Uhtje Krefting brought his action in the Peoria Circuit Court against Elizabeth Camblin and Frederick Koozier, to recover for labor and materials furnished in the construction of a house upon Mrs. Camblin’s land, about 1865; afterward the death of Krefting was suggested, and Richard Teessen, as administrator, substituted as plaintiff in place of the deceased, and the suit was dismissed as to the defendant Koozier. Mrs. Camblin filed plea of non-assumpsit, Statute of Limitations and notice of set-off. The notice of set-off was subsequently withdrawn and the cause proceeded to trial by a jury, upon issues formed upon these pleas, when a verdict was rendered for the defendant. Teessen appealed to this court, and assigns for error that the court below admitted improper testimony to go to the jury; gave improper instructions for the defendant, and refused to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial. The real question in the case was, whether there had been a new promise on the part of the appellee, sufficient to take the case out of the Statute of Limitations (it being conceded that the original cause of action accrued more than five years previous to the commencement of the suit.) The first evidence offered on the part of the plaintiff, on the trial in the Circuit Court, was a decree rendered by the Tazewell Circuit Court, March 1871, in a suit of divorce by Elizabeth Koozier (now Camblin), complainant, against Frederick Koozier, defendant, dissolving the bands of matrimony existing between them; also awarding to the complainant the possession of the lands and some personal property which she formerly owned, and after reciting that the complainant had “ so stipulated in open court decreed, that she should pay to Grafton (who it seems was the same as Krefting) the amount due them upon the building of a house on said land.” The decree was admitted against the defendant’s objection. This evidence, if properly admitted (which we do not concede) failed entirely to establish a new promise on the part of appellee to pay Uhtje Krefting a debt barred by the Statute of Limitations, Krefting being a stranger to the record, and from anything that appears to the contrary, wholly unacquainted with the proceedings in that case. It was no promise to him, nor to any one acting on his behalf. This was necessary to prevent the bar of the statute. The court says in Keener v. Crull and wife, 19 Ill. 189, “ the promise must be made to the party seeking its benefit, or to some one authorized to act for them. A promise to a stranger is insufficient to establish a promise to the plaintiff or the party whom he represents: Kyle v. Wells, 17 Pa. St. 12, 286; Braidsford v. James, 3 Strob. 12, 171; Martin v. Brooch, 6 Ga. 12, 21.
This doctrine is recognized and approved in Norton v. Colby, 52 Ill. 198, and again in Carroll et al. v. Forsyth, 69 Ill. 127; Wachter v. Albee, 80 Ill. 47; McGrew et al., ex’rs. v. Forsyth, 80 Ill. 596.
The authorities referred to by the counsel for appellant on this branch of the case are not in point. They were suits brought upon original undertakings by a third party to pay for the benefit of the creditor the debt of the debtor, while the promise in the decree réad in evidence, if a promise at all, was made by the appellee to the party of record in that case to extinguish a liability then existing between her and a stranger to it.
The other evidence in the case to establish a new promise is contained in the testimony of the witness Daniel ¡R. Sheen (who was afterward employed as attorney in the case), and ¡Richard Teessen, the appellant, who, in April, 1877, called on appellee for the purpose of collecting this bill. The former says the items of the bill were read over to her, and that she at first refused to pay it because she had no money; we then offered to give her time if she would give her note; she said that she could not write, and would not give her note to anybody, etc., etc.; she said that I might sue if I wanted to; that I could not scare her, and “if you sue the bill I will put in a bill for boarding his men.” On his cross-examination he testified that she promised to pay the bill as soon as she could. The other witness testified to the conversation substantially as related by Sheen.
Leaving out of view the testimony of Mrs. Camblin, who swears positively that she never saw the bill, and never promised to pay it, is the evidence then, when taken altogether,
sufficient to establish an absolute and unconditional promise such as the law requires to take a case out of the statute? We think not. Notwithstanding a party may promise to pay a debt barred by the statute, still, if the promise is a conditional one, or the person promising it at the same time protesting against the payment of it, or that he has a set-off which ought to be deducted, such a promise is insufficient to take the case out of the statute. The promise to pay should be considered in connection with the refusal to pay, as well as the claim of set-off, and the whole admission taken together. It was said in Kimnel v. Schwartz, Breeze, 281, that the promise to pay must be absolute and unqualified, and is not to be extended by implication or presumption beyond the express words of the promise. See also Bell v. Morrison, 1 Pet, 360. In Read v. Wilkinson, 2 Wash. C. C. R. 517, the court remark: “But anything added going to negative a promise or acknowledgment must be considered as qualifying every other expression, and as the whole must be taken together, it amounts to a refusal to pay which can never be construed into a promise to pay.” Besides, Angelí, in his work on Limitations, 236, remarks, on good authority, that a promise to pay a debt, barred by the statute, when the promisor can or is able, is a conditional promise, and can not be enforced without proof of the means or ability to pay. This record is destitute of any such proof. Then does the evidence in this case, when considered in the light of the authorities, amount to an absolute and unconditional promise, such as is necessary to sustain the action? Clearly not, and the jury properly found for the defendant. They may, and doubtless did, conclude that whatever promise was made was casual, and wrung from an illiterate woman, in unguarded moments, by two shrewd persons, one of them an attorney who did the principal part of talking. The error assigned respecting the admission of the testimony of Frederick Koozier (if an error at all, which may well be questioned, since he, although the husband of the appellee, when the indebtedness accrued, had at the time of the trial no interest whatever in the result of the suit), we do not deem it material to the merits of the case. The only portion of his testimony that was against the appellant related to the set-off, and inasmuch .as that was out of the case, it worked no injury to him. The first instruction given by the court for the defendant, as we have shown, stated the law correctly, and the same may be said of the second.
That a previous consideration must he proven to sustain an action upon a new promise founded on a debt barred by the Statute of Limitations is so well settled as to render the citation of authorities in support of it quite needless. The fourth instruction given for the defendant was concerning a matter not before the jury, and hence irregular. But, as the jury could not well come to any other conclusion than the one arrived at, the instruction was harmless, therefore being-satisfied with the verdict, the judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed. 1
Judgment affirmed.