delivered the opinion of the Court:
Appellee, as executor of the estate of Ira Millard, deceased, presented to the county court of Montgomery county, his report. Five exceptions were filed thereto by appellant, which were severalty overruled by the county court, and an appeal taken by appellant to the circuit court. In the circuit court the first and third exceptions were overruled, and appellant excepted. The second exception was sustained as to the sum of $1928.83, and that sum disallowed and overruled to the extent and amount of $3440, to which ruling both parties excepted. The fourth exception was sustained in respect of two §25 items for attorney’s fees, and overruled as to the residue, to which no exception was saved. The fifth exception ivas overruled without prejudice to appellant, and she excepted. An appeal was prayed by both parties, but was perfected by appellee, only. His appeal, as perfected, is from the order of the circuit court made upon the second and fourth exceptions .only, in the rejection of the items mentioned. In the Appellate Court, appellee there, the appellant here, filed cross-errors, assigning as error the orders of the circuit court overruling the first, third and fifth exceptions, and partial overruling of the second and fourth exceptions, as indicated. It is insisted that she has the right to file cross-errors questioning any ruling of the circuit court upon the report of the executor, and is not limited to the orders from which the executor appealed. The contention is, that the appeal by the executor brought the entire record into the Appellate Court for review'. So much of the order of the circuit court as sustains the second exception, was reversed by the Appellate Court. The case is brought here by the appeal of Phoebe A. Millard, who now assigns for error this judgment of the Appellate Court,, as well as its refusal to sustain her cross-errors.
We are of opinion that the position of appellant is not tenable. In Curts v. Brooks, 71 111. 127, it is said: “The order of approval of a part of the report was a distinct and complete.. judgment, separate from the other, rejecting his claim for money paid out by him. * * * The order rejecting the claim of the- administrator was a separate and wholly-independent judgment, in now'ise connected with the other; and wdien it w'as appealed from, the circuit court only acquired jurisdiction over this judgment, and could only bear evidence and adjudicate upon the rejected items of the report.” In Morgan, Admr. v. Morgan, 83 Ill. 196, it is said, that “each item in the administrator’s account rendered is a separate claim, depending alone upon its own merits, having no connection with the other items. The judgment upon it must necessarily he a separate judgment, from which an appeal may be taken.” In the ease at bar, the item in the report for money paid by the executor on the Lucy A. Haskell notes, is wholly independent of the claim for money pa’id out on the legacy to Mrs. Taylor, and each of these wholly disconnected with the item for payment of the Haskell, Harris & Co. notes, and all distinctly separate from the claim for the attorney’s fees paid. Each item excepted to, depends upon a different state of facts, wholly disconnected with the facts upon which the others are based. Evidence pertinent to any one of them would have no relevanóy to the others. • The litigation of neither item involves investigation of the others. The allowance or disallowance of the disconnected items in the report are to be held as independent orders of the court.
The 124th section of chapter 3 of the Revised Statutes, as said in Morgan v. Morgan, supra, “clearly contemplates- appeals from any one order of the county court, made in favor or against administrators or executors.” The same would be true of the orders of the circuit court made on appeal to that tribunal. The right of appeal from the judgments and orders of the circuit court, in eases of administration of estates, is given by the same section that gives the' right of appeal to that court, by adding to the provisions of the act relating to appeals from the county court; the words, “and from the circuit to the Supreme Court, as in other cases.” Since the passage of the Appellate Court act, the' appeal manifestly lies to the Appellate Court, or this court, from the judgment of the circuit court, as provided in that act. An appeal brings up so much of the record, only, as relates to the judgment appealed from. Any other rule will lead to delay and uselessly expensive litigation. The policy of the law is to facilitate the speedy and economical settlement of estates. There is no hardship in the rule announced. If appellant felt herself aggrieved by any of the orders of the circuit court, she had the right to perfect an appeal therefrom. Having failed to do so, she can not now file cross-errors upon parts of the record not brought up by the executor’s appeal.
