This was an action in assumpsit brought by appellee against appellant, to recover for work and material done and furnished in and about the erection and construction of the buildings connected with the waterworks belonging to the city of Elgin. The declaration contained only the common counts, to which was attached an itemized bill of particulars amounting to over $3,000.
The defendant interposed various pleas, under which the defense was made without question, and as no question arises on the pleadings no further attention will be given them.
A trial before the court and jury resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff Joslyn for $2,400.92. A motion for a new trial was made, and thereupon the plaintiff remitted $400.92 of the verdict, and the court then overruled the motion for a new trial, and gave judgment on the verdict, to all of which the city excepted. The city now brings the record here on appeal and asks for a reversal.
This controversy grows out of a written contract entered into between appellant and appellee on the 16th day of June, 1887, whereby appellee agreed with the appellant “ to furnish all the labor and material required to do the excavation and mason work on the pump, well, the pumping station buildings, and the foundation and pedestal for the stand pipe of the E'gin City Water Works in accordance with the designs, plans and specifications, both general and special,” and for this work and material the city agreed to pay appellee $11,311 in the manner provided for in the printed specifications.
Shortly after the execution of this contract, appellee entered upon the work. Soon after the work was begun, departures and changes from the plans and specifications began, and these changes, both in the material used and in the construction of the work, continued to a greater or less extent during the progress of the work. The work was not finished within the time specified in the contract, and appellee insists that the frequent changes both in the manner of doing the work and in the material used, and the constant interference with him and his men by the officers of the city in the progress of the work was the sole cause of the delay. Appellee continued the work until the city had paid him, under the engineer’s certificates, the whole contract price except $200, as he claims, but according to the claim of the city he was overpaid $267.48. Before the work was fully completed the city took possession of it, and took the work practically out of the hands of appellee and proceeded to finish it. The principal work, however, remaining to be done when the city took possession, related to the laying of sewer and suction and inlet pipes. This work the city completed and now seeks to charge the expense of this and other work it did, to appellee, and offset it against any claim he may have for extras. Appellee, however, denies that this work of laying sewers and pipes was in any manner included in his contract, and that it was not “mason work” which he was bound to do. In his bill of particulars appellee made only a claim of $200 for a balance due on his original contract, but upon the trial he abandoned that claim and sought only to recover for extras and extra labor and material furnished by him on account of the change in the work done under the direction and by authority of the city.
The defendant sought to meet and defeat this claim, 1st, by offsetting the damages it claimed by a failure on the part of appellee to do his work according to his contract, and within the time he was to do it; 2d, by charging the expense of completing the work, including the laying of sewers and pipes, to appellee; and, 3d, by showing that the work and material charged by appellee as extras were not extras; or if they were, that they were worth less than the amount claimed.
A preliminary question arises here upon the action of the court in admitting parol evidence from mechanics or persons skilled in mason work to show whether the work of laying sewer, suction and connecting pipes was included in the general term “ mason work.” This evidence was admitted over the objection of appellant, and it now insists the court erred in admitting that evidence. In this we think there was no error. We think the rule is general, if not of universal application, that where writings or contracts contain general words appropriate to particular trades or branches of business having a technical signification or sense, as applicable to the trade or business in which they are used, parol evidence may be received from those who are familiar with the particular trade or business as to the meaning of such words. Myers v. Walker, 24 Ill. 133; McAvery v. Long, 13, Ill. 147; Brown v. Brown, 8 Met. 576; 1 Greenleaf, Evidence, Sec. 280.
Mor is this submitting the construction of a contract to the jury. It only submits to them the question of what the parties meant by the use of the particular words under consideration, from extrinsic evidence, and this must be submitted to the jury, because it is a question of fact and not of law.
This evidence being properly admissible, the whole contention on the part of both parties was a mere question of fact for the jury, and unless we can clearly see that they erred in their finding or have been governed by prejudice or passion, to the prejudice of appellant, we are not authorized to set aside their finding.
The record in this case contains nearly one thousand pages, mostly covered with a transcript of the evidence. The two abstracts furnished us cover nearly two hundred printed pages. Anything like a general review and discussion of this immense mass of testimony would be utterly out of the question in this opinion, and serve no useful purpose whatever. We shall content ourselves, and discharge our duty as far as possible, by stating our conclusions only. We have carefully read the evidence and think it supports and justifies the finding of the jury. The evidence, in many instances, is very conflicting, and it was for the jury to say where the truth lay.
