delivered the opinion of the court:
It is first claimed as a ground of reversal that the deed was never delivered by plaintiff in error, and that this is evidenced by the fact that he always retained the possession of the same, together with the property conveyed. The question as to what acts are necessary to constitute a sufficient delivery to render a deed operative and to pass the title to land has been the subject of much discussion in this court. The deed may be delivered to the grantee or to his agent. No particular form or ceremony is necessary to constitute such a delivery. It may be by acts or words or both, or by one without the other; but what is said or done must clearly manifest the intention of the grantor and of the grantee that the deed shall at once become operative to pass the title to the land conveyed and that the grantor shall lose all control over the deed. (Byars v. Spencer, 101 Ill. 429.) The question of delivery is one both of law and of fact. From the details of such facts and attending circumstances is to be determined the legal question as to whether such acts and declarations constitute a legal delivery. (Shults v. Shults, 159 Ill. 654.) In cases of voluntary settlement the law makes stronger presumptions in favor of the delivery than in any ordinary case of bargain and sale, for the reason that it is an attempt on the part of the grantor to make a settlement. (Bryan v. Wash, 2 Gilm. 557; Cline v. Jones, 111 Ill. 563.) Such settlements, fairly made, are binding on the grantor unless there be clear and decisive proof that he never parted or intended to part with the possession of the deed, and if he retained it the weight of authority is decidedly in favor of its validity, unless there are other circumstances besides the mere fact of his retaining it to show that it was not intended to be absolute. (Shults v. Shults, supra; Otis v. Beckwith, 49 Ill. 121; Perry on Trusts, sec. 103.) It therefore follows that the intention of the grantor is the controlling element.
In the case of Brady v. Huber, 197 Ill. 291, the appellee sought to avoid a deed made to his daughter in fraud of creditors, and on page 294 we said: “We think it must be held the deeds were delivered at the time of the making thereof. The evidence shows two deeds from the father to the daughter were executed at the same time, one conveying to her the property here involved,—the Alton property, in Madison county, Illinois,—and the other the land in the county of St. Charles, in the State of Missouri; that the appellee, her father, sent the appellant, the daughter, with the deed to the Missouri land to St. Charles to be filed for record, and that he took the other deed to Edwardsville, the county seat of Madison county, and filed it with the recorder to be recorded. Both deeds were duly recorded. The appellee testified the deeds were both returned to him by mail by the respective recording officers, and the appellant, his daughter, swears they were sent to her by such officers. The execution and recording of the deed here involved, by the appellee, raise the presumption, in law, that he intended to divest himself of title, and unless such presumption is rebuted it must be held the deeds were delivered. (9 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law,—2d ed.—p. 159, and many cases decided in this court, cited in note 4.) In Union Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 95 Ill. 267, we said (p. 284) : ‘The mere act of recording, alone, as we have seen, is but prima facie evidence of a delivery and liable to be rebutted; and it is successfully rebutted, as all the cases agree, when it is shown that the deed was not in the nature of a family settlement or of a gift to a minor, (as to which hereafter,) but is intended to confer no benefit upon the grantee, and its execution and recording are wholly unknown to him until after the death of the grantor.’ In Weber v. Christen, 121 Ill. 91, we said (p. 97) : ‘We think, in the case of an adult grantee, the acknowledging and recording of the deed without his knowledge or consent does not, of itself, according to the weight of authority, amount to a delivery. In Sullivan v. Eddy, 154 Ill. 199, we held the presumption of delivery arising from the registration of a deed had been successfully rebutted by proof, among other things, that the grantee was ignorant of the execution and recording of the deed and claimed nothing under it. * * * But here no question of acceptance can arise. It appeared without dispute the appellee, influenced by the fear that his lands might be seized by a creditor, executed a conveyance thereof to his daughter with intent to divest himself of title so that it would be beyond reach of his creditors; that the deed imposed no burden on the grantee, but was without condition or qualification and was beneficial to her; that' the daughter, the grantee, well knew of the execution of the deeds and consented that the conveyances should be made to her, and that the grantor, with the knowledge and consent of the grantee, placed the deed upon the public records', with the intent it should be deemed and taken by his creditors as a completed and effective conveyance of the premises. Under such circumstances the grantor must be deemed concluded by the presumption of delivery which arises from the recording of the deed. (Walton v. Burton, 107 Ill. 54; Thompson v. Dearborn, id. 87; Moore v. Giles, 49 Conn. 570.) Manual delivery by the grantor to the grantee is not essential.—Rivard, v. Walker, 39 Ill. 413; Rodemeier v. Brown, 169 id. 347.”
From the above authorities and from the evidence in this case we are of the opinion that there was a prima facie delivery of the deed to the defendant in error and such an acceptance of the same by her as to convey title, and that this prima facie case has not been so rebutted as to overcome the presumption. The circuit court was therefore not in error in decreeing that the deed was delivered.
There is another good reason why the decree of the circuit court must be affirmed. The bill is a confession on the part of the plaintiff in error that he made the deed which he now seeks to avoid, for the purpose of placing his property in such condition that his wife could not secure her dower out of it. He does not, on his own showing, come into court with clean hands, and on that ground alone is not in a position to ask relief in equity. He does pot claim in his bill that he was induced by others to form the unlawful purpose, but only that he was taken advantage of in the execution of that purpose. The only lawful means by which he could place his property in a condition so that it would not be charged with the right of dower of his wife was to divest himself of the title to it by a conveyance made in good faith. That he could not put it out of his hands for the purpose of defeating dower, and when the motive for so doing had ceased invoke the aid of a court of equity to re-invest himself with the title, is too well known for controversy. Muller v. Balke, 154 Ill. 110; Tyler v. Tyler, 126 id. 525.
We find no reversible error, and the decree of the circuit court will be affirmed.
Decree affirmed.