and drank several beers. DHS received another referral regarding that hospitalization.
About a week later, mother was again hospitalized, after a friend reported a concern that mother was attempting suicide. All three children were home when police responded, and L was awake. In the hospital, mother reported taking six to eight Vicodin, which she attributed to tooth pain, but denied a suicide attempt. Her toxicology screen was essentially negative, and she was discharged. Mother later acknowledged that she had felt suicidal at that time. DHS received yet another referral, and mother entered into a field service agreement with DHS regarding where the children would stay.
Believing that mother was still in the hospital, R went home to pick up clothes the next day. She arrived to find empty prescription bottles lying around and mother in bed, groggy, lying on bloody sheets with two beer bottles and a box cutter nearby. R took the box cutter and confronted mother, telling her that “she shouldn’t be doing this. She’s hurting my sisters and she’s hurting me, and she shouldn’t be doing that * * Mother responded by yelling at her and, in the ensuring confrontation, when R took the box cutter and threw it outside, mother slapped R. DHS received a referral regarding the incident, which also led to charges against mother for harassment and fourth-degree assault. A few months later, mother pleaded guilty to assault and was placed on probation. DHS cited that incident in subsequent petitions concerning L and R.
Mother later blamed R for the family’s problems and stated that R had overreacted and was bipolar. Mother retreated from that position in a psychological evaluation, *627during which she reported that she no longer was angry at R and that she had never blamed R but noted feeling at times that R was “manipulating a little bit.” At trial, mother maintained—contrary to a psychologist’s evaluation of R—that R “seemed to either have some manic episodes or maybe some other traits of something going on.”
After those events, mother began various treatment programs. In late June, mother began intensive outpatient services at Providence Portland Medical Center (Providence). Then, from late August to early January 2007, mother participated in a 19-week DBT program and, for the first couple of weeks, also attended a group for treatment of Vicodin abuse.
DBT is recognized as an effective therapy for borderline personality disorder, which is not susceptible to treatment with medication. It emphasizes a structured, skill-oriented approach to help people manage their emotions and gain control over destructive behaviors. The Providence program includes a weekly two-hour group session and individual therapy. Group skills work is a valuable part of the program. Mother missed several sessions and left several sessions early, so she missed some information in each module of the program. Mother’s individual DBT therapist, Gantt, observed that mother’s level of engagement varied. At times mother was very motivated, but in stressful situations she had difficulty thinking about appropriate skills to use. Overall, her motivation to use DBT skills was modest.
DBT is a comprehensive treatment program that typically includes a therapy team trained specifically in that form of therapy. The program involves monitoring to avoid inconsistency. In the strictest version of DBT, the client sees only the DBT therapist and cuts off other therapeutic contacts so as not to receive inconsistent information from providers. The Providence program was willing to allow some limited contact with Dykstra, who thought it would be devastating for mother to be cut off from her established therapeutic relationship.
Meanwhile, mother’s suicidal ideation and self-harming behaviors continued. In August 2006, mother experienced suicidal ideation and took all of her Zoloft in one day; later that month, she cut the words “It’s time to say bye” on *628her leg, which became infected. She also checked Internet sites concerning overdosing and suicide on a nightly basis.
In September, mother successfully completed a parenting class, but she was hospitalized twice that month. From September 2 to 6, mother was hospitalized for suicidal ideation. Then, on September 14, mother was hospitalized after she exposed E and R to an apparent suicide attempt. Mother had requested a visit with E and R that evening. Although R was resistant to visits, her caregivers made her go as a step toward healing. When the girls and their caregiver arrived at mother’s home for the scheduled visit, the caregiver had a feeling that something was not right, so she had the girls wait in the living room while she went to check on mother in the bedroom. The caregiver found mother unconscious with a suicide note. Both E and R were very scared by the incident, and E was in tears.
According to the hospital records, mother reported having taken 10 Ativan and some Seroquel in an attempt to hurt herself. Later in the hospital stay, mother claimed that she had just wanted to sleep and that everyone had overreacted, and she denied knowing that E and R were due to visit. Medical records note that, although mother was very sedated and difficult to rouse and had reported overdosing on Ativan, urine tests “surprisingly” were negative for all substances tested. The hospital nevertheless held her for an overdose.