Upon the question as to the right of the defendant to recover damages, by way of recoupment or set-off, for a failure on the part of appellee to complete his contract, it is sufficient to say that the proof tends strongly to show that the city took charge of the work and took it out of the hands of appellee, or so far, at least, took it out of his control as to justify him in abandoning it without his fault. If the proof established such interference on the part of the city without the fault of the defendant, then appellee would be justified in quitting the work and suing on the quantum meruit. Guerdon v. Corbitt, 87 Ill. 272. And the city in that case could not recoup or set off for money expended in the completion of such work without proof putting the defendant in default, and showing that such default or neglect of the defendant to do his work was not caused by the acts of the city in changing the contract so as to require more time or work or material, or improper interference on the part of the city with the plaintiff in the progress of the work. There is a constant conflict in the evidence as to whose fault caused the delay in the completion of the work, and if damage resulted to the city from that cause, we can not say, from the evidence, that the city was so free from fault or responsibility as to make appellee responsible to it for such damages. We think one of the chief causes of the delay was the frequent changes in the plans occurring at the request of the city. The jury found specially that the defendant was not entitled to any damages against appellee for the alleged non-performance of his contract, and, also, that no amount should be allowed the defendant under his plea of set-off. This finding of the jury is strongly supported by the fact that appellant paid appellee almost all, if not the entire price agreed upon for the entire work, in its completed condition, according to his contract,' under the monthly certificate of appellant’s engineer, stating the work done and material furnished. Appellant insists that appellee was overpaid the full contract price of the Avork by the sum of $267.48, and the verdict of the jury supports appellant in that regard. The contract required the appellant’s engineer to know what work was done and material furnished, and appellee could not draw a dollar of his pay until the engineer certified that he‘had earned it and was entitled to it. Appellant’s present attitude, in claiming damages of appellee for failing to comply with his contract and failing to do his work as agreed, is in direct conflict with the -certificates and estimates of its own engineer, who ordered appellee paid after a careful inspection of his work and the materials furnished under the contract.
It is also objected that the jury failed to answer directly and specifically one of the questions submitted to them to be answered in their special verdict. The question submitted was: “What amount, if anything, under the evidence, is the plaintiff entitled to have from the defendant for work, labor and materials done and furnished by him under his contract, and which are not included as extras?” The answer to this question by the jury was, “Ho amount is due the plaintiff under said contract except the extras, as stated in his bill of particulars.”
We are not able to see the force of this objection. It is difficult to see how the jury could have more accurately answered the question.
It is again insisted that appellee can not recover for extras, no matter how many were furnished nor what their value, by reason of a clause in the general specifications relating to extra work, which provides: “Ho extra work will be paid for or allowed unless the same was done upon the written order of the engineer. * * * All claims for extra work must be made to the engineer, in writing, before the payment of the next succeeding estimate after the work shall have been performed, and, failing to do this, the contractor shall be considered as having abandoned his claim.” The provisions of this clause are mutual. The proof is, in this case, that the engineer of the city and the city officers—the water commissioners—had the charge and supervision of this work, and were constantly proposing and requiring changes and departures from the original plans, and that many of these changes were of a material and important character, involving more expense than the original plans. One witness, at least-, swears that the finished work could hardly be recognized by looking at the original plans. Under the provision in question, if the engineer and city which he represented intended to enforce that provision against the contractor, and avail themselves of its benefits, then it was their duty also to obey it. And it was the duty of the engineer or the commissioners, when they ordered extra work, to put it in writing themselves. By the strict letter of this clause no extra work is allowed to be done except it is ordered by the engineer, in writing. He is to make the order, and must put it in writing, and his omission to do his duty and comply with the contract can not be invoked to aid the defendant; nor can the defendant omit to comply with its part of the requirements of that clause, and at the same time insist on a strict compliance with it on the part of appellee. The neglect of the defendant to keep its part of that clause must be held to be a waiver of the right to insist on the plaintiff keeping his part of it.
