When the record in this cause was first filed in this court, the bill of exceptions failed to show the instructions to the jury, the motion for a new trial, the decision of said motion, and the defendant’s exceptions thereto. Subsequently, the defendant, on due notice to the plaintiffs, entered its motion in the court below to amend the bill of exceptions by inserting therein the matter thus omitted, which motion was granted against the objection and exception of the jilaintiffs, and the bill of exceptions amended accordingly. The amended record having been brought to this court, the plaintiffs have filed cross-errors, assigning for error the decision of the court granting the amendment. On this point it is sufficient to say that the practice of amending bills of exceptions subsequent to the term at which they are signed and filed, on due notice to the opposite party, in order to correct errors or supply omissions therein, has been repeatedly sanctioned by the Supreme Court, and cannot now be successfully called in question. Wallahan et al. v. The People, 40 Ill. 103; Brooks v. Bruyn, Id. 64; Goodrich v. City of Minonk, 62 Id. 121.
This suit was brought by Joseph and Henry Mann against the Fame Insurance Company on a policy of insurance against fire, issued by the'defendant to one David J. Thomas, and containing a provision that the loss, if any, should be payable to the plaintiffs, as their interest might appear. The question of the right of the plaintiffs to bring suit on such policy in their own names is expressly waived by the defendant, and so need not be considered.
The policy in suit was for the sum of $1,000, and covered a certain building occupied by said Thomas, and described as “ his two-story frame, shingle-roof, clothes-pin and broom-handle factory building,” and also certain machinery and fixtures contained in said building. The defense is based upon certain alleged false representations or concealments by the assured in procuring his policy of insurance, relative to the title and occupancy of the property covered by ■ the policy. The property was insured upon a written application for insurance signed by said Thomas, in which, to the question, “"Is it viz: the property to be insured, owned and occupied by the applicant?” he answered, “Yes;” and to an inquiry as to whether there was any incumbrance on the property, a negative answer was given. The premises were also named and described in the application as “ a clothes-pin and broom-handle factory;” and to the question: “ What is the precise kind of goods made, and of what material?” the answer, “ clothespins and broom-handles” was given.
The evidence shows that'said building was erected by Thomas on land belonging to the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company, and that at the time some arrangement existed between him and the Company for the purchase of said land; and that the plaintiffs purchased and paid for the same, faking the title in their own names, and agreed with Thomas to hold the title as security for a large indebtedness owing from him to them. Said indebtedness, to an amount exceeding the insurance, remained unpaid at the date both of the policy and the loss. The evidence further shows that at the date of the policy and from thence up to the date of the loss, a portion of the building was occupied and used by Thomas as a shingle factory.
The circumstances attending the execution of the policy, as shown by the record, are substantially as follows : One Taylor, who at that time was doing an insurance business, having his office at Menasha, Wis., but who does not appear to have been in the employ of the defendants, as agent or otherwise, called upon said Thomas, at Colby, Wis., where the latter resided, and where the property described in the policy was situate, to solicit from him an application for insurance. The interview resulted in the execution by Thomas of an application written upon a printed blank of the Planters’ Insurance Company. The application was addressed to the Mercantile Insurance Company of Chicago, but Taylor was instructed by Thomas to place the insurance with any good company he might select. It does not appear that the name of the defendant company was mentioned, nor that any claim was made by Taylor of authority to act as its agent. The application was transmitted by Taylor to one Eastman, an insurance broker, doing business in Chicago, and by him presented to an agent of the defendant, who issued and delivered to Eastman, for Thomas, the policy in suit. It appears that Eastman subsequently paid the premium to the defendant’s agent, and also that Thomas paid the premium to Taylor, but there is no evidence of the payment of said money by Taylor to Eastman. On these facts, the court, after refusing to give to the jury the instructions asked on behalf of the defendant, gave to them, on his own motion, an instruction, the material part of which was as follows:
“ The contest is over the facts that a shingle factory was carried on on the premises, and that Thomas was not absolute owner of the property. If Taylor solicited Thomas to insure, and Thomas got the policy from him and paid the premium to him after getting the policy, and if the defendant delivered the policy before receiving the premium, and did not get it from any other source than the money paid by Thomas to Taylor, and if Thomas did not employ Taylor to apply to any company for insurance, then Taylor is to be regarded, so far as Thomas and the plaintiffs are concerned, as the agent of the defendants; and if he knew or was informed, before sending in the application by Thomas, or any copy thereof, of the real facts as to the business and the ownership, and if shingles were made on the premises, and if Thomas was entitled to the property upon 2)aymeut of the indebtedness, then the defendants cannot object that the business or ownership was not truly stated in the application or policy. But if Taylor wras not informed, and did not know that shingles were made upon the premises, or that Thomas had not the title, then the plaintiffs are not entitled to recover.”