After those incidents, DHS obtained protective custody orders for L and R. After the September hospitalizations, mother avoided hospitalization for about a year and a half but continued to engage in self-harming behaviors. In October, mother cut herself, and mother’s physician, Ruggeri, called the police once because of a report that mother was harming herself. Mother frightened her friends by leaving a good-bye message and then ignoring their efforts to reach her. In November, mother again experienced suicidal ideation and tore off her toenails.
Meanwhile, mother had begun another form of self-harming behavior—abusing alcohol, which she later attributed to the fact that she had been feeling “bored, that she’s a *629hands-on parent and was bored and had nothing to do.” According to mother’s trial testimony, she began having one or two drinks per night in June 2006; her drinking gradually increased, and she realized around November 2006 that she was drinking too much and should seek help. In treatment, however, mother had reported a longer period of more extensive substance abuse—having 10 to 12 drinks of hard alcohol per day since June 2006 and, before that, taking 10 to 12 Vicodin (which she purchased from friends) daily for about two years.
In December 2006, while still in the DBT program, mother participated in a day residential program. The following month, mother completed a two-week in-patient residential program for alcohol detoxification. Mother attended group sessions and, though she initially had difficulty becoming comfortable and motivated, actively participated. However, she rejected the recommendation on discharge that she seek housing in an Oxford House (a group home for recovering addicts).
When mother was discharged from the detoxification and DBT programs in late January, Gantt, Dykstra, and mother met to discuss what she would do next. Gantt had recommended that mother redo modules of DBT, which is often beneficial to clients. However, mother resisted, stating that she had completed the modules and did not want to miss any more work. Instead, mother and Dykstra decided to work on DBT together; mother said that she also would complete an intensive outpatient substance abuse program and go to a sobriety support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Although mother was evaluated by the outpatient program, which recommended intensive outpatient treatment, she declined treatment, citing scheduling problems.2 Mother completed DBT worksheets that she obtained online and then reviewed them during therapy appointments with Dykstra, who found mother to be a willing participant and *630believed that she made progress through that approach to DBT.3 Dykstra acknowledged that, although she had taken a couple oí seminars concerning DBT, she is not an expert in that particular therapy.
Although mother was not hospitalized for suicidal ideation or attempts in 2007, she continued to experience suicidal ideation and to harm herself. Medical records reflect that mother’s physician, Ruggeri, was called by one of mother’s friends because of a suicide threat in February, was paged by the suicide hotline in March, and was paged by one of mother’s friends because of mother’s worsening depression in May. Mother had thoughts of suicide or cutting in February, March, April, June, July, and October. In November, mother took extra Seroquel when she was depressed, though she denied being suicidal at that time.
Mother was unable to maintain stable housing. In October 2006, she was evicted from the home that she had shared with the children, despite the fact that DHS had paid $1,900 in back rent a few months earlier. She was required to vacate her next home in June 2007.4 For a period in the summer of 2007, mother did not disclose to DHS where she was living. She started living with a friend in October 2007 and remained there at the time of trial, but the friend had asked her to move out because mother was paying rent late and because the friend did not want her own daughter to witness “everything that’s going on.” The friend also testified that her daughter’s narcotics prescription went missing a few weeks before trial and that mother was the only person with access to it. Although mother was accepted to an Oxford House residence during trial, she was uncertain whether she could come up with the deposit.
*631In 2008, before trial, mother made efforts to voluntarily participate in services, but was inconsistent in her attendance. She also continued to engage in self-harming behaviors, including two incidents of shoplifting. She attempted suicide and expressed suicidal thoughts.
In February, mother’s care providers became concerned about increased dangerous behaviors and considered hospitalizing her. In mid-February, mother took 20 Oxycodone, but she denied any suicidal intent. At the end of the month, mother was admitted to a hospital for severe depression and suicidal ideation; she had drunk alcohol and taken Seroquel on the way to the hospital. While in the hospital, mother again denied any suicidal intent. Treatment providers strongly recommended that mother attend an intensive outpatient program, but she declined, citing her finances. When mother was discharged, the treating doctor felt that her risk of harming herself was low, but noted “some chronic elevated risk due to her situation and history.”
