delivered the opinion of the Court s
At the August term, 1888, of the Fulton circuit court, plaintiff in error was indicted for the murder of one Stephen Mc-Eehee. On his petition the venue was changed to Peoria county, and at the December term, 1888, of the circuit court of that county, he was found guilty of murder, and sentenced to be executed. He sues out this writ of error, and urges a reversal of the judgment below, principally on the ground that the trial court erred in admitting improper evidence on behalf of the People, to his prejudice.
Mrs. Debbie McGehee, wife of the deceased, was the principal witness in the ease. .She had been married to the defendant, Farris, but had obtained a divorce from him, and on February 28, 1888, married the deceased. She had not lived with the defendant since May 9, 1884. She testifies that about noon, on the 18th of April, 1888, while she, her husband and the children were eating dinner, defendant came to the east door of the room in which they were sitting, -with a revolver in his right hand. Her husband spoke to him, saying, "How do you do?” He replied, “How are you?” and immediately said, “You damned son of a bitch, I have come to kill you, and I am going to do it;” that McGehee started to get up, when the defendant fired upon him, and was about firing the second shot, when deceased, still being in the act of rising, exclaimed, “Oh! don’t!” The second shot was fired, and Mc-Gehee fell. There is no dispute as to the fact that by one or both of these shots McGehee was instantly killed. Immediately the defendant threatened to kill Mrs. McGehee, but she and her little boy succeeded in forcing him out of the house, and overcame him. He then begged them to let him up, and upon his promising that he would not kill her, they did so. Thereupon he proposed to go in the house and get some coffee, but she told him that none had been prepared for dinner, and as he and the children went in the house she ran in the direction of one of the neighbors. She had gone but a short distance when she discovered that he was pursuing her, and calling upon her to stop. He came up to where she was, and again threatened to shoot her. She sat down on the ground, and he and the children also sat down near her, and she says they then had some conversation, in which he inquired why she married McGehee, and said that her mother had told him to kill McGehee. They remained there a short time, when she asked him to hitch up the team for her, so that she might go to her parents, and he promised to do so. They went to the barn, he going in but she remaining at first outside. He commanded her to come on in. At this point an objection was made, by counsel for defendant, as to any evidence of what took place there, upon the ground “that it was no part of the res gesta;” and in ruling upon that objection the court held and stated that the prosecution “might prove that the defendant committed the crime of rape upon Mrs. McGehee within a reasonable time after the killing, upon the theory that such evidence tended to prove the motive or intent with which the homicide was committed.” She then proceeded to testify that she went in the barn upon his demanding that she should, and sat down, and that they there had some further conversation, but not about McG-ehee. He finally refused to hitch up the team, and they left the barn and “started to town.” He made some inquiry as to what was kept in an old house near by, and proposed to go in and see. He went in and told her to come in, but she refused until he again told her to do so, when, through fear, she obeyed. Before they went in he gave the revolver to the little boy, and sent the children to the barn. He then made an indecent proposal to her, which she refused. Thereupon he struck her, and pushed her against the side of the house, she resisting, and attempting to push him away. Counsel for the People then asked her, “What did he do ?” Answer, “He mistreated me.” Question, “What then occurred ? You need not have any hesitancy about telling what was done there. The jury want to know all the facts.” And counsel proceeded, by direct questions, to prove by her that the defendant then and there committed a rape upon her. This occurred, as she testifies, about a half hour after the shooting.
As to the circumstances connected with the shooting, Mrs. McG-ehee is fully corroborated by Eddie Farris, a son of defendant and herself, about eleven years old. The evidence shows that defendant was intoxicated to some extent, and had been drinking for several days; but Mrs. McGehee swears that he knew what he was doing, and there is no reason to doubt her evidence as to that fact. After the evidence of Mrs. Mc-Gehee it was also shown by the State that defendant recently, prior to the killing, made threats against deceased. The only attempt at justification was, that the shooting was done in self-defense, and it is not now claimed that there was any substantial proof in the case upon which to base it.
The foregoing statement will be found sufficiently full for a satisfactory consideration of the question whether or not it was competent for the prosecution to prove the crime of rape, as allowed by the court below, that being the only question which we deem it important to notice.
The general rule, that evidence of a distinct, substantive offense can not be admitted in support of another offense, is laid down by all the authorities. It is, in fact, but the reiteration of the still more general rule, that in all cases, civil or criminal, the evidence must be confined to the point in issue, it being said, however, by authors on the criminal law, that in criminal cases the necessity is even stronger than in civil cases of strictly enforcing the rule, for where a prisoner is charged with an offense, it is of the utmost importance to him that the facts laid before the jury should consist exclusively of the transaction which forms the subject of the indictment and matters relating thereto, which, alone, he can be expected to come prepared to answer. 3 Bussell on Crimes, (5th ed.) 368; 1 Boscoe on Grim. Evidence, (8th ed.) 92.