. But we do not think this clause in the general specifications was ever intended by the parties to it to cover so many and substantial and material changes from the original plan as occurred in this work. -This clause was only intended and must be held to apply to such minor and unimportant changes as would be likely to occur in carrying out, and be incidental to, the plans, and in fulfillment of them, and not to radical changes and departures from the plans. This construction was placed upon a similar provision in a building contract by the Supreme Court, in the case of Cook County v. Harms, 108 Ill. 151. Aside from the foregoing considerations, we are of opinion that the clause in question may be waived by the acts of the parties. The clause is highly penal, substituting the arbitrary judgment and decision of an engineer in the employment of one of the parties in place of the judgment of a court, and requiring all claims, big and little, for extra work or material to be put in writing within a certain time, or all claim for them forfeited. It is strictly a “cut-throat” claim in building contracts, liable to entrap the unwary contractor, and if beneficiaries under such contracts intend to enforce them, they should insist on it when they order the change, or extra work or material; and upon failure to insist at the time upon such compliance, then they will he estopped from insisting upon such provisions after they have secured the labor and material of the contractor.
It is further insisted that the plaintiff can not recover in assumpsit for the wrongful conversion of appellee’s tools, machinery and material by the city. It is in proof that when appellee quit the work, he left a lot of tools and material on the ground where he had been doing the work and that when the city took possession of the work they also took possession of plaintiff’s tools, machinery and material, and used them in the completion of the work. For such material of appellee’s as was used and for such tools and machinery as were destroyed by appellant and its servants in completing the work, appellee charged up in his account against the city and recovered for in this suit.
The claim of appellant is that unless the proof shows that the wrongful taking of the goods was followed by the conversion of the goods into money or money’s worth, or a subsequent promise was made to pay for them, the plaintiff can not recover in assumpsit. Even under the language used in the authorities relied upon by appellant, assumpsit will lie under the proof in this case. Taking goods wrongfully and keeping them and applying them to one’s own use, and wearing them out, as for example eating up a beef, or wearing out a rope and derrick, or using lumber in building a house, would seem to be equivalent to reducing property to money’s worth. That is precisely what the proof shows in this case appellant did with appellee’s tools, machinery and lumber. It took them, used and wore them out and so made them equivalent to money.
But we understand that a tort may be waived and the injured party may sue in assumpsit and recover the value of his property wrongfully taken from him without reference to what the wrong-doers may have done with the property. And it was so held in F. W. & W. R. W. Co. v. Chew, 67 Ill. 376; 2 Greenleaf, Ev., Sec. 108, and note 3; Putnam v. Wise, 1 Hill, 234; Lightly v. Conston, 1 Taunton, 112.
It is insisted by appellant that the jury erred in not allowing appellant pay for finishing the work which appellee agreed to do under his contract. The proof shows that the floor was not laid for the stand-pipe and pumping station and some work about the well, which was finished by the city, after appellee left the work. There is also a claim made that the work on the stand-pipe was so changed, that appellant ought to have a credit. The proof is clear that all these claims, if allowed, would not exceed the sum of §400, which amount was remitted from the verdict by appellee, thereby curing any error against appellant in respect to those items.
It is again urged that the court erred in giving instructions for plaintiff and in refusing instructions for the defendant.
We shall not discuss these objections in detail. We have carefully examined the instructions given and refused and we have been unable to find any such error in any of them as to call for a reversal of the judgment. While some of the instructions given for the plaintiff may be open to verbal criticism and lacking in technical accuracy in all respects, still they were not such omissions as were likely to mislead the jury. The instructions taken as a whole considered together we think fairly and correctly declared the law to the jury. Indeed, the instructions given on behalf of the defendant were fully as favorable for it as the law would bear. Courts will not and ought not reverse judgments for trifling and unimportant errors occurring in the progress of the trial or in instructions which have not misled the jury and do not affect the real merits of the case.
Finally and lastly it is urged as a ground of reversal that the court erred in permitting appellee to remit §400 of the verdict and thus meet the views of the court and avoid a new trial.
We can hardly think counsel serious in this objection. The verdict was amply supported by the evidence before the remittitur and it was done in the interest of appellant and if it was error, appellant can not complain of it.
After a careful study of this long record, and a consideration of all the objections urged, we have been unable to find any substantial error in the record, and the judgment will be affirmed. The additional abstract furnished by appellee we regard as unnecessary and it will be taxed to the appellee.
Judgment affirmed.