Mother acknowledged at trial that she had used alcohol excessively before that last hospitalization. She testified that she had, after discussion with her doctor, gone off Seroquel and that, although she could not remember what led up to the events, “I remember just feeling really overwhelmed and really upset about a lot of things that were going on and just made that choice.” Mother noted that her drinking on that night was “quite common with borderlines and people with suicidal thoughts that they will do something to try to calm the emotion.”
In mid-May, mother lost almost her entire paycheck gambling and then, because her rent was due and her money gone, became depressed and experienced suicidal ideation. She called a colleague of her therapist, who called the police as a result. Police responded to mother’s home to check on her well-being. Mother was living with a friend; when police arrived, neither mother nor her friend were at home, but the friend’s 16-year-old daughter was. Mother later attributed her depressed feelings, in part, to having been “ignored for Mother’s Day.” At a later visit with L, mother asked L why she did not call on Mother’s Day and expressed that she had *632looked forward to talking to her that day. At trial, mother took the view that she had taken care of herself because she had been able to calm herself and did not require hospitalization. She denied any continuing suicidal ideation, attributing the incident—which took place one month before trial—to gambling and financial pressures.
Mother continues to carry diagnoses of borderline personality disorder and depression. Although Dykstra described mother’s case as in the mild to medium range, Krechman placed mother at the more severe end of the continuum.
Mother had psychological evaluations with Krechman in November 2006 and December 2007. In the first evaluation, Krechman recommended that, to be a safe parent, mother should, at a minimum, “demonstrate no less than six months of stability in functioning (no hospitalizations, suicide threats or attempts, alcohol or drug abuse, etc.). A year or longer is ideal. Repetition and completion of DBT with a more solid investment in the treatment is strongly suggested * * During the second evaluation, Krechman concluded that mother was willing to do services only on her own terms, which did not bode well with her ability to change.
Krechman testified that, although mother had made some progress by the time of trial, she still, when distressed and unable to effectively manage her feelings, acted out in extremely dangerous ways and harmed herself. The decrease in hospitalizations suggested that therapeutic services were helping mother, but “it is still very concerning that hospitalization happened again and that * * * mother was suicidal and depressed. * * * [T]hat suggests that there’s an ongoing difficulty and problem that may require more support and services and more treatment.” Given mother’s history, Krechman “would want to see stability and functioning and engagement in sessions and treatment, probably beyond six months,” before mother would be ready to parent. In the view of Dr. Eastman, the psychologist who evaluated L and R, in order to be a safe placement for L, mother would need to demonstrate at least one to two years during which she did not engage in self-harming behaviors or substance abuse and showed emotional and physical stability.
*633Meanwhile, L has remained in the care of her foster parents, Kathy and Michael, for two years, since June 2006. They are her prospective adoptive placement. Mother often relied on Kathy and Michael to babysit L, starting for a few hours per week in February 2004 and increasing over time. Before mother’s adoption of L was finalized in February 2005, Kathy and Michael were caring for L two or three days per week. L thus has had stability in that relationship. Eastman attributed L’s resilience to that “security base” and thought that L would be at risk of severe depression if she lost that psychological family relationship. According to L’s therapist, Crutchfield, L has a secure primary attachment to her foster parents and an ambivalent attachment to mother. Eastman likewise thought that L felt anxiety and confusion about her relationship with mother.
While L has been in that placement, mother has visited regularly, with the exception of a period in the fall of 2007, when she cancelled eight visits in a 10-week period. Vang and Lewis, who were visit supervisors, testified that visits generally were very positive. During some visits, though, mother upset L by insisting that L not refer to her foster parents as her parents;5 mother eventually gave L permission to do so, after Crutchfield conveyed the effect mother’s behavior was having on L. According to Crutchfield, L presented with anxiety and anger because mother would not allow her to have two mothers. Such anxiety is common among foster children, but L focused on the issue in each session, wanting Crutchfield to explain to mother that L’s foster mother was also her mother. Crutchfield spoke with mother before a visit and conveyed the concerns that L was expressing. During a later visit, mother told L that it was okay for her to call the foster parents mom and dad, although L understood mother to mean only that L could do so on that particular occasion.