We are unable to perceive how injury could have resulted to the defendant from this instruction so far as concerns Thomas’ title to the property. It was unnecessary for the plaintiffs to establish the relation of principal and agent between Taylor and the defendant, in order to charge the defendant with notice of the true state of the title. The policy being made specifically payable, in case of loss, to the plaintiffs, as their interest should appear, conclusively establishes notice to the defendant of some interest in the plaintiffs in the property insured. It is true, the nature and extent of that interest is not defined, but the defendant being put upon inquiry by the terms of its own policy, is chargeable with notice of all such facts in relation to plaintiffs’ interest as a proper and diligent investigation would have develo]3ed.
There is no evidence of notice to the defendant of the occupancy of a portion of the building insured as a shingle factory, unless the defendant is chargeable with notice of such facts as were within the knowledge of Taylor. That Taylor knew of such occupancy at the time he received the application is sufficiently shown. If, then, under the evidence, Taylor is to be regarded, so far as Thomas and the plaintiffs are concerned, as the agent of the defendant, the defendant is chargeable with such notice, otherwise not. ' That any such agency existed in fact is not pretended. The instruction, however, holds that if Thomas dealt with Taylor at the latter’s solicitation as a party to furnish him the insurance, and did not, in fact, make Taylor his own agent to apply therefor, and that defendant delivered the policy to Taylor before receiving the premium, and that Taylor subsequently delivered it to Thomas, and received from him the premium, and transmitted the same to the defendant, the relation of principal and agent between Taylor and the defendant will, so far as Thomas and the plaintiffs are concerned, be implied. The proposition is that the defendant, by delivering to Taylor the policy, thus enabling him to deliver it to the insured, and collect the premium, clothed Taylor with a badge of agency upon which the insured had a right to rely in receiving the policy and paying his money therefor.
The instruction, however, entirely ignores the fact that before the execution of the policy, or its transmission to Taylor for delivery to Thomas, Taylor had received from Thomas his written application for insurance, and was thereby clothed with an indicium, of authority to act for him in procuring the policy. Had Taylor gone in person to defendant’s agent, bearing with him Thomas’ written application for a policy, it cannot be doubted that the agent would have been justified in assuming an authority on his part to act for the party who had thus entrusted to him the application. The fact that Taylor, instead of presenting the application in person, transmitted it to defendant’s agent through an insurance broker, makes the case no stronger, certainly, for the plaintiff’s. It has been held, it is true, that the possession of a policy by a pretended agent of an insurance company raises an implication of authority to act for such company, but upon precisely the same principle, the possession of a written application for insurance raises an implication of authority to act for the applicant in negotiating a policy. The real question is, who first clothed Taylor with a badge of agency ? If Thomas, then the defendant was warranted in treating with him as Thomas’ agent, and cannot be held, in so doing, to have invested him with a badge of authority to act for itself. The case is one for the application of the familiar maxim, that where one of two innocent persons must suffer from the wrong or fraud of a third, he must suffer who has put it into the power of such third person to commit the wrong or fraud. If, in point of fact, Taylor was the agent neither of the defendant nor Thomas, that party should be held responsible for his acts who first supplied him with the means of imposing himself upon the other as such party’s agent.
The instruction given was erroneous in failing to recognize the implications properly arising from the possession by Taylor of Thomas’ written application for insurance at the time he opened the negotiation for a policy with the defendant’s agent. The case is clearly distinguished from that of the Lycoming Ins. Go. v. Ward, recently decided by the Supreme Court. In that case no written application was executed, but an insurance broker, representing himself to be an agent of the company, negotiated with the plaintiff for a policy, and afterwards obtained from the company such policy, without pre-paying the premium, and delivered it to the plaintiff. The premium was thereupon paid to the broker by the plaintiff', but was not paid over to the company. An attempt was made to defend, on the ground that the premium had not been paid, it being contended that the broker was the agent of the insured, and not of the company, and that a payment to him would not avail the plaintiff as a payment to the company. It was held, however, that the company, by giving him the policy for delivery to the insured, treated and accredited him as its agent, and that a payment to him was effectual to render the company liable on the policy.
The instruction given is also obnoxious to just criticism in that it wholly fails to direct the attention of the jury to the evidence as the basis of their finding. The doctrine is too well settled and familiar to require elaboration, that juries should be permitted to believe nothing except that belief be occasioned by the evidence, and that their minds should always be directed to that, and to that only, as the ground of their belief. Ewing v. Runkle, 20 Ill. 448; Parker v. Fisher et al. 39 Id. 164; Miller v. Balthasser, 78 Id. 302.
The instruction is also erroneous in submitting to the jury the determination of the question whether Thomas was entitled to the property insured upon paying up all indebtedness to the plaintiffs. Whether he was so entitled or not, was a question of law arising upon the facts appearing in evidence. The court, before giving such instruction, should have informed the jury as to what facts, if proved, would have been sufficient in law to entitle Thomas to said property. Mo rule of law is better settled than that the jury should be limited to the determination of facts, and that questions of law should not be submitted to them for their consideration.
For the error in giving said instruction, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.