No exception having been saved to the orders entered upon the fourth exception, errors assigned thereon can not be considered. It follows, then, that the right of appellant to assign cross-errors -is limited to the order of the court upon the second exception.
The second exception questions the right of the executor to credit for payment of five promissory notes, given by his testator to Lucy A. Haskell, and aggregating at the date of payment $5368.83. The facts are, that the five promissory notes were made in the lifetime of Ira Millard, deceased, and were secured by a deed of trust on an eighty-acre tract of'his land. One of the notes, for $940.30, was paid by the executor May 8,1878, and on the 10th of July, 1879, he paid another thereof, amounting to $1040.58. These payments were each made before allowance, but within two years from the date of issuing of letters testamentary, and the notes were held by the executor as vouchers, and presented with his report after the expiration of such two years. The remaining three notes, amounting to $3387.95, were paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the land upon which they were secured. The will of Ira Millard, deceased, provided, that if the personal estate should prove insufficient, the executor should sell sufficient of the real estate of the testator to complete the payment of debts. The executor had the eighty-acre tract incumbered by the trust deed, appraised, and on the 6th of March, 1880, under the power given in the will, sold said tract, at public sale, for $3440. At the sale, the executor publicly announced, and agreed with bidders, that the incumbrance should be paid out of the proceeds of the sale, so that the purchaser would acquire title disincumbered from the lien of the trust deed. The executor, from the money derived from the sale, paid the three notes, and discharged said lien. This left in his hands* as assets of the estate derived from such sale, the sum of $52.05. Instead, however, of charging himself with the sum actually received, he charged himself, in his report, with the amount for which the land was sold, and asked credit for the amount paid to remove the incumbrance. This credit of $3387.95 is also included in the second exception, the exception thereto being overruled by the circuit court. The cross-errors assigned by appellant, in the Appellate Court, question the correctness" of this ruling.
Some, criticism is made by counsel upon the consideration of the latter branch of the question, in view of the holding that the order disallowing the items for the payment of the two notes first paid, was a separate order from the other, subrogating the executor to the rights of the payee of the three notes last paid. It will be observed, that the subrogation allowed by the circuit court, extended not only to the amount of the three notes, but to the full amount for which the land sold, and, therefore, the right to payment of a part of the item appealed from, brings directly in issue the right to appropriate the proceeds of such sale. The cross-errors assigned properly question the correctness of the judgment of the circuit court in that respect.
Appellant insists that the executor having failed to exhibit for allowance wdthin the two years’ limitation, the two notes first paid by him, is not entitled to be credited with the amount paid thereon, and the circuit court so held. It is conceded that the notes were presented to him, and paid, before the statutory limitations had expired, but were- not allowed against the estate. We are referred to very many cases, mostly from other States, but none of which can be said to control the questions here involved. The cases of Reitzell v. Miller, 25 Ill. 67, and Walker et al. v. Diehl, 79 id. 473, are relied upon by counsel as sustaining the contention of appellant. This question was not before the court in either of those cases. In the former case, the question under discussion was, the power of the administrator to submit claims against the estate to arbitration. In the other, the court is discussing the power of the county court to order the sale of lands of the intestate, upon claims not appearing to have been allowed against the estate. In each of , these cases it. is said, in substance, that when an administrator or executor pays a claim before allowance, he takes upon himself .the burden of proving up the claim and having it allowed, the. same as any other creditor. In one, it is said by way of illustrating the powers of administrators; and in the other, as showing the necessity of the. allowance of claims against estates before a sale of real estate could be made for their payment. When considered in the light of the cases, then under consideration, the language employed, especially in the latter case, states the law correctly. The administrator had paid claims against the estate, out of his private funds, and he certainly would be required to prove and have allowed such a claim, as any other creditor. In neither of the cases was the two years’ limitation in any way involved or discussed by the court.