L is doing well overall, although she needs a lot of reassurance. Despite being generally well adjusted and *634happy, L can be sensitive and quick to experience anxiety with stress or change. L’s foster parents noted, for example, that L can appear a bit apprehensive and cautious. Eastman concluded that L had a very strong need for stable, secure care. Crutchfield explained that, in addition to L’s anxiety about who to call “mommy,” L generally presents as “pretty anxious in that if she does not have a secure, structured plan for the day for the next day, then she can very easily become undone.” In Crutchfield’s assessment, L “is in limbo. The therapy is stuck and until [L] receives permanency, all this therapist can offer is a sounding board for her feelings.” Eastman expressed the belief that L would benefit from ongoing therapy to address her anxiety about the permanency of her current placement and “anxiety and guilt about [mother] and her relationship with her and her responsibility for her.”
L has displayed some awareness of self-harm. In her psychological evaluation, L engaged in symbolic play relating to concerns about safety:
“She wanted to make sure the baby was safe and protected. The characters in the play scenario frequently were hurt, through scratches and cuts. They would get better, and then be hurt all over again. There would be an escalation of being ‘mean’ and then the ‘scratching’ would occur. The characters would get better and ‘put on a happy face,’ and then the cutting would start all over again.”
That kind of symbolic play, involving suicidal and self-harming behavior, is very rare; Eastman, who has 30 years’ experience conducting psychological examinations, sees it with about one in 1,000 children she evaluates.6 It typically appears with a bright child who has been exposed to repeated anxiety about parental safety and generally where the parent “may not only have suicidal depression, but borderline personality disorder with the ups and downs [that are] very extreme and confusing to a child.”
*635The play theme arose twice during Eastman’s time with L, and L wanted to repeat it during the part of the evaluation that included mother. During that portion of the evaluation, mother was warm, affectionate, and eager to connect with L. However, mother “wasn’t able to connect with her on the theme that [L] was presenting so mother tried to connect in other ways.” Mother “tended to be bombarding [L] with yes’s and information,” until L finally left the play room and needed reassurance from mother and the foster mother before she would return.
In talking with Eastman about mother, L was “clear that she thinks that [mother] has been ‘sick’ and that she will get better. She believes that ‘her not think right’ and was ‘mad all the time.’ She especially hopes that [mother] can not be ‘so mad at [her foster mother].’ ” L’s relationship with mother was characterized by L’s anxiety about mother’s safety “and confusion about her mother’s irritability and volatility, and then there were times when the relationship was very positive. So that yo-yo effect was creating more confusion for her, and she had considerable anxiety about her mother’s being, quote, ‘Sick,’ and whether her mother would be safe * * Eastman concluded that L enjoys playtime with mother, but views mother as very emotional and angry at times. Krechman similarly testified that mother’s hospitalizations and crises would “createt ] a lot of feelings of unsafety and anxiety and uncertainty and unpredictability, and also the child doesn’t learn how to effectively manage their owm distress if their parent isn’t capable of doing that and modeling that themselves.”
In Eastman’s assessment, although L did not display signs during the evaluation that she was engaging in self-harm, she would be at high risk for self-harm, including cutting or scratching and suicidal behavior, if she were in mother’s care, because mother continues to model those behaviors. Mother herself has, at least once, recognized the danger that L might imitate such behavior. According to a November 2005 progress note by mother’s therapist, mother reported that she had “made a decision to live * * *. Youngest told her she would kill herself too—‘woke her up.’ ”
*636In Eastman’s view,
“the most significant risk is that [L] would witness [a] suicide attempt by mother or some of the episodic acting out behaviors that would be possibly lethal, and she would carry that guilt and burden that she couldn’t fix her mom or save her mom, or that she would witness her mother’s self-harming behavior and begin mimicking it or being very confused and frightened by it. So that to me is an extremely high risk and a very significant concern.”