“No fact which, on principles of sound logic, does not sustain or impeach a pertinent hypothesis, is relevant, and no such fact, therefore, unless otherwise provided by some positive prescription of law, should be admitted as evidence on a trial. The reason of this rule is obvious. To admit evidence of such collateral facts would be to oppress the party implicated, by trying him on a case for preparing which he has no notice, and sometimes by prejudicing the jury against him. * * * To sustain the introduction of such facts they must be in some way capable, as will presently be seen more fully, of being brought into a common system with that under trial.” (Wharton on Grim. Evidence, sec. 29.) “In criminal cases there are peculiar reasons why the test before us should be applied to proof of collateral crimes.” Ibid. sec. 30.
“This rule,” says Greenleaf, vol. 1, see. 52, (not confining it to criminal cases,) “excludes all evidence of collateral facts, or those which are incapable of affording any reasonable presumption or inference as to the principal fact or matter in dispute,—and the reason is, that such evidence tends to draw away the minds of the jurors from the point in issue, and to excite prejudice, and mislead them; and, moreover, the adverse party having had no notice of such a course of evidence, is not prepared to rehut it.”
In Sutton v. Johnson, 62 Ill. 209, which was a civil suit, for an assault and battery, and assault with intent to commit a rape, a witness on behalf of the plaintiff was allowed to testify that the defendant had told him “that he and his wife had not been getting along well together, and he had to be too intimate with the hired woman, or was forced to be too intimate with the hired woman,” not stating who the woman was, and for that error alone a judgment in favor of the plaintiff was reversed, Mr. Justice Sheldon saying in the opinion rendered: “This evidence did not tend to prove the assault, * * * and did tend to prejudice the jury against the defendant. There should not have been brought into the trial of the simple issue in this case, anything which might be regarded as slanderous matter, or other improper conduct of the defendant, to make against him, ■ and by its consideration be likely to influence the verdict of the jury.”
It is conceded that the mere fact that testimony may tend to prove the commission of other crimes, or to establish collateral facts, does not necessarily render it incompetent, provided it is pertinent to the point in issue, and tends to prove the crime charged; but the general rule is against receiving evidence of another offense, and no authority can be found to justify its admission, unless it clearly appears that such evidence tends, in some way, to prove the accused guilty of the crime for which he is on trial. Says Agnew, J., in Shaffner v. Commonwealth, 72 Pa. St. 65: “To make one criminal act evidence of another, a connection between them must have existed in the mind of the actor, linking them together for some purpose he intended to accomplish; or it must be necessary to identify the person of the actor by connection which shows that he who committed the one must have done7the other.” And he adds: “If the evidence be so dubious that the judge does not clearly perceive the connection, the benefit of the doubt should be given to the prisoner, instead of suffering the minds of the jurors to be prejudiced by an independent fact carrying with it no proper evidence of the particular guilt.”
In Lapage v. State, 57 N. H. 245, Cushing, C. J., after citing many cases in which such proof was held competent, and showing that in each of them some logical connection existed between the independent crime proved and that charged, says : “It should also be remembered, that this being a matter of judgment, it is quite likely that courts would not always agree, and that some courts might see a logical connection when others could not. But however extreme the case may be, I think it will be found that the courts have always professed to put the admission of the testimony on the ground that there was some logical connection between the crime proposed to be proved, other than the tendency to commit one crime, as manifested by the tendency to commit the other.”
In Commonwealth v. Ferrigan, 44 Pa. St. 386, Thompson, J., says: “The rule on this subject may, in substance, be stated to be, that when facts and circumstances amount to proof of another crime than that charged, and there is ground to believe that the crime charged grew out of it or was in any way caused by it, such facts and circumstances may be proved, to show the quo animo of the accused.”
Again, in Commonwealth v. Merriam, 14 Pick. 518, Putnam, J., said: “Evidence should be excluded which tends only to the proof of collateral facts. It should be admitted if it has a natural tendency to establish the fact in controversy. If the evidence is irrelevant it should be rejected, for two reasons : First, it would have a tendency to mislead the jury from the true subject of the inquiry; and second, no man is to'be expected to go to trial prepared to prove things which are unconnected with the issue.”
Our conclusion from all the authorities is, that whatever be the object of the testimony,—whether to prove guilty knowledge, as in prosecutions for passing forged notes or counterfeit money, where proof of other offenses of the same kind is competent ; to prove that the act was not accidental or done by mistake, as in case of poisoning or embezzlement; to prove motive, as on trial of a husband for the murder of his wife, in which case, in the absence of direct evidence, proof of adultery by the prisoner with another woman was held competent; or in cases where the prisoner says he did not do the act, and supports his denial with the assertion that no motive existed within him for the commission of such a crime, or to refute some' anticipated defense,—proof of a distinct, substantive crime is never admissible, unless there is some logical eonnection between the two, from which it can be said the one tends to establish the other. In this case it must be borne in mind that there is no evidence whatever connecting the two •acts, or tending to show wherein the commission of the rape had any bearing upon or tendency to explain the commission of the homicide, and therefore, if it be held that evidence of the one tended to prove the other, it must be upon the ground that there is some natural or obvious connection between the two acts. Did the proof of rape in this case tend to prove defendant guilty of murder? What element-in the crime of murder was wanting when this evidence was admitted, or what fact in evidence necessary to make out the crime of murder did it tend to strengthen or corroborate ? It seems clear to us that these are questions which puzzle the legal mind, and can only be answered so as to sustain the admissibility of the evidence in question, if at all, by drawing exceedingly fine distinctions.
