The appellee recovered a judgment against the appellant for §225, on account of damages to meadow and hedge from fire set by locomotive engines of appellant. There were two fires, one on the 3d of August, 1887, the other on the 5tli of the same month. Both were set by the same engine, Ho. 41, hauling the local freight train east. It is not altogether certain whether the fire, in either case, started on the right of way or on the adjoining premises of the plaintiff, but as the appellant insists, and as is perhaps true, it is probable that it started beyond the right of way.
There is sufficient evidence to warrant the verdict as to the amount of damages, and so far as questions of fact are concerned, the field is narrowed to the single point as to whether the engine was properly equipped with a spark arrester, in good repair at the time, and was properly handled. .
The fire having been set by the engine of defendant, a prima facie case of negligence appeared. Chap. 114, Par. 104, Starr & C. Ill. Stat. And the on/us devolved upon the defendant to prove compliance with its legal duty, in providing suitable means to prevent the escape of fire.
It appeared that the engine set not only the fires upon plaintiff’s land, but quite a number of other fires in that vicinity at the same time; and if it is true that in each instance the spark alighted beyond the right of way, there was much to induce the belief that the spark arrester in use was out of repair, or that it was sufficient in its mode of construction.
It did not appear that the engine was overworked or that the speed was unusual, so that the inquiry is again limited and affects only the mode of construction and the then condition of the spark arrester. There was proof that the device in use would probably not throw a spark with sufficient fire to ignite the grass as far as was done if in good order, and while there was evidence tending to show that it was in good order, yet the significant fact remained that the engine was throwing too much fire.
In this connection it is proper to notice the sixth instruction. given for plaintiff, which was, in effect, that though it might appear from the evidence that the engine had upon it the most approved appliance to prevent the escape of fire, yet if the jury believed from the evidence that an engine so equipped, in good .order and carefully managed, would not allow sparks to escape of such a size as to carry and set fire at a greater distance than twenty-five feet, and that this engine being so equipped did throw sparks of such a size as to carry fire into plaintiff’s field a greater distance than twenty-five feet, then it would be for the jury to say whether, at the time, the appliance was in good order and the engine properly handled. There was evidence upon which to predicate this proposition, but the principal objection taken to the instruction is that it omitted all reference to certain positive evidence tending to show that the appliance was in good order, and that sparks might he carried by the wind a greater distance. The point in the instruction is as to the emission of a spark large enough to carry and set fire the distance named, and it is not important whether the spark was itself borne by the wind or by the force by which it was thrown out.
The value of the spark arrester is mainly in confining and breaking up the spark so that when it escapes its capacity to carry fire will be so reduced as to render it comparatively harmless; and it was with reference to this aspect of the subject that the instruction was presented.
Another instruction given at the instance of defendant told the jury that if they believed the fire would not have been carried so far but for the wind, and that there is no contrivance known and approved which would have prevented ■ such escape and carrying of fire by the wind, then defendant was not liable, whether it had the best appliance or not. Hor was it.necessary to embody in this instruction a reference to the positive proof tending to show this appliance was then in good order. The instruction was dealing with a theory simply supported by proof that certain consecpiences would not follow without certain conditions or causes, and if the consequence appeared, the jury should determine whether the supposed condition did in fact exist. The syllogism involved would of course warrant the conclusion that the condition or cause was there—and so the proposition might have been stated. Perhaps the greatest real objection to the instruction is that it is argumentative. All instructions are so necessarily to some extent; even the simplest statement of the law with reference to facts admitted or assumed, or to hypothetical facts, will always set up a process of reasoning which partakes of argument more or less.
When an instruction is too argumentative, and therefore is too much ' calculated to lead the mind of the jury 'in a particular direction, there is error; and whether there is error in the given case must depend upon all the circumstances and conditions that are present. The argument here involved is so elementary and so self-evident that it need not have been suggested, nor can we say that a reference to it by the court ought to be deemed “ reversible error.” When all the instructions touching upon this aspect of the case are considered, we can not say there was in this one such undue reference to particular features of the proof as to warrant us in reversing the judgment.
•The fifth instruction for plaintiff is objected to because it assumes too much as to new improvements and tells the jury in effect, it was the duty of appellant to adopt such new improvements. We think it is not faulty in that respect.
Objections urged to other instructions for plaintiff are not substantial, and there is no occasion to take the time necessary to analyze each instruction and demonstrate the untenable nature of each objection. It is objected that the court erred in refusing certain instructions asked by appellant, but on examination we find that the material and substantial portion of those refused is contained in those given, so that there is no real ground of complaint in this respect.
It is also objected that the court erred in allowing plaintiff to prove by a witness that he saw smoke along the line of the road after this engine 41 had passed, but not at the plaintiff’s premises. It is admitted that it would have been competent to prove that there was fire after it had passed, but that the proof of smoke presupposed better evidence as to its origin and cause. It can not be supposed that there was necessarily any one who knew more than these witnesses; what they knew was competent. When smoke is seen, fire is to be presumed ; and while those who actually saw the fire might have given a more helpful statement than those who saw the smoke merely, yet the one is as competent as the other; and the value of the proof would be for the jury to determine.
It is urged, finally, that the judge of the court erred in permitting the jury to separate about the hour of midnight until 3:30 a. m. This action of the court was accompanied by very full directions to guard the jury against receiving any outside communications or impressions, and there is nothing to show that there was any evil result of such separation. In this there was no error. In capital cases even, where life is at stake, the separation of a jury without consent is not of itself error and ground for new trial. Something more must be shown ; it must be shown that the defendant might have been prejudiced by it; that the jurors, or some of them, might have been tampered with or improperly influenced or some means exerted over them in consequence of their separation so as to affect the verdict. Reins v. The People, etc., 30 Ill. 256; Miller v. The People, etc., 39 Ill. 457.
As has been stated already, the main point for the jury to settle was whether the defendant had used proper care to prevent the escape of fire; and while, as to this, there was conflict and room for difference of opinion, yet we think the conclusion reached is not without sufficient warrant in the proof.
The law was presented to the jury so fully and fairly by the instructions when considered as a series, that it would, in our opinion, be a perversion of justice to reverse the judgment because of any of the errors alleged. The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.