Simply witnessing police responding to concerns about mother’s safety or other adults worrying about suicide attempts would be similarly detrimental to L. As Eastman testified, from a child’s perspective, it does not matter whether a suicide attempt is driven by attention-seeking behavior or self-destructive behavior associated with depression; either behavior is damaging to the child. Crutchfield explained that young children like L are very concrete and egocentric and may believe that they have done something to cause problems or suicidal ideation.
Mother does not appear to understand the danger that her conduct poses to L. Krechman testified that mother may be incapable of paying adequate attention to the emotional needs of others and is likely to place her own emotional needs above those of her children. In speaking with Eastman, mother dismissed the suggestion that L felt concerns over mother’s emotional functioning; mother felt that L knew that “mother was safe and trusted that completely, and that [L] overreacted to minor injuries such as bug bites.” Although mother showed some awareness by not engaging in cutting or suicide attempts in front of L, Eastman explained that children can pick up on such things without anyone telling them.
L is at a heightened risk of emotional harm. L has experienced multiple disruptions already, moving from the care of her biological parents to a relative, to mother, and then to the foster parents; the multiple disruptions place L at risk for attachment difficulties, anxiety, and depression. In addition, L’s biological family has a history of mental illness (her paternal grandmother had schizophrenia) and substance abuse (by her parents). A child with that biological *637family history is more vulnerable to risks of living with problems such as mother’s. Eastman testified that waiting even six more months for permanency would be very difficult for L because L has “waited far too long already” and “has not had any sense of closure or progress that her mother is better over the last two years.”
The termination trial was held in June 2008, shortly after L’s fifth birthday. In a letter opinion, the juvenile court explained its conclusion that mother’s mental illness rendered her unable to care for L. Relying primarily on mother’s conduct in 2008 to assess her present fitness, the juvenile court explained that, regardless of the reasons for mother’s conduct, she continues to engage in self-harming behaviors that do not create a stable or secure environment for a five-year-old child. The court concluded that L could not be reintegrated into mother’s home within a reasonable time, in light of L’s immediate needs, and that termination was in L’s best interests.
The grounds for termination must be proved by clear and convincing evidence, ORS 419B.521(1), which is evidence that makes the asserted fact highly probable, State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. A. M. P., 212 Or App 94, 104, 157 P3d 283 (2007). ORS 419B.504, the basis for termination in this case, provides, in part:
“The rights of the parent or parents may be terminated as provided in ORS 419B.500 if the court finds that the parent or parents are unfit by reason of conduct or condition seriously detrimental to the child or ward and integration of the child or ward into the home of the parent or parents is improbable within a reasonable time due to conduct or conditions not likely to change. In determining such conduct and conditions, the court shall consider but is not limited to the following:
“(1) Emotional illness, mental illness or mental retardation of the parent of such nature and duration as to render the parent incapable of providing proper care for the child or ward for extended periods of time.
* * * *
*638“(5) Lack of effort of the parent to adjust the circumstances of the parent, conduct, or conditions to make it possible for the child or ward to safely return home within a reasonable time or failure of the parent to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social agencies for such extended duration of time that it appears reasonable that no lasting adjustment can be effected.”
Under that statute, we first consider whether the parent has engaged in conduct or is characterized by a condition and whether the conduct or condition is seriously detrimental to the child. If so, we then consider whether it is improbable that the child may safely be returned to the parent within a reasonable time. State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. Smith, 338 Or 58, 80-81, 106 P3d 627 (2005); State ex rel SOSCF v. Stillman, 333 Or 135, 145, 36 P3d 490 (2001). A “reasonable time” is a period “that is reasonable given a child or ward’s emotional and developmental needs and ability to form and maintain lasting attachments.” ORS 419A.004(20). If the grounds for termination are proven, then we consider whether termination is in the child’s best interests. ORS 419B.500.