Section 70, chapter 3, of the Revised Statutes, in providing for the classification of claims, provides that the seventh class shall be all other debts and demands which shall be exhibited to the court within two years from the granting of letters; “and all demands not exhibited within two years, as aforesaid, shall be forever barred, ” unless the “creditor” shall find other estate not inventoried, etc. Section 72 of the act provides: “When an executor or administrator has a demand against his testator or intestate’s estate, he shall file his demand as other persons, and the court shall appoint some discreet person to appear and defend for the estate, and upon hearing, the court or jury shall allow such demand, or such part thereof as is legally established, or reject the same, as shall appear just. ”
The conclusion would seem irresistible, if the claim paid off and discharged by the executor out of the assets of the estate became a demand in favor of the administrator, against the estate, within the meaning of the 7Oth section, that it must be proved and allowed under the provisions of section 72. The limitation applies to all debts and demands against the estate, and section 72 applies to all demands the executor or administrator has against the estate "of his testator or intestate. That such 'was not the intention of the legislature, is, we think,' manifest by a consideration of the following 'section: “The county court shall make an entry of all demands against estates, classing the same as above provided, and file and preserve the papers belonging to the same. If 'an executor or administrator pays a claim before the same is allowed, as aforesaid, said court shall require such executor or administrator to establish the validity of such claim by like evidence as is required in other cases, before'the same is classed, and he be credited therewith.” To the end that there inay be a speedy settlement of estates, the law requires presentation of all claims within two years from the issuing of letters, -and this provision applies as well to executors and administrators having demands, as to others. When the demand has been paid by the executor, it is extinguished, and is, in no just sense, a demand against the estate. All that remains to be done is to adjust the accounts of the executor or administrator. Such claims, when paid out of the assets of the estate, when their validity is shown, as required to establish the validity of the claims against the estate, entitles the administrator to be'credited -for expenditure of so much of the estate as claims of the saíne class'will be entitled to, pro rata, on final settlement.
The case of The People v. Phelps, Admx. 78 Ill. 147, is a clear recognition of the right of the executor to pay claims out of the assets of the estate within two years, and subsequently be allowed therefor. It is there said by the court: “It was "proven the claims were just, and having been presented to the administratrix within the time limited by the statute, she could, if the condition of the estate would warrant it, pay them, and afterwards have them allowed, which was done in this case.” It does not appear in that case, as reported, whether the credit was allowed to the administratrix before or after the expiration of the period of limitation. The administrator or executor has no power or right to admit or adjust a claim, or to settle its validity so as to bind the estate, (Reitzell v. Miller, supra,) and, therefore, in paying a claim against the estate, he is administering, he assumes the burden of satisfying the court of its validity. When he has done this, he has complied with the requirements of the statute, and it is the duty of the court to classify the claim, and allow him credit for having expended so much of the funds of the estate as can be applied pro rata in payment of such claim, in the due and proper administration of the estate. (The People v. Phelps, Admx. supra.) It is not material whether the payment is reported and proof of the validity'of the claim made before or after the time limited by the statute for the presentation of claims. It will frequently be the case that the county court can not know whether'such claims shall be paid in full or not, until after the two years within which claims may be presented have expired, and creditors in the class to which the particular claim belongs, can be paid in full or not, so that it will be impracticable to give the administrator the ■ proper credit until that time has elapsed. Full power is given that court to compel reports to be made, and to coerce settlements of estates.. We have already seen that the executor is entitled to be credited with the full amount of the notes paid out of the funds of the estate, if the estate shall prove solvent, without applying a portion of the amount derived from the sale of the land thereon, under the doctrine of subrogation, as ivas done by the circuit court.
