delivered the opinion of the Court:
A reversal of the judgment in this case is urged on several grounds, but as one of them is deemed sufficient it will not be necessary to consider the others.
Appellee having stipulated to “put down at its own expense, and thereafter keep and maintain in good repair and condition, all necessary frogs and crossings for its two main tracks across the tracks of appellant, ” the court, on the trial, excluded all evidence from the jury tending to show that either the value of respondent’s road, or its capacity to do the bush ness of the company, would be impaired by the proposed crossing,—in short, the court ruled, in effect, that the respondent was only entitled to nominal damages. The ruling of the court in this respect, when formulated into a distinct proposition, seems to be this: A railway company may locate its tracks across the road of another company at any point it pleases, and without regard to the effect it will have on the value of the road to be crossed, or its capacity to clo the necessary and legitimate business of the company to which it belongs, and however serious the injury will be in these respects to the company whose road is thus crossed, it will be entitled to nominal damages only, provided the company proposing to do the injury will stipulate that it will make and maintain the crossing at its own expense. A law leading to such results can hardly be distinguished, on principle, from one which would permit a railway company to locate its depot grounds in the center of another’s farm upon the payment of a copper, or other nominal sum, provided the company would stipulate to relieve the owner of the farm of the burden of erecting and maintaining the depot buildings. That the enforcement of such a provision in the name of law would be simple confiscation but poorly disguised, is manifest. That no government in which' the distinction between meum and tuum is recognized would sanction or enforce a rule of that kind, may well be assumed.
It is claimed the ruling of the court below in the respects stated is sustained by Peoria and Pekin Union Railway Co. v. Peoria and Farmington Ry. Co. 105 Ill. 110, and Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. Joliet, Lockport and Aurora Ry. Co. id. 388. Before remarking upon these cases it is proper to call attention to the case of Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Ry. Co. v. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. 97 Ill. 506. A bill was filed by the appellant in that ease to enjoin the present appellant from prosecuting a condemnation suit commenced by it in the' county court of Cook county, to obtain the right of way across certain grounds and tracks of the complainant in the city of Chicago. The chief grounds relied upon for a perpetual injunction in that ease were, that the crossing of the complainant’s tracks by the defendant’s trains would so interfere with the running of complainant’s trains as to greatly embarrass its business, and subject it to immense losses, that could not be accurately determined or compensated for in an action at law. It was further urged upon the argument, that inasmuch as the Eminent Domain act did not make any provision as to the manner or place of crossing other roads, it was inoperative and void; that the legislature could not have intended to put it in the power of a company seeking a crossing over another’s tracks, to practically ruin the business of the latter, and consequently the value of its road as a property -; that such a power would be dangerous to the rights of other corporations and the interests of the public. This court, in the opinion filed in the case, conceded that a railway company seeking to cross the road of another company, has, under our statute, the right to determine both the place and manner of crossing, and in answer to the argument that such a power might be arbitrarily and wantonly exercised, said: “The security against a wanton and arbitrary exercise of this power upon mere whim or caprice, and that in all cases the point and manner of taking selected will be that least injurious to the owner and yet suited to the public necessity, is found in the fact that such corporations will be induced by considerations of their own best interests, to select, in making such crossings, that practical place and that practical mode which will be the least detrimental to the owner, because the corporation so selecting is required by law to make to the owner full compensation, jtnd the more injurious to the owner the place selected and the mode chosen, the greater will be the amount of necessary compensation to be paid.” This language, when considered in the light of the facts in that case, and the argument that was then pressed upon the court, leaves no doubt as to w'hat was meant. The obvious and palpable meaning of it is, that the appellee in that case would be liable to the appellant in the condemnation proceedings sought to be enjoined, for all damages directly resulting to it from the making or using of the crossing in question, whereby the value of its property was diminished or its facilities materially impaired for the transaction of its own business. To put any other construction upon what was said would be doing violence to the language then used.
We will recur now to the two cases above mentioned, and cited by appellee’s counsel as sustaining the view taken by the trial court. So far as the case of The Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. Joliet, Lockport and Aurora Ry. Co. is concerned, that simply holds that damages which result from the stopping of trains before making a railroad crossing, in conformity with the requirements of the statute, can not be treated as an element of damages in a condemnation proceeding, on the ground that the statute is a mere police regulation, liable to be repealed at any term. We certainly see nothing in this that sustains appellee’s position. Peoria and Pekin Union Ry. Co. v. Peoria and Farmington Ry. Co. supra, follows the other case in the respect we have stated. But it does something more. It expressly holds that in cases of this kind damages are recoverable for such injuries “as depreciate the value of the property, whether by taking a portion of it, or rendering the portion left less useful, or, in case of a railroad company or other corporate body, less capable of transacting its business,—such a hindrance and inconvenience as occasion loss, or diminish and limit its capacity to transact its business, by decreasing the power to transact as much, or by necessarily increasing the expense of what may be done, although not diminished. ” The test given in this case as to whether a particular inconvenience or hindrance, resulting from a crossing or other structure, should be treated as an element in the assessment of damages, is, does the inconvenience or hindrance in question necessarily abridge the owner’s capacity without increasing his expenses to transact an equal volume of business? If it does, it constitutes an element of damages, otherwise it does not, unless the value of the property itself is thereby depreciated, in which case that is always to be taken into the account in the assessment of damages.
The rule here given is sufficiently accurate for general purposes, and is but a repetition of what was said, in effect, in Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Ry. Co. v. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. 100 Ill. 21. The opinion in that case contains an elaborate review of the authorities on the very question now under consideration, and after a most thorough examination, aided by the arguments of some of the most eminent counsel in the State, a conclusion was reached, which was then, and is now, believed to be in consonance with simple justice, and in conformity with the constitution of the State, and an unbroken line of decisions of this court. The ease was afterwards most carefully reconsidered, on a petition for rehearing, and the conclusion theretofore reached was adhered to. That case distinctly holds, that where it is sought to take the property of a corporation in a proceeding of this kind, the same rule is to be applied in the assessment of damages as is applied to an individual under like circumstances, jjind the principles to govern the assessment in such a case are laid down in clear, unequivocal terms. In that as in this case, it was sought to limit the damages to the local direct physical injury to the company’s property, but the attempt was not successful. Upon this question it was then said: “The right of way is a right of user extending the whole length of the railroad, and any interference with it at any point, we think, may be considered in connection with and as affecting it as an entirety. We think it was competent to show as attempted, and to recover for damages to which the companies would be subjected by placing obstructions upon the right of way, whereby access to different parts of their lines would be interfered with, and their capacity for the transaction of business impaired or destroyed. * * * The limitation of the recovery of damages to those for the direct physical injury to the land was too restricted under the above cited decisions of this court, which are to the effect that there should be compensation for all such incidental loss, inconvenience and damage which may reasonably be expected to result from the construction and use of the crossing. ”
The authority of this ease has never been questioned, so far as we are advised, and the reasoning of the opinion is believed to be sound and unanswerable, outside of the fact that it is supported by the repeated decisions of this court. To say that the use of the subject of property may be limited or partially destroyed in the manner proposed, without affecting the right of property itself, is in plain terms a legal absurdity, for property itself, in a legal sense, is nothing more than the exclusive right “of possessing, enjoying and disposing of a thing, ” which, of course, includes the use of a thing. Suppose the-business of a railway company requires it to use a particular part of its road all the time, so that it could not stop without greatly deranging its business and* subjecting it to serious pecuniary losses. Now if, under these circumstances, a new company should be organized, and propose to run a number of tracks across that part of the old company’s line in constant use, and to conduct such a business on the new road as would occupy the crossing half the time, and consequently reduce the capacity of that part of the old company’s road just one-half, can it be doubted this would be an invasion of the right of property for which, under the constitution of the State, compensation would have to be made ? It is manifest that the value of a railroad property, outside of advantages of location and amount of business it controls, consists in the strength, permanency and durability of its structures, and its adaptability to, and capacity for doing railroad business. The conclusion would therefore seem irresistible, that whenever the proposed condemnation and subsequent user will injuriously affect such a property in either of these respects, the injury thus occasioned will form a proper basis for the assessment of damages in a proceeding of this kind.
It follows from what we have said, that the trial court erred in its rulings upon the admission, of testimony touching the question of damages, and for this error the judgment is reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.'
Judgment reversed.