Here, mother contends that her conduct is not the sort of behavior that would justify termination of her parental rights. In her view, she has engaged in services, despite financial strains, and has made substantial progress in overcoming her self-harming behaviors; her conduct cannot be seriously detrimental to L, because she made appropriate arrangements for L’s care and because “L was and is bright, energetic, and resilient.” Mother argues that, in light of her willingness to engage in further services, L can be returned to her care within six months. Finally, mother contends that termination is not in L’s best interests because L is bonded to mother.
DHS responds that mother’s conduct renders her unfit and is unlikely to change within a reasonable time, given that mother, particularly in times of stress, continues to struggle with instability and to engage in self-harming behaviors after two years of services. DHS contends that mother’s conduct is seriously detrimental to L because, despite L’s resilience, she is sensitive, anxious, and in need of permanency. In light of L’s immediate need for permanency *639and mother’s continued instability, DHS argues, L cannot be returned to mother within a reasonable time, and termination is in L’s best interests. We agree.
We begin with mother’s present conduct and conditions. More than two years after DHS became involved with the family, mother continues to engage in the sort of conduct that made her unable to care for her children: expressing suicidal ideation and engaging in self-harming behavior. Mother continues to have major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, conditions that underlie her self-harming conduct.
Mother’s conduct is seriously detrimental to L. If L were to be returned to mother, L would very likely be exposed to mother’s self-harming conduct and suicidal ideation, either directly or indirectly. L has already lived in a place where police and paramedics came late at night to check on mother’s well-being. L has likely seen evidence of cuts on mother’s legs, a theme that emerged in L’s psychological evaluation. In instances that did not directly involve L but that present a troubling view of the risks to L, mother slapped R when she confronted mother about self-harm, blamed R for the family’s problems, and exposed R and E to a suicide attempt that coincided with a visit that mother had scheduled. L’s awareness of mother’s conduct would likely increase as L grows older; it is hard to imagine that this bright, sensitive child would not question why mother is hospitalized.
Conduct that presents serious risks may be deemed detrimental to a child before the potential harm comes to pass. See, e.g., State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. J. S., 219 Or App 231, 261-62, 182 P3d 278 (2008) (focusing on the threat of future harm to the child from the mother’s continuing methamphetamine use and drug dependence where the child had been in the state’s custody since his birth). Here, mother’s self-harming conduct threatens L’s well-being. L’s therapist and the psychologists who evaluated mother and L identified serious risks, including the danger that L would mimic mother’s self-harming behaviors. If returned to mother, L would, according to Eastman, likely suffer depression as a result of the disruption of her current placement, *640and mother seems unlikely to model safe ways for L to address such depression.
In addition, the risk that L will develop a painful sense of responsibility for mother’s suicidal ideation or self-harming seems especially great. Mother attributed her alcohol abuse to being bored without her children, and she partially attributed her depression, with ensuing suicidal ideation, one month before trial to her children’s failure to call on Mother’s Day. Although mother undoubtedly loves L, mother’s conduct places a tremendous burden on a young child to fill mother’s emotional needs, and mother does not appear to recognize with any consistency the effects of her conduct on L. As one witness observed, mother loves her children, but at times she cannot take care of herself, let alone a child. L, who faces additional risk factors associated with earlier disruptions and her biological family’s mental health history, would face very real risks as a consequence of mother’s self-harming and suicidal conduct.7
We recognize that “perfection in parenting is neither attainable nor required.” State ex rel Dept. of Human Services *641v. Simmons, 342 Or 76,103,149 P3d 1124 (2006). Here, however, mother’s conduct at the time of trial falls too far short of providing a secure environment. Cf. id. at 101-03 (concluding that the mother’s personality disorder was not seriously detrimental to the child after the mother completed drug abuse treatment, where the child was doing well and the mother had accepted responsibility for past problems so that the child understood that she was not responsible for the mother). Mother’s suicide attempts and suicidal ideation create risks of severe emotional harm, as well as physical harm if L imitates mother’s behavior. Although L is doing well in the care of her foster parents, mother’s conduct is seriously detrimental to L. Contrary to the dissent’s view, 229 Or App at 653 (Schuman, J., dissenting), we are not removing L from a troubled but minimally adequate parent: Mother’s uncontrolled self-harming behaviors create serious emotional risks to L, who is more vulnerable than the average child, and also create the risk that L will mimic mother’s self-harming behaviors.