In regard to the second branch of the order upon the second exception, it is contended that the executor should be charged with the amount of the sale, but should receive no credit for the money paid to remove the incumbrance from the land; that he having charged himself, must show himself entitled to credits therefor, or account to the estate for it, and that as the notes had not been presented to the county court for allowance, and the Statute of Limitations had barred them, he could not pay them and receive credit therefor. It is insisted, with much force, that the right of the executor to be subrogated to the rights of the payee of the notes is untenable, and also, if the right existed, that the equitable powers of the county court do-not extend to the application of the doctrine of subrogation. It will not be necessary to discuss those questions, for, without invoking that doctrine, upon other grounds the right of the executor to be credited with the amount of the three notes paid from the proceeds of the sale of the land, clearly exists. Clearly, the doctrine of estoppel can not be invoked against the ekeeutor. Nothing is shown to have been done by devisee or creditor that wrould have been omitted, nor anything left undone by any one upon the faith of his report, nor has the position of any one been changed in consequence. Equitable estoppels can only be set up to prevent injustice, not to perpetrate it. By the report, in which he charges himself with the proceeds of the sale of the land, he shows the payment of the incumbrance thereon.
The county court, in the settlement of estates, is vested with equitable as well as legal powers. In case of mistake or accident, by which the administrator or executor is charged in his report with too much or too little, the court will be authorized to ascertain the true facts, and correct the report as the facts may justify and warrant, and charge the executor or administrator with the amount he justly owes. (Dixon v. Buell, 21 Ill. 203; Wadsworth v. Connell, 104 id. 369; Brandon et al. v. Brown, Exr. 106 id. 521.) In the adjustment of the accounts of executors, administrators and guardians, the county court has equitable jurisdiction, and may adopt equitable forms of procedure. (In re Steele, Guardian, 65 Ill. 326; Hurd v. Slayton, 43 id. 348; Brandon v. Brown, supra.) Upon the presentation of the report by the executor in this case, if, upon the face of the report, it appeared, or by extrinsic evidence was shown, that the executor had charged himself with a sum not in his hands, or properly not chargeable, the court had the power to ascertain' the true facts, and charge the executor with the amount justly chargeable against him, and no more. This the court did, and in so doing was amply sustained by the authorities cited.
That the trust deed was a valid incumbrance upon the land, and the power and right of the executor to make sale of lands, are not controverted. It is apparent that the devisee must take the land subject to such incumbrance. The executor had power to sell the interest of the devisee to complete the payment of debts justly due from the estate, and not barred by the Statute of Limitations. The only interest the devisee could have, would be, that the land should sell for its full value, so that the residue of her estate might be relieved, as far as practicable, from liability. It is shown, and not controverted, that the land brought all it was worth. The executor discharged the lien of the trust deed, not out of funds of the estate, but' by an application of so much of the proceeds of the sale thereof as was necessary to pay the same, and no more. Whether the indebtedness secured by the trust deed was barred from probate or not, neither the executor nor the devisee had any legal or equitable right to the money derived from the sale of the land, against the legal holder of such indebtedness. The devisee was in nowise injured by the sale thus made, or the application made of the proceeds. It was understood at that sale, that so much of the purchase money as should be necessary would be applied in extinguishment of the incumbrance, and when paid by the purchaser to appellee, he would hold it in trust, merely, and a court of equity would compel its application in his hands to the payment of the debt secured by the trust deed. The only money that came into the hands of the executor, as such,.and which he was bound to account for as assets of the estate derived from the sale of this land, was the residue after paying, the prior subsisting incumbrance thereon. This was the sum of $52.05. The result would have been precisely the same if he had left the incumbrance to be paid by the purchaser, instead of becoming the medium through which the same was discharged. By his report, the county court was apprised of the exact state of the account, and had the right to treat the report of the difference between the amount of the sale and the amount taken, therefrom to pay the incumbrance, as the amount which should have been accounted, for as assets in hand, which it did, or the court could have stricken out these items, and compelled the report of the amount actually received by the executor.
Finding no error in this record for which the judgment of the Appellate Court should be reversed, the judgment of that court will'be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.