To the other question,—was it not evidence calculated to inflame the minds of the jury, and prejudice them against the defendant, rather than prove him guilty of murder,—the answer is obvious. It is insisted that the object was to show a motive, and for that purpose the learned judge held it competent. In the first place, under the facts proved it was not necessary to prove a motive. In cases of doubt as to whether the party charged did the criminal act, proof of motive is important, and often decisive; but in this case, the State having shown the deliberate shooting, under circumstances showing both express and implied malice, proof of motive was not necessary to a conviction; and while the prosecution doubtless had the right to add that proof by competent evidence, it may well he doubted whether testimony so strongly calculated to prejudice the jury against the defendant should have been admitted, even though it tended to prove a motive, such proof not being necessary to the case. But no theory has been suggested upon which it can be said that the commission of the crime of rape tended to show a motive for the homicide, and after a most careful examination of all the evidence, and a consideration of it in all its phases, we can discover no ra7 tional connection between the two acts, whereby it can be inferred that desire, purpose or intent to commit the crime upon Mrs. MeGehee could have influenced the mind of defendant to take the life of deceased. To so hold seems to us not only illogical, but unnatural and unreasonable.
It is contended by counsel for the People, that the prosecution had a right to show all that the defendant did from the time he came to the place of the killing until he left it, as parts of one and the same transaction. Here again we must deal with the question, when is it competent to prove a crime distinct from the one for which the accused is on trial ? We have already seen, the general rule of evidence excludes such proof. An exception to that rule allows it when the acts form one transaction. (1 Wharton on Crim. Law, sec. 649.) As in Heath’s case, where it was held competent to show, under the circumstances of the case, that the prisoner, shortly before the killing, shot a third person, notwithstanding the evidence tended to prove a distinct felony, such shooting and the hilling of the deceased appearing to he connected as parts of one transaction,, (1 Rob. Va. 735.) Or where, on trial for breaking into a booking office, evidence was admitted that the prisoner had on the same night broken into three other booking offices belonging to three other stations on the same railway, the four cases being all mixed up together. (R. v. Cobden, 3 F. & F. 76.) The same principle obtains when it is sought to prove some distinct act as part of the res gestee, in which case “the principal points of attention are, whether the circumstances and declarations offered in proof were contemporaneous with the main fact under consideration, and whether they were so connected with it as to illustrate its character.” (1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 108.) Here, as we have said, there is no proof to connect the two acts, nor is there any such obvious relation between them that it .may be inferred that the one in any way characterized the other. We are convinced that there is no theory upon which the competency of this testimony can be sustained, without breaking down firmly established rules of evidence.
It is suggested, and pressed by way of argument, that although the trial court may have erred in allowing this proof, yet, the case being so clearly made out by other evidence and the defense so utterly futile, the error should be held harmless. If the only punishment for the crime of murder in this State was death, the point would be entitled to weight. If it was within the province of the court to assume that the jury would have inflicted the death penalty because the proof of guilt justified it, or if our decision was to affect this case alone, we might hesitate to order a reversal on this theory. The legislature has seen fit to clothe juries with a wide discretion in fixing the punishment to be inflicted upon one convicted of murder. Every defendant on trial for that crime is entitled to the full benefit of the statute. When all else has failed him, he has a right to stand before a jury unprejudiced by incompetent, irrelevant evidence, and appeal to them to spare his life. It is impossible for us to know what the jury in this case would have done but for the introduction of this incompetent evidence, much less is it our province to say what they should have done, and no opinion is expressed on that subject. We can only judge of the influence of such testimony upon the minds of the jury by experience and observation common to us all. Here was proof of a distinct felony,—the disgusting and abhorrent facts attendant upon the commission of that most brutal and infamous crime given in detail. No one need be told that from that moment, if the evidence was believed, all feeling of commiseration and mercy toward the defendant must have fled the minds of the jury. There was left for him no possible escape from the death penalty. But aside from all these considerations, we are required to settle a. rule of evidence in criminal trials, not merely with reference to this case, but in consideration of future consequences and other rights, and we can not, from that consideration alone, hesitate to hold that there was such manifest and prejudicial error -in the admission of evidence by the trial court in this case as must work a reversal of its judgment.
The judgment will be reversed.
Judgment reversed.
Magbudee, J.: It does not seem to me to be right to reverse this judgment. I cannot concur in the opinion.
Shope, G. J.: I can not concur in the conclusion reached by the majority of the court.