Having concluded that mother’s conduct is seriously detrimental to L, we consider whether it is improbable that L can be reintegrated into mother’s home within a reasonable time. Krechman suggested that mother should demonstrate at least six months of stability before L could be safely returned, and Eastman thought that mother would need at least a year. In the months immediately before trial, however, mother attempted suicide more than once. Two years after L left mother’s care, mother still had not achieved stability in avoiding suicide attempts and suicidal ideation. L needs a sense of closure and a safe, stable home. Given L’s pressing need for permanency, it is improbable that L can be reintegrated into mother’s care within a reasonable time.
Finally, we consider whether termination is in L’s best interests. L has a secure primary attachment with her foster parents, who wish to adopt her. They have provided her with stability when mother could not, and L already views them as her parents. L’s bond with mother, on the other hand, is marked by anxiety and ambivalence. Although continuing contact with mother may be beneficial *642to L, termination of mother’s parental rights is in L’s best interests.
Affirmed.
Although the dissent suggests to the contrary, 229 Or App at 642-43 (Schuman, J., dissenting), DHS was unaware other mental health history when mother adopted L, and some of mother’s statements regarding her background and family history in her application to adopt L were inconsistent with her later reports.
In May 2007, mother had another drug and alcohol evaluation. The evaluator found that outpatient treatment would be appropriate but that mother “may have adequate support at this time.” The evaluator was “willing to defer to [mother’s] wishes” for other treatment.
Online exercises are not a typical part of a DBT program. Gantt explained that, in a DBT program, a client goes to group sessions to learn new skills, does individual therapy to apply those skills to particular problems, does homework, and practices meditation exercises.
Mother was required to leave after about eight months’ residency because she failed to pay rent one month, had consistently paid rent late, had two unauthorized residents in her apartment, and had a kitchen fire. The apartment was so infested with fleas on her departure that it had to be flea-bombed several times before staff could clean it.
On two occasions, Vang observed that mother became offended and told L that mother is the mommy. L started crying the second time it happened. Lewis also observed an incident in which L became upset when mother told L that L’s foster parents were not her parents.
Eastman explained that children L’s age generally cannot be interviewed directly about emotional issues and that symbolic play is a method for identifying such issues. Eastman found L to be “very capable of using symbolic play.” Although the dissent is critical of symbolic play, 229 Or App at 656-57 (Schuman, J., dissenting), we find Eastman’s explanation of the evaluation to be clear and persuasive.
State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. R. T., 228 Or App 645, 209 P3d 390 (2009), is not to the contrary. There, the issue was whether reintegration of the child into his parents’ home was improbable within a reasonable time. Id. at 656. We concluded that the state had not met its burden on that issue. The parents had made substantial efforts and needed a few months to demonstrate whether they could address issues in their relationship and meet the child’s needs. The child had been diagnosed with some minor developmental issues, and a licensed clinical social worker opined that the child was at some risk of developing reactive detachment disorder. Id. at 656-57. We found that evidence of an indeterminate risk unpersuasive where the social worker formed her opinion that the child lacked any secure attachment by observing the child with his parents and potential adoptive parents only a couple of months after the child moved to the potential adoptive home from a foster home where he had lived for 20 months, since he was an infant. Id. at 647-48. Although the social worker believed that the child would likely attach to his potential adoptive family if he had been attached to his earlier foster family, she had little information about whether the child had formed such attachments. Id. at 656.
Here, by contrast, we are assessing whether mother’s conduct is seriously detrimental to L. Eastman identified specific, unusual concerns raised by L’s symbolic play, reviewed background materials, observed L individually and with mother, and interviewed mother and L’s foster mother. Her opinion does not suffer from the information gaps present in R. T., and she identified significant risks to L. Moreover, unlike the parents in R. T., who were making progress, mother here engaged in suicide attempts and required the assistance of emergency responders shortly before trial; although mother may have made some limited progress, she still lacks control over her suicide